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An urban area is a with a high population density and an of built environment. Urban areas originate through , and researchers categorize them as cities, towns, or . In , the term "urban area" contrasts to such as and hamlets; in or urban anthropology, it often contrasts with natural environment.

The development of earlier predecessors of modern urban areas during the of the 4th millennium BCE

(2013). 9781317885146, Routledge. .
led to the formation of human and ultimately to modern , which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources has led to a human impact on the environment.

Recent historical growth
In 1950, 764 million people (or about 30 percent of the world's 2.5 billion people) lived in urban areas. In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion), and since then the world has become more urban than rural. By 2014, it was 3.9 billion (or about 53 percent of the world's 7.3 billion people) that lived in urban areas. The change was driven by a combination of increased total population and increased percent of population living in urban areas.This was the first time that the majority of the world's population lived in a city. By that time a high estimate calculated up to 3.5 million square kilometers of land were urban, estimates ranging from 1% of global land area. In 2014 there were 7.3 billion people living on the planet, of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion. The Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs at that time predicted the urban population would occupy 68% of the world population by 2050, with 90% of that growth coming from Africa and Asia.

Urbanization
Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. They are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density and . Urban areas are generally found in the , , , , , , , , and many other countries where the urbanization rate is high.

Unlike an urban area, a metropolitan area includes not only the urban area, but also plus intervening rural land that is socio-economically connected to the city, typically by ties through , with the urban core city being the primary labor market.

The concept of an "urban area" as used in economic statistics should not be confused with the concept of the "urban area" used in road safety statistics. This term was first created by Geographer Brian Manning. The last concept is also known as "built-up area in road safety". According to the definition by the Office for National Statistics, "Built-up areas are defined as land which is 'irreversibly urban in character', meaning that they are characteristic of a town or city. They include areas of built-up land with a minimum of . Any areas separated less than 200 metres of are linked to become a single built-up area.

Argentina and Japan are countries where the urbanization rate is over 90% while Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States are countries where the urbanization rate is between 80% and 90%, although within the U.S. state of , the urbanization rate is 100%.

Largest urban areas
There are two measures of the degree of urbanization of a population. The first, urban population, describes the percentage of the total population living in urban areas, as defined by the country. The second measure, rate of urbanization, describes the projected average rate of change of the size of the urban population over the given period of time. According to Urbanization by sovereign state article, the world as a whole is 56.2% urbanized, with roughly one-quarter of the countries reported as greater than 80% urbanized. Data is taken from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook estimates from 2020.

According to Demographia, these are the 200 largest urban areas in the world by population (as of 2023):

+ ! !Urban Area !Country/ Region !Population
1-37,785,000
235,386,000
331,190,000
4-27,119,000
525,189,000
624,156,000
724,042,000
8-23,225,000
922,679,000
1021,905,000
1121,747,000
12São Paulo21,486,000
13New York21,396,000
1420,249,000
1519,134,000
1618,884,000
1718,883,000
1817,878,000
1917,778,000
2015,748,000
2115,587,000
22-15,551,000
2315,257,000
2415,016,000
25Ho Chi Minh City14,953,000
26--14,916,000
2714,540,000
2814,441,000
2913,504,000
30Democratic Republic of the Congo13,493,000
3113,382,000
3212,653,000
33Rio de Janeiro12,306,000
34Xi'an12,211,000
3512,053,697
3611,108,000
3711,068,000
3810,914,000
3910,803,000
4010,753,000
4110,556,000
4210,353,000
43Bogota10,252,000
4410,047,000
459,797,000
469,662,000
479,618,000
489,439,000
499,387,000
50United States8,954,000
51China8,507,000
528,309,000
53-China8,044,000
54India8,006,000
55Dar es Salaam7,965,000
56Washington-United States7,853,000
57-ProvidenceUnited States7,429,000
58Nigeria7,205,000
59Indonesia7,203,000
607,185,000
617,155,000
627,099,000
63-Fort WorthUnited States6,979,000
646,929,000
65-San JoseUnited States6,844,000
666,837,000
67India6,819,000
686,798,000
69-Düsseldorf6,769,000
70China6,743,000
71United States6,703,000
726,624,000
73India6,601,000
746,563,000
75Indonesia6,556,000
76Hong Kong SAR6,468,000
776,426,000
78Vietnam6,359,000
79China6,291,000
80United States6,139,000
81SuzhouChina6,091,000
825,926,000
83United States5,795,000
845,785,000
85Russia5,750,000
86United States5,702,000
875,678,000
885,566,000
89Egypt5,552,000
905,471,000
91Saudi Arabia5,408,000
92Turkey5,359,000
93Pakistan5,356,000
94Spain5,317,000
95China5,253,000
96Brazil5,242,000
97China5,067,000
98China5,065,000
99China5,052,000
100Iran5,045,000
101China4,995,000
102-Pakistan4,954,000
103United Arab Emirates4,945,000
1044,836,000
105Ghana4,794,000
106Australia4,709,000
1074,679,000
108Mexico4,674,000
109KanoNigeria4,670,000
110India4,661,000
111Yaounde4,642,000
112PhoenixUnited States4,617,000
113South Africa4,595,000
114ÜrümqiChina4,548,000
115China4,524,000
1164,499,000
117FuzhouChina4,487,000
118Mexico4,401,000
119İzmirTurkey4,367,251
120India4,360,000
121India4,350,000
122Dominican Republic4,345,000
123Germany4,286,000
124China4,269,000
125United States4,258,000
126China4,240,000
1274,219,000
128China4,206,000
129Bangladesh4,204,000
130China4,177,000
131China4,113,000
1324,066,000
133China4,057,000
134Indonesia4,027,000
135China4,024,000
136United States4,001,000
1373,935,000
138China3,871,000
139China3,869,000
140Brazil3,866,000
141South Korea3,843,000
1423,783,000
143India3,765,000
144Cameroon3,751,000
145Canada3,750,000
146Nigeria3,657,000
147Italy3,653,000
1483,585,000
1493,532,000
1503,510,000
151Brazil3,504,000
152Democratic Republic of the Congo3,493,000
153India3,493,000
1543,462,000
155South Africa3,452,000
156Nigeria3,429,000
157Brazil3,415,000
158BrasiliaBrazil3,406,000
159China3,387,000
160SalvadorBrazil3,344,000
161India3,331,000
1623,309,000
163China3,249,000
1643,247,000
165MedellinColombia3,242,000
166Italy3,239,000
167India3,229,000
168Pakistan3,218,000
169Tampa-St. PetersburgUnited States3,203,000
1703,202,000
1713,183,000
1723,181,000
1733,155,000
174United States3,078,000
175OrlandoUnited States3,075,000
176India3,049,000
177-Gold CoastAustralia3,039,000
178-3,027,000
1793,006,000
1803,002,000
1813,001,000
182Saudi Arabia2,994,000
183China2,977,000
184CharlotteUnited States2,879,000
185Brazil2,873,000
186United States2,871,000
187Republic of the Congo2,860,000
188Syria2,859,000
189ThiruvananthapuramIndia2,851,000
1902,832,000
191-St. PaulUnited States2,796,000
192Brazil2,789,000
193Hyderabad2,789,000
1942,783,000
1952,781,000
1962,778,000
1972,770,000
1982,765,000
199Democratic Republic of the Congo2,750,000
2002,737,000

Definitions
Presently, urban data are based on arbitrary definitions that vary from country to country and from year or census to the next, making them difficult to compare. An Urban Metric System (UMS) has been conceived that could correct the problem, since it allows computing the urban area limits and central points, and it can be applied in the same way to all past, present and future population and job distributions. It is based on vector field calculations obtained by assuming that, in a given space, all inhabitants and jobs exert the same attractive force A and repulsive force R. The net force ( A - R) exerted by each inhabitant or job is given by 1/(1 - 1/(, where d = distance and β is the only parameter. UMS distinguishes the following types of urban areas, each type corresponding to a given value of β:
+ ! !Urban area !Distance at which the attractive force = the repulsive force !Value of β

UMS has been applied to some Canadian cases since 2018, but the data presented in this article are still based on the various existing national definitions, which are disparate.

countries define urbanized areas on the basis of urban-type , not allowing any gaps of typically more than , and use satellite imagery instead of census blocks to determine the boundaries of the urban area. In less-developed countries, in addition to land use and density requirements, a requirement that a large majority of the population, typically 75%, is not engaged in agriculture and/or fishing is sometimes used.

By region
East Asia
China
Since 2000, 's cities have expanded at an average rate of 10% annually. It is estimated that China's urban population will increase by 292 million people by 2050, when its cities will house a combined population of over one billion. The country's urbanization rate increased from 17.4% to 46.6% between 1978 and 2009. Between 150 and 200 million work part-time in the major cities, returning home to the countryside periodically with their earnings.

China has more cities with one million or more long-term residents than any other country, including the three of , Hong Kong, and ; by 2025, the country will be home to 221 cities with over a million inhabitants. The figures in the table below are from the 2008 census, and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total municipal populations (which includes suburban and rural populations). The large "floating populations" of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult;Francesco Sisci. "China's floating population a headache for census". The Straits Times. 22 September 2000. the figures below include only long-term residents.

Japan
In , urbanized areas are defined as contiguous areas of densely inhabited districts (DIDs) using enumeration districts as units with a density requirement of .

South Korea
is the largest urban area in .

Taiwan
is the largest urban area in .

South Asia
India
For the Census of 2011, the definition of urban area is a place having a minimum population of 5,000 of density or higher, and 75% plus of the male working population employed in non-agricultural activities. Places administered by a municipal corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee are automatically considered urban areas.

The Census of India 2011 also defined the term "urban agglomeration" as an integrated urban area consisting of a core town together with its "outgrowths" (contiguous suburbs).

Pakistan
In , an area is a major and if it has more than 100,000 inhabitants according to census results. Cities include adjacent cantonments. Urbanisation in has increased since the time of independence and has several different causes. The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the . Karachi is its most populous city. In the northern half of the country, most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of , , , , , , , , , , Nowshera, and . During 1990–2008, city dwellers made up 36% of Pakistan's population, making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more. Karachi is the most populated city in Pakistan closely followed by Lahore according to the 2017 Census.

Bangladesh
In , there are total 532 urban areas, which are divided into three categories. Those are City Corporation, Municipal Corporation (Pourasova) and . Among those urban areas, is the largest city by population and area, with a population of 19.10 million. In , there are total 11 City Corporations and 329 Municipal Corporations and 203 , which serves as the center for . According to 2011 population census, has an urban population of 28%, with a growth rate of 2.8%. At this growth rate, it is estimated that the urban population of Bangladesh will reach 79 million or 42% of total population by 2035.

Southeast Asia
Philippines
In 2020, 54 percent of the Philippine population lived in urban areas. With an estimated population of 16.3 million, is the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines and the 11th in the world. However, the greater urban area is the 5th largest in the world with a population of 20,654,307 people (2010 estimate).

Singapore
As an island , about 5.6 million people live and work within . With 64 islands and islets, makes up the largest urban area in the country. According to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the country has the highest urbanised population in Southeast Asia, with 100 percent of its population living in an urban area. The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) is responsible for the urban land-use planning, which designates land use and of the country. The country is divided into 5 regions for planning purposes by the URA, even though as a city state Singapore is defined as a single continuous urban area. It is further subdivided into 55 urban planning areas, which acts as the boundaries of planned towns within the country.

Vietnam
In , there are six types of urban areas:
  • Special urban area (2 municipalities): and Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Type I urban area (18 provincial cities and 3 municipalities): Long Xuyên, , Mỹ Tho, Thủ Dầu Một, Bắc Ninh, Biên Hòa, Hải Dương, Thanh Hóa, Hạ Long, Việt Trì, Thái Nguyên, Nam Định, Vũng Tàu, Buôn Ma Thuột, Đà Lạt, Quy Nhơn, , Huế, , Cần Thơ, Đà Nẵng and Hải Phòng.
  • Type II urban area (21 provincial cities and 1 district):Châu Đốc, Đồng Hới, Uông Bí, Bắc Giang, Ninh Bình, Bạc Liêu, Bà Rịa, Thái Bình, Rạch Giá, Cà Mau, Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm, Tuy Hòa, Phan Thiết, Vĩnh Yên, Lào Cai and Phú Quốc.
  • Type III urban area (31 provincial cities and 12 towns).
  • Type IV urban area (35 towns and 35 townships).
  • Type V urban area (586 townships and 54 communes).

Thailand
is the largest urban area in .

Europe
Finland
As in other Nordic countries, an urban area (taajama in ) in Finland must have a building at least every and at least 200 people. To be considered a or a (kaupunki) for statistical purposes, an urban area must have at least 15,000 people. This is not to be confused with the city / town designation used by municipalities.

France
In , an urban area ( Fr: aire d'attraction d'une ville) is a zone encompassing an area of built-up growth (called an "urban unit" ( unité urbaine) – close in definition to the North American urban area) and its commuter belt ( couronne). Americans would find the definition of the urban area to be similar to their metropolitan area.

The largest cities in France, in terms of urban area population (2017), are (12,628,266), (2,323,221), (1,760,653), (1,360,829), (1,247,977), (1,191,117), (1,006,201), (972,828), (790,087) and (733,320).

Germany
has a number of large cities. The largest is the region (11 million ), including Düsseldorf (the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia), , , , , , and .

Netherlands
The is the 30th-most densely populated country in the world, with —or if only the land area is counted. The is the country's largest located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities: Amsterdam, , , and Utrecht. The Randstad has a population of 7 million inhabitants and is the 6th largest metropolitan area in Europe.

Norway
defines urban areas ("tettsteder") similarly to the other Nordic countries. Unlike in Denmark and Sweden, the distance between each building has to be of less than 50 m, although exceptions are made due to parks, industrial areas, rivers, and similar. Groups of houses less than 400 m from the main body of an urban area are included in the urban area.

Poland
In , official "urban" population figures simply refer to those localities which have the status of towns ( miasta). The "rural" population is that of all areas outside the boundaries of these towns. This distinction may give a misleading impression in some cases, since some localities with only village status may have acquired larger and denser populations than many many smaller towns with most excessive example of Poznań, most spread urban area of the country with population of the city app. 534 thousand and metropolitan area around 1 million inhabitants. On the other hand, the Katowice urban area with numerous large and medium cities covers 1,468 km and has above 2 million people. The metropolitan areas in Poland are the biggest urban zones (e.g. Katowice metropolitan area, Łódź metropolitan area and Szczecin metropolitan area) and have great impact on the rural surroundings, as it is around , , , Tarnów and Białystok.

Russia
, the capital and largest city of , has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits, while over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the Moscow Metropolitan Area. It is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city entirely within , the most populous urban area in Europe, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, and also the largest city by land area on the European continent. , the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants. Other major urban areas are , , , , and .

Spain
is a very highly urbanized country. is its largest urban area. The Southern and Eastern coasts with , and Málaga are more urbanised than the Northern and Western ones.

Sweden
Urban areas in Sweden ( tätorter) are statistically defined localities, totally independent of the administrative subdivision of the country. There are 1,956 such localities in , with a population ranging from 200 to 1,372,000 inhabitants.

United Kingdom
In 2013 the 's Office for National Statistics (ONS) published 2011 Built-up Areas – Methodology and Guidance which sets out its definition of a Built-up area (BUA) as an area of built-up land of at least , separated from other settlements by at least . For 2011 census data there are 5,493 built-up areas, of which 501 are divided into Built-up area sub-divisions (BUASD) for which data is also available. Each built-up area is named algorithmically, using Ordnance Survey place-name data.

The ONS has produced census results from urban areas since 1951, since 1981 based upon the extent of irreversible urban development indicated on maps. The definition is an extent of at least 20 ha and at least 1,500 census residents. Separate areas are linked if less than 200 m (220 yd) apart. Included are transportation features. KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas
For the OS definition of an Urban Area, see the notes tab on the Excel version. The UK has five Urban Areas with a population over a million and a further sixty nine with a population over one hundred thousand.

Oceania
Australia
The Australian Bureau of Statistics refers to urban areas as Urban Centres, which it generally defines as population clusters of 1,000 or more people. Australia is one of the most urbanised countries in the world, with more than 50% of the population residing in Australia's three biggest urban centres.

New Zealand
Statistics New Zealand defines urban areas in New Zealand, which are independent of any administrative subdivisions and have no legal basis. There are four classes of urban area: major urban areas (population 100,000+), large urban areas (population 30,000–99,999), medium urban areas (population 10,000–29,999) and small urban areas (population 1,000–9,999). As of 2021, there are 7 major urban areas, 13 large urban areas, 22 medium urban areas and 136 small urban areas. Urban areas are reclassified after each New Zealand census, so population changes between censuses does not change an urban area's classification.

North America
Canada
According to Statistics Canada, an urban area in is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than . If two or more urban areas are within of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area, provided they do not cross census metropolitan area or census agglomeration boundaries.

In the Canada 2011 Census, Statistics Canada redesignated urban areas with the new term "population centre"; "From urban areas to population centres" . Statistics Canada, May 5, 2011. the new term was chosen in order to better reflect the fact that urban vs. rural is not a strict division, but rather a continuum within which several distinct settlement patterns may exist. For example, a community may fit a strictly statistical definition of an urban area, but may not be commonly thought of as "urban" because it has a smaller population, or functions socially and economically as a suburb of another urban area rather than as a self-contained urban entity, or is geographically remote from other urban communities. Accordingly, the new definition set out three distinct types of population centres: small (population 1,000 to 29,999), medium (population 30,000 to 99,999) and large (population 100,000 or greater). Despite the change in terminology, however, the demographic definition of a population centre remains unchanged from that of an urban area: a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per km2.

Mexico
is one of many countries where the urbanization rate is at least 80%. , its capital, is the largest urban area in the country.

United States
In the , the Census Bureau defines urban areas and delineates urban area boundaries after each census. The Bureau defines an urban area as "a statistical geographic entity consisting of a densely settled core created from and contiguous qualifying territory that together have at least 2,000 housing units or 5,000 persons." There were 2,646 urban areas identified by the Census Bureau for 2020. 511 of these had a population of 50,000 or more.

For the 2000 and 2010 censuses, the Census Bureau differentiated between two kinds of urban areas: urbanized areas and urban clusters. The term urbanized area denoted an urban area of 50,000 or more people. Urban areas under 50,000 people were called urban clusters. Urbanized areas were first delineated in the United States in the 1950 census, while urban clusters were added in the 2000 census. The distinction between urbanized areas and urban clusters was removed for the 2020 census.

Urban areas consist of a densely-settled urban core, plus surrounding developed areas that meet certain density criteria. Since urban areas are composed of census blocks and not cities, counties, or county-equivalents, urban area boundaries may consist of partial areas of these political units. Urban areas are distinguished from : any area not part of an urban area is considered to be rural by the Census Bureau.

The largest urban area in the United States is that of New York City and its surrounding suburbs. The New York–Jersey City–Newark, NY–NJ urban area had a population of 19,426,449 as of 2020, while the larger metropolitan area had a population of 20,140,470, and the combined statistical area had a population of 23,582,649. The next five largest urban areas in the U.S. are those of , , , , and . 80.0 percent of the population of the United States lives within the boundaries of an urban area as of the 2020 census.

The concept of Urbanized Areas as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau is often used as a more accurate gauge of the size of a city, since in different cities and states the lines between city borders and the urbanized area of that city are often not the same. For example, the city of Greenville, South Carolina has a city population just over 68,000 and an urbanized area population of around 400,000, while Greensboro, North Carolina has a city population just over 285,000 and an urbanized area population of around 300,000 — meaning that Greenville is actually "larger" for some intents and purposes, but not for others, such as taxation, local elections, etc.

In the U.S. Department of Agriculture's natural resources inventory, urban areas are officially known as developed areas or urban and built-up areas. Such areas include cities, ethnic villages, other built-up areas of more than 10 ac (4 ha), industrial sites, railroad yards, cemeteries, airports, golf courses, shooting ranges, institutional and public administration sites, and similar areas. The 1997 national resources inventory placed over 98,000,000 ac (40,000,000 ha) in this category, an increase of 25,000,000 ac (10,000,000 ha) since 1982.

South America
Argentina
Argentina is highly urbanized. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, and fewer than one in ten live in rural areas. About 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 15 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world, with a population of 18 million all up.

Córdoba has around 1.5 million people living in the urban area, while , Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.2 million inhabitants each and , Mar del Plata, and Santa Fe have at least 500,000 people each.

Brazil
Chile
is highly urbanized. The largest urban area in the country is its capital, .

See also

Notes
External links

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