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Shandong is a coastal province in .

(2025). 9781592650606, Long River.
Shandong has played a major role in the development of Chinese civilization and culture. It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for , and . Shandong's is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world. The temples in the mountains south of the provincial capital of were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China.
(2025). 9781400017317, Fodor's Travel Publications.
The city of was the birthplace of , and later became the center of Confucianism.

Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship beginning in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is the world's sixth-most populous subnational entity, and China's second-most populous province. The economy of Shandong is China's third-largest provincial economy with a of (US$1.3 trillion) in 2021, equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. If considered among sovereign states, Shandong would rank as the 15th-largest economy and the 15th-most populous . Its GDP per capita is slightly above the national average.

Shandong is one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It has 153 higher education institutions, ranking second in East China after and fourth among all Chinese first-level divisions after Jiangsu, and . , the ranked two major cities in Shandong (Jinan #31 and #38) in the global top 40 cities by scientific research output.

Etymology
Shandong's name literally means 'east of the mountains', from and , the name first came into being in Jin Dynasty, when two circuits of Shandong were created. The name refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains. It counterpart is , which literally means 'west of the mountains' and locates in the western side of Taihang Mountains.

A common nickname for Shandong is Qilu (), from the states of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn period. Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor political role but became renowned as the home of , and its cultural influence came to eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province's official abbreviation of .

(2025). 9781400017317, Harper & Brothers. .

The province's old spelling is Shantung, which can be seen in , and Shantung fabric.

History
Ancient history
With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, Shandong was home to a succession of cultures for millennia, including the (), (), (), (), and ().

The and exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the . Following the by the state of Qi in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became .

During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in , and the state of Lu based in . Lu is famous for being the home of ; however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring state of Chu to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including Jimo, , and Ju.

Imperial history
The conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The that followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions (刺史部) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou (青州) in the north and Yanzhou (兗州) in the south. During the period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of , which ruled over northern China.

After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic barbarians from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the , then , then , then , then , then the Liu Song dynasty, and finally the Northern Wei dynasty, the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.

In 412 AD, the Chinese monk landed at , on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from and .

The reestablished unity in 589, and the (618–907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of , one of the circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.

he reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's repression of (he favored ).

The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit – the first use of its current name.

Early modern era
The modern province of Shandong was created by the , where it had a more expansive territory, including the eastern of (Liaodong). In 1376, the capital of Shandong moved from to , and since then, Jinan served as the provincial capital for seven centuries.

After moved the capital to in 1421, the cities of and along the Grand Canal flourished due to the development of canal grain transport. However, due to the Little Ice Age (approximately 1550–1770),Zhu Kezhen, "Preliminary Study on the Climate Change in China over the Last Five Thousand Years," Kaogu Xuebao Acta, 1972, No. 1 crop yields declined and famine persisted year after year, and compounded by the harsh policies of the , peasant rebellions broke out continuously.

(1982). 9787511217257, China Social Sciences Press.

In 1633, Ming generals and led their troops from Dengzhou, Shandong to to surrender to the , later joining the Qing army's entry into China proper. By 1640, peasant uprisings led by the White Lotus Society in Shandong intensified. The Ming court dispatched to suppress the revolt, causing Shandong's population to decline sharply once again.

The earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 and an  just northeast of devastated Dengzhou and the prefecture, and killed foreigners and locals, between 43,000 and 50,000 people are claimed to lost their lives. Generally, Qing dynasty is a peaceful time for Shandong, and its population accumulated from 5 million () to 25 million (1767), and finally to 31 million at the eve of First Opium War.

Late Qing era
After the defeat in the First Opium War, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence; as a coastal province, Shandong was significantly affected. After the Second Opium War, Qing court opened as trade port, and then western powers like established consulates, missionaries, Christian schools, and factories in there. Due to its strategic position, every power wanted to gain its position in the province; in the 1880s, Shandong became the logistics and training base of , and served as the headquarter of the fleet. However, Beiyang fleet was disastrous defeated by Imperial Japanese Navy in 1894, and Japanese began to penetrate into Shandong. Three years later, two German catholic missionaries were killed in , , causing the , and Qing government had to ceded to the German Empire. In 1898, Weihaiwei was also given to Britain, as the result of pressure from .

Moreover, due to the annexation of by Russia in 1860, the Qing government revoked the prohibition and to what remained of . A large number of people from Shandong migrated to , Russian Far East, and in search of better opportunities. Many settled in Northeast China (also known as Manchuria), contributing significantly to the region's demographic and agricultural development, engaging in farming, construction, and mining. Before the extermination and forced deportation by Soviets, there were roughly 200 thousand Chinese labors in Russian Far East, 95% of whom are from Shandong.

Shandong was one of the first places where the broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.

Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world-class facilities including berths, heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.

(2025). 9780824829827, University of Hawaii Press.

As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in and Shandong. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the , led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement. Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during the Washington Naval Conference. followed in 1930.

ROC era
Shandong's return to Chinese administration came during the of the Republic of China, when the of warlords was given control, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord , nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord". He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by , who was loyal to the warlord but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by . Han Fuju also ousted the warlord , nicknamed the "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.

In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China in the Second World War, which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base and about 600,000 Ethnic Chinese civilians fled out Jinan city with only elderly too old to leave remainingWuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed shortly thereafter for not following orders . During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the unoccupied areas especially by Muslim peasant villages, by 1945, communist Chinese Red Army forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil War, they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the (government of the Republic of China) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan. In May 1947, during the Menglianggu Campaign in the Yimeng Mountains of central Shandong, the Chinese Communist East China Field Army annihilated the Nationalist 74th Corp, widely considered the most elite unit of the National Revolutionary Army. In 1948, Communist forces captured —then known as the "fortress of central Shandong"—during the Battle of Weixian.

On June 2, 1949, after the withdrawal of the Nationalist Army's 11th Pacification District and U.S. forces from Qingdao, the People's Liberation Army entered the city and incorporated it into Shandong's jurisdiction. On August 12 of the same year, the PLA's Third Field Army secured victory in the Changshan Islands Campaign. With this, the Communist forces had taken full control of Shandong Province.

In People's Republic
Under the new Communist government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to create the short-lived Pingyuan Province, but this did not last. Shandong also acquired the Prefectures of and , but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.

Shandong suffrered heavily during the Great Chinese Famine of 1959–62, about six million people starved to death. On August 25, 1966, a confrontation known as the "Qingdao Incident" broke out between cadres and workers on one side and students from three major local universities on the other. This marked the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in Shandong Province.

Mao died in 1976, ending the era of restless political movement in China, two years later, the new leadership launched the Reform and Opening Up. Shandong, especially the eastern coastal region—experienced significant economic development. By 1986, for the first time, the total output value of township and village enterprises across the province surpassed that of agriculture.

In 1996, Shandong became the first province in China to achieve full electrification of all households. In 1999, , the province's last officially designated impoverished county, was declared poverty-free. In 2004, Shandong overtook in both industrial output and profits, becoming China's top province in industrial strength for the first time. In August and September 2008, Qingdao, as a partner city of , hosted the competitions of the 29th Summer Olympic Games and the 13th Summer Paralympic Games.

In 2009, Jinan hosted the 11th National Games of the People's Republic of China. On July 16, 2010, German Chancellor visited China, during which both sides agreed to support the establishment of the Sino-German Ecopark within the Qingdao Economic and Technological Development Zone.

In 2011, the development plan for the Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone was officially approved. On June 3, 2014, the State Council formally approved the establishment of the national-level Qingdao West Coast New Area in Huangdao District.

In August 2019, the State Council approved the establishment of the China (Shandong) Pilot Free Trade Zone, which includes three areas: Jinan, Qingdao, and Yantai. By 2020, the total population of the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was expected to exceed 103 million, with an urban population of 67 million.

Geography
Shandong is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the , and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the to the north, to the northwest, to the west, to the south, and the to the northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border with between Henan and Jiangsu.

The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain. The province's center is more mountainous, with being the most prominent. The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; to the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border of (west) and (east). The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of , which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges.

The passes through Shandong's western areas, since 1855, it has always been entering the sea to Shandong's northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on a , higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the watershed in the north and the watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. is the largest lake in the province. Shandong's coastline is long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; , the southernmost of the 3 bays of the , is bordering the northern coast between and ; , which is much smaller, is surrounded by . The extends northwards from the northernmost coast of the peninsula, separating the and the .

With serving as the province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at , , and .

Climate
Shandong has a temperate climate: humid continental (Köppen Dwa); it is bordering humid subtropical (C wa under the Köppen climate classification) in the south. Generally, summers are hot (typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C) and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are in January and in July. Annual precipitation is , the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to influences.
+Average temperature in Shandong (°C)
14.2
12.2
12.9
11.9
12.5
12.3
13.5
12.4
12.9
13.6
13.2
13.2
12.8
5.3

Geology
Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton. Beginning in the , Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from to as little as . Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in the Tertiary.

Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, in southeastern Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur bones from , , and other were found, likely the largest collection ever discovered at one location.

Resources
[[File:Land-use-changes-in-Shandong-province-during-20002008.jpg|thumb| Land use changes in Shandong Province between 2000 and 2008

]]

Shandong is rich in mineral resources, with 128 types of minerals discovered across the province—accounting for 78% of all known mineral types in China. Among the 74 minerals with proven reserves, over 30 rank among the top ten in the country. Of these, gold (rock gold), native sulfur (over 90% of the national reserve), and gypsum (about 70% of national reserves) rank first nationwide. Jiaodong region is the largest gold-producing area in China and the third-largest gold concentration zone in the world. Within the province's maritime exclusive economic zone, 102 types of marine minerals have been discovered, 65 of which have proven reserves.

In 2015, Shandong had a total land area of 237 million mu (approximately 15.8 million hectares), including 173 million mu of agricultural land (with 114 million mu of ), 42.3 million mu of construction land, and 21.63 million mu of unused land. The province features six major soil types: brown earth, cinnamon soil, fluvo-aquic soil, sandy loam black soil, saline-alkali soil, and . Among these, fluvo-aquic, brown, and cinnamon soils occupy the largest areas, accounting for 48%, 24%, and 19% of the cultivated land, respectively.

According to the results of the ninth continuous national forest resource survey, Shandong had a forest coverage rate of 17.51%. Vegetation in the province belongs to 80 families, 203 genera, and includes 615 species. The natural vegetation is mainly warm-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, with the predominant genus being (oak), such as Quercus variabilis, , and , with the first being the most common. Representative conifer species include the Japanese .

Shandong is home to more than 400 species of terrestrial vertebrates, including nearly 50 mammal species, 356 bird species, 17 reptile species, and 2 amphibian species. Additionally, there are over 600 species of marine economic organisms, including 260 species of fish and 90 species of shellfish.

Politics
Party head and provincial government
The Shandong Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party is the leading organ of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shandong Province. It is elected by the Shandong Provincial Congress of the CCP and, during the intersessional period of the congress, executes the directives of the Central Committee of the CCP and the resolutions of the provincial congress, leads the work of Shandong Province, and regularly reports its work to the Central Committee of the CCP. is the current Secretary of the Shandong Provincial Party Committee.

The Shandong Provincial People's Congress is the organ of state power in Shandong Province. It was established on August 17, 1954. It currently consists of provincial deputies elected from the 16 prefecture-level cities of Shandong and the People's Liberation Army units stationed in the province. currently also serves as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Shandong Provincial People's Congress.

The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of the People's Republic of China. The current Governor of Shandong is .

Judicial system
In ancient times, Shandong implemented a judicial system in which administrative and judicial powers were combined—local administrative chiefs also served as judicial officials. It was not until the late Qing dynasty that a modern judicial system began to take shape. In August 1910, the province established the Office of the Judicial Commissioner (提法使司). In January 1911, the Shandong Provincial High Court and the High Prosecutor's Office were established, along with local courts and prosecutor's offices in the provincial capital, Jinan commercial port, and Yantai commercial port. In December of the same year, the Shandong Model Prison was founded in Jinan.

After the founding of the Republic of China, civil and criminal judicial institutions in Shandong were divided into primary, local, and high-level courts. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, all levels of Shandong's judicial organs underwent judicial reform, and participated in movements such as the Three-Anti and Five-Anti Campaigns.

Today, the Shandong High People's Court serves as the highest court in the province, under the supervision of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China. The current President of the Court is Huo Min. As of February 2018, there are 18 intermediate courts in Shandong, including 16 municipal intermediate people's courts, as well as two specialized courts: the Jinan Railway Transport Intermediate Court and the Qingdao Maritime Court. The province also has 156 basic-level courts and 633 grassroots tribunals.

The Shandong People's Procuratorate serves as the legal supervisory authority, comprising 16 municipal-level procuratorates, 1 railway transport procuratorate, and 161 grassroots procuratorates.

Military
In February 1949, the Shandong Military Region was established. In 1955, it was reorganized into the Jinan Military Region, which was responsible for the operational command of the land, sea, and air forces within the two provincial-level administrative regions of Shandong and , as well as military, political, and logistical affairs of its subordinate units. It also oversaw the militia, conscription, mobilization, and battlefield construction within its jurisdiction. It served as the strategic general reserve force of the entire PLA. The military region headquarters was located in city.

In October 1961, based on the Mobilization Department of the Jinan Military Region, the Shandong Provincial Military District was established. The system was widely implemented across the province. By 1985, Shandong had approximately 1.6 million first-class reserve troops and about 6.4 million second-class reserve troops.

Since 2012, Shandong's border defense has advanced the construction of an integrated land-sea control system, achieving notable results. Currently, the commander of the provincial military district is , and the political commissar is .

After the establishment of the on February 1, 2016, Shandong came under the jurisdiction of the PLA Northern Theater Command. The headquarters of the Army, the Shandong Provincial Military District, and the Shandong Armed Police Corps are stationed in Jinan. hosts the headquarters of the PLA Northern Theater Navy. The PLA Navy's first unit was founded in Qingdao in 1954. The base for China's first aircraft carrier, the , and its nuclear submarine base are also located in .

is the garrison location of the headquarters of the PLA 80th Group Army. The PLA Rocket Force's 822nd Missile Brigade is stationed in , equipped with DF-21C medium-range ballistic missiles. On December 17, 2019, the aircraft carrier Shandong was officially commissioned.

Economy
As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to to exchange clothing and fabrics. The economy of Shandong is China's third largest provincial economy with a of ¥8.3 trillion in 2021 or $1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. Its GDP per capita is around the national average. Compared to a country, it would be the 15th-largest economy and the 15th most populous as of 2021.

Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including , , and

(2025). 9781457818745, DIANE Publishing.
as well as precious metals such as and . It also has one of the biggest deposits in the world. Other important crops include and . Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially the Shengli Oil Field
(2025). 9781009048989, Cambridge University Press.
(lit. Victory Oilfield) in the area in the Yellow River delta. Shandong also produces from underground wells and from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.

Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from and investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: , and . Besides, 's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.

Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present (SNA2008)
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017
yearGDPGDP per capita (GDPpc)
 based on mid-year population 		Reference index
GDP in millionsreal
growth
(%)		GDPpcexchange rate
1 foreign currency
to CNY
USDPPP
(Int'l$.)		CNYUSDPPP
(Int'l$.)		USD 1Int'l$. 1
(PPP)
3.5009
3.5495
3.5504
3.5769
3.5508
3.5055
3.3106
3.1575
3.1768
3.0149
2.8777
2.8590
2.7193
1.7026
1.4955
Nominal GDP of Shandong over Year (billion )
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BarData= 

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PlotData= 

color:barra width:20 align:left
bar:1952 from:0 till: 4.38 text:4.38
bar:1964 from:0 till: 7.166 text:7.17
bar:1978 from:0 till: 22.55 text:22.55
bar:1982 from:0 till: 39.54 text:39.54
bar:1986 from:0 till: 74.21 text:74.21
bar:1990 from:0 till: 151.11 text:151.11
bar:2000 from:0 till: 827.81 text:827.81
bar:2010 from:0 till: 3392.249text:3392.2
bar:2020 from:0 till: 7312 text:7312.9
bar:2024 from:0 till: 9856.58 text:9856.58

Agriculture
Shandong is one of China's most important agricultural provinces. Its output value from farming, forestry, animal husbandry, by-products, and fisheries has consistently ranked first nationwide. The province is a major producer of grain, cotton, oilseeds, meat, eggs, and dairy. Shandong also has a highly developed agricultural industrialization system, and its agricultural exports have topped national rankings for decades.

The province's grain crops are typically grown in two seasons: summer and autumn. Summer crops are dominated by winter wheat, while autumn crops include , , , , , , and other minor grains. Among them, wheat, corn, and sweet potatoes are the province's three major staples.

is known as the birthplace of modern solar-heated greenhouses in China and is the country's largest vegetable production and distribution center. It has been designated the "Hometown of Vegetables in China" by the State Council. Vegetables from Shouguang are distributed to over 200 large and medium-sized cities in more than 30 provinces and regions across China and are also exported to countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Russia.

Shandong not only boasts abundant cultivated and livestock breeds, but also rich wild flora and fauna. In terms of plant resources, the province produces over 40 staple and cash crops such as , , , and , over 60 varieties of and , and more than 660 species of woody plants including , , , and trees. There are over 1,350 species of wild economic plants, including those used for starch, oils, fibers, aromatic oils, tannins, medicinal uses, and natural pesticides.

In 2013, the following agricultural products were awarded the title of "Top 10 Geographical Indication Trademarks of Shandong": winter jujubes, Zhangqiu scallions, Rizhao green tea, , garlic, Rongcheng kelp, honeysuckle, cabbage, and peaches.

Animal resources include over 10 types of domesticated and , 55 species of small and medium-sized mammals, and more than 270 species of birds (resident, summer migratory, winter migratory, and transit). There are also 563 species of beneficial predators to agricultural pests and 763 species of agricultural pests. Additionally, inland aquatic resources include more than 30 species of vascular aquatic plants and over 70 species of freshwater fish.

Fishery
Fisheries are a traditional strength of Shandong's economy. In 2014, the province's total aquatic product output exceeded 9 million tons, with a total fishery output value of ¥360 billion, and over 12 million mu (about 800,000 hectares) of aquaculture area. Dominant marine aquaculture industries include , , , , sole, , and Chinese mitten crabs. Inland aquaculture is rapidly developing local specialties such as softshell turtles, Siniperca chuatsi, , and icefish.

Wine industry
The production of wine is the second largest industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.

Geographically, the areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and that enable full development of the systems.

Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway (both are in ). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production. Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt, , and are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.

Major producers

  • China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd.

Service sector
In 2015, the (services) accounted for 45.3% of Shandong Province's total economic output.

In 2012, the value-added of the service sector accounted for 40% of GDP. The value-added of the reached ¥201.9 billion, representing a year-on-year increase of 19%; the contributed ¥201.6 billion, up 6.5%; total revenue from was ¥451.97 billion; and software business revenue from large-scale enterprises amounted to ¥173.79 billion.

In 2015, the financial sector's value-added accounted for 5% of Shandong's GDP, and its contribution to local tax revenue reached 10.7%, making it one of the province's pillar industries.

By 2018, the province's three-sector economic structure had adjusted to a ratio of 6.5:44.0:49.5 (primary:secondary:tertiary), with the service sector contributing 60% to overall economic growth.

Economic and technological development zones
High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of that is divided into a central area covering , an export processing district of , and an eastern extension area of . Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.
Export Processing Zone
The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the are respectively.
Economic & Technological Development Area
Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of . In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, , , Aucma, , CSIC, , etc. are all located in the zone.
Free Trade Zone

The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal. At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China.

High-tech Industrial Zone

The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology.

Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA)
Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of , BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of . The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park.
Economic & Technological Development Zone
Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of , including the programmed area of and an initial area of . Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.
Export Processing Zone
Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of . Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located to , to Weihai railway station and to Weihai Harbor.
Torch Hi-Tech Science Park
Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of , the coastal line of and 150,000 residents. It is away from the city center, away from Weihai Port, away from Weihai railway station, away from Weihai Airport and away from Yantai Airport.
Economic and Technological Development Area
Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the . It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely away from , away from Yantai railway station, and a 30-minute drive to Yantai International Airport.
Export Processing Zone
Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is , in which the initial zone covers . After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of and bonded warehouses of have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.
National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Demographics
Accurate population statistics for Shandong Province began during the , and its development since then can be divided into four stages. In 2 AD, the population in the area of present-day Shandong Province was over 12 million, and it exceeded 30 million for the first time by 1830—this was the first stage. From 1841 to 1949, the second stage, the population of Shandong grew steadily, reaching 45 million by 1949. During the 1950s and 1960s, Shandong experienced rapid population growth, followed by family planning policies in the 1970s and 1980s. By 1988, the population reached over 80 million. According to the 2010 national census, the permanent population of Shandong was 95.7931 million. In 2015, 1.2358 million people were born, and the year-end permanent population reached 98.4716 million. Among them, the 0–14 age group accounted for 16.62% of the total population, the 15–64 age group accounted for 71.17%, and those aged 65 and over accounted for 12.21%. With a population of more than 101,527,453 at the 2020 Chinese census, the permanent population of Shandong exceeded 100 million, ranking second in China after Guangdong Province and slightly ahead of .

According to the 2010 national census, 8.3287 million people had attained a level of education, 13.3226 million had a education, 38.4682 million had a junior high school education, and 23.9124 million had a education. The illiterate population was 4.7573 million, with an illiteracy rate of 4.97%. Shandong has achieved a high level of compulsory education: in 2016, the net enrollment rate for primary school-age children was 99.97%, and the retention rate for compulsory education was 97.2%.

By the end of 2014, there were 2.615 million people aged over 80 in the province, and 5,932 people aged over 100. The average life expectancy was 73.42 years in 2000, 76.46 years in 2010, and was projected to reach 78 years in 2016. In 2009, was recognized by the China Gerontological Society as a "Longevity Town of China". It was the tenth such town in China, the first in Shandong Province, and also the first in .

Among the 16 prefecture-level cities, two had populations exceeding 10 million: with 11.018 million, and with 10.072 million. Among the total resident population, 51.433 million were male (50.66%) and 50.095 million were female (49.34%). The overall sex ratio was 102.67, and the birth sex ratio was 111.95. The population aged 0–14 was 19.063 million (18.78%), those aged 15–59 were 61.244 million (60.32%), and those aged 60 and over were 21.221 million (20.90%), of whom 15.364 million (15.13%) were aged 65 and above. Among the total resident population, 14.603 million had a college education or above, and 14.553 million had a high school education (including technical secondary school). The average years of schooling among the population aged 15 and above was 9.75 years, and the illiteracy rate was 3.26%. 64.014 million people lived in urban areas (63.05%), while 37.513 million lived in rural areas (36.95%).

Shandong citizens are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province. As of 2010, 16-18-year-old male students in Yantai measured while female students measured .

Total population of Shandong by year
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Ethnicity
As of March 2015, there were 55 ethnic minority groups in Shandong Province, with a total resident population of 720,000, accounting for 0.75% of the province's total population. Among them, the Hui ethnic group numbered 540,000, accounting for 75% of the total ethnic minority population in the province. There are four townships in the province, they are town of Jinling, , town of Shiliwang, , , , and town of Houji, .

On May 21, 2021, the main data of the seventh national population census in Shandong Province was released. The data showed that the total resident population was 101.527 million, of which 100.622 million were Han Chinese, accounting for 99.11%, and 905,000 were ethnic minorities, accounting for 0.89%.

In addition, there are considerable in Shandong; for example, has a Korean population of over 100,000, accounting for about 7.19% of total Koreans in China.

+Ethnic groups in Shandong according to the 2020 Chinese census !Ethnicity !Male !Female !Total population !Percentage
50,981,23149,641,263100,622,49499.109%
279,413272,802552,2150.544%
Mongol19,36018,29437,6540.037%
(Tibetan)1,8512,5014,3520.004%
Other ethnic groups151,076159,662310,7380.003%
Total51,432,93150,094,522101,527,453100%

Religion
The predominant religions in Shandong are Chinese folk religions, and . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 25,28% of the population believes in ancestor veneration, while 1.21% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 1.30% in 2004. The Christians were 1.89% of the province's population in 1949, the largest proportion in China at that time. According to a survey of the year 2010, Muslims constitute 0.55% of Shandong's population up from 0.14% in 1949.

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 80.05% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, , Taoism, and folk religious sects. Shandong is the province where was born in the year 551 B.C.

The most well-known religion and/or philosophy of Shandong is . Shandong is the birthplace of and his disciples such as , , , and . Each year thousands of people come to Shandong to visit and learn about Confucius' culture. According to Chinese tradition, Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Confucianism of Chinese thought. His teachings, preserved in the Lunyu or Analects, form the foundation of much of subsequent Chinese speculation on the ideal man's education and comportment, how such an individual should live his life and interact with others, and the forms of society and government in which he should participate. Confucius also helped edit The Five Classics (五經), which include Classic of Poetry, Book of Documents, Book of Rites, , and Spring and Autumn Annals.

Taoism also has had a significant historical presence in Shandong, a province rich in religious and philosophical traditions. During the Han and Tang dynasties, Taoist practices flourished in the province, especially in the sacred , which has long been a center for Taoist pilgrimage and ritual. Taoist priests performed ceremonies there to communicate with the heavens and seek blessings for peace and prosperity. Numerous Taoist temples, such as the Dai Temple at the foot of Mount Tai. The coast part is associated with Taoist culture such as master and .

Due to the presence of (also called Muslim Han people), there are several in western Shandong. The history of Chrisitanity in Shandong began in the 1860s, when Qing government opened . The most influential churches are Southern Baptist Convention, American Presbyterian Church, BMS World Mission and Society of the Divine Word. However, after the communist took power, foreign missionaries and clergies were expelled and the Christian church was suppressed. Today there are roughly 1.5 million Christians in Shandong; the exact number is hard to get, because there are a large number of people affiliated to home church.

廣饒關帝廟大殿.JPG| in File:The Thean Hou Temple of Qingdao 2007-04.JPG|Temple of Mazu in File:碧霞元君像.jpg|Statue of of , a Taoist goddess The sea in Penglai Court.jpg|Penglai, where said to take place File:The_South_Mosque_of_Jinan_2009-03.JPG|South Mosque of Jinan, an Islamic place of worship File:濟南洪樓教堂.jpg|Hongjialou Catholic Church in File:平度茶山风景区–般若寺.jpg|Buddhist Banruo Temple in File:孔庙 祭孔大典 3.jpg|Temple of Confucius in during a ceremony Jiaxiang Zeng Miao 2015.08.14 10-25-33.jpg|Temple of Zengzi in , which is dedicated to

Administrative divisions
Historical divisions
During the , the commandery-county system was implemented in Shandong. In the , two provinces (first-level divisions) were established in what is now Shandong: in the north and in the south. Most of Shandong belonged to during the . In the Northern Song dynasty, the area was part of the , which was later split into East Jingdong Circuit and West Jingdong Circuit. In the eighth year of the Dading reign of the Jin dynasty (1168), the military command offices of Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit were established. The term "Shandong" thus came into use as a formal administrative name.

In the , the province of Shandong was established, later renamed the Shandong Provincial Administration Commission (承宣布政使司), with its seat in Jinan Prefecture. Jinan has since remained the provincial capital. The Shandong Administration Commission governed 6 prefectures, 15 sub-prefectures (zhous), and 89 counties.

During the , the Shandong Administration Commission was renamed Shandong Province, and its highest official was the Provincial Governor ( Xunfu). The province was divided into circuits ( dao), ( zhou and fu), and counties ( xian).

(2013). 9787309056037, 复旦大学出版社.
Additionally, some counties such as , Ningjin County, and in (present-day Hebei) are now part of Shandong. After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the Shandong Province initially retained the Qing administrative system. In 1913, the Beijing government abolished the prefectures and sub-prefectures, instituting the dao–county system. In 1927, the Nanjing government abolished the dao level, placing counties directly under provincial jurisdiction. In 1932, administrative inspectorates were established below the provincial level, functioning as provincial extensions. This marked the formal establishment of administrative inspectorate districts. Yuan, Ming, and Qing period administrative divisions of Shandong , China National Radio, April 13, 2005

In 1950, three administrative regions were abolished, reducing 16 prefectures to 11. In 1952, Pingyuan Province was dissolved; its eastern part was incorporated into Shandong. At the same time, five counties from were transferred to Shandong, while some counties under Shandong's jurisdiction were reassigned to Hebei and .

In 1967, prefectures (专区) were renamed regions (地区), and the province then had 9 regions including , , and , as well as four provincial cities: , , , and .

On December 26, 2018, the State Council officially approved the administrative adjustment of under 's jurisdiction, abolishing Laiwu as a separate prefecture-level city and merging its territory into Jinan. As a result, the province now comprises 16 prefecture-level cities.

Current divisions
Shandong is divided into 16 prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities). On January 1, 2019, was wholly annexed to Jinan:

Shāndōng Shěng
Jǐnán Shì
Qīngdǎo Shì
Zībó Shì
Zǎozhuāng Shì
Dōngyíng Shì
Yāntái Shì
Wéifāng Shì
Jǐníng Shì
Tài'ān Shì
Wēihǎi Shì
Rìzhào Shì
Línyí Shì
Dézhōu Shì
Liáochéng Shì
Bīnzhōu Shì
Hézé Shì

The 16 prefecture-level cities of Shandong are subdivided into 137 county-level divisions (55 districts, 26 county-level cities, and 56 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1941 township-level divisions (1223 towns, 293 townships, two , and 423 subdistricts).

Urban areas
As of 2023, the province's urbanization rate reached approximately 64.2% (with 65.55 million people reside in cities), slightly below the national average but showing consistent growth. Shandong features a comprehensive multi-centered urban system with 16 prefecture-level cities, including , the provincial capital and a key administrative and transportation hub, and , a major coastal city with a strong port economy and international presence. The province has made notable progress in narrowing the urban-rural divide through policies promoting integrated development, rural infrastructure extension, and the growth of small towns and county-level cities.

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Culture
Dialects
Mandarin dialects are spoken in Shandong. Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories: Ji Lu Mandarin spoken in the northwest (as well as in neighboring ), such as the ; Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in the southwest (as well as in neighboring ); and Jiao Liao Mandarin spoken in the Shandong Peninsula (as well as the Liaodong Peninsula(e.g., , ) and the southeastern Jilin(e.g., , )), such as the . When people speak of the "Shandong dialect" (t=山東話), it is generally the first or the second that is meant; the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the "Jiaodong dialect" (t=膠東話).

Cuisine
(c=鲁菜) is one of the eight great traditions of . It is known for its bread (corn-based) and fish dishes and characterized by its emphasis on fresh seafood, hearty soups, and bold, savory flavors achieved through techniques like braising and roasting, with a focus on preserving the natural taste of ingredients. It can be further divided into three branches: inland branch (e.g. cuisine (济南菜)), the -oriented branch (e.g. Fushan cuisine (福山菜)) in the peninsula, and Confucius's Family branch (孔府菜), with an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts.

Shandong cuisine significantly influenced due to historical migration and political factors, especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties when imperial chefs and officials in the capital mostly came from Shandong.Wang, Juling, Famous Dishes of Famous Restaurant in Beijing, Golden Shield Publishing House in Beijing, December, 2000, Xu, Chengbei, Ancient Beijing, Customs of the General Populace of Ancient Beijing, Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House in Nanjing, September, 1999, Hua Mengyang and Zhang Hongjie, Lives of the residents of Ancient Beijing, Shandong Pictorial Publishing House in Jinan, June, 2000, Du, Fuxiang and Guo, Yunhui, Famous Restaurants in China, China Tourism Publishing House in Beijing, 1982 This influence is evident in Beijing cuisine's emphasis on hearty flavors, wheat-based staples, and cooking techniques such as braising, roasting, and deep-frying. Jiuqu dachang 2009 03.jpg|Braised intestines in brown sauce Mackerel-stuffed jiaozi in Qingdao (20191002202358).jpg|Seafood dumplings Wok-Fried Pork Liver.jpg|Wok-fried pork Lliver 糖醋鲤鱼2024（德州）.jpg|Yellow River sweet and sour fish

Literature and arts
The literature of Shandong largely reflects ; proposed the poetic theory of "evocation, observation, socialization, and admonition" (興, 觀, 群, 怨), which laid the foundation for traditional Chinese poetic theory. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, notable literary figures from Shandong include and of the Jian'an period, of the , of the , and of the Southern Dynasties, of the , from the to period, , , and of the and periods, , , and of the and dynasties, as well as novelists like and . Classic works from Shandong include the Book of Songs, Spring and Autumn Annals, Discourses of the States, , , and Mencius.
(2011). 9787209058131, Shandong People's Publishing House.

Representative works of Shandong folk songs (a branch of Chinese folk music) include the Han dynasty's (梁父吟), the Qing dynasty collection (白雪遗音, lit "Echoes of Snow and Sorrow"),Huang Zhiliang, "A Study on Baixue Yiyin", Master's thesis, Institute of Chinese Literature, Soochow University, July 1992 and the modern folk song Yimeng Mountain Minor (沂蒙山小调). Local folk performance forms include , , and Lü opera, while Shandong Drum Song (山东大鼓) was listed in the first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage of China. Famous Shandong operatic works include The Precious Sword (宝剑记) by and The Peach Blossom Fan by .

(2016). 9787303183784, Beijing Normal University Press.
and Lüju are popular types of in Shandong; both originated from southwestern Shandong.

Notable contemporary Shandong cultural and performing figures include singer (from ), host (from Rongcheng), actress (from ), (from ), and writers (from ) and Zhang Wei (from Huang). Peng Liyuan was the first person in mainland China to earn a master's degree in ethnic vocal music and now serves as president of the PLA Academy of Art. Ni Ping hosted the CCTV Spring Festival Gala for 13 consecutive years. In 2000, she shifted her career to film and television and won the Golden Rooster Award for Best Actress for Pretty Big Feet. Gong Li has received the Best Actress Award at the 49th Venice International Film Festival, two Golden Rooster Awards for Best Actress, and the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress at the 26th edition, among other domestic and international honors. Huang Bo won the Golden Horse Award for Best Actor in 2009 and 2017 for Cow and The Conformist, respectively, and also won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor in 2015 for Dearest. In 2016, he signed with Sony Music Entertainment as a . , a native from , won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature for combining hallucinatory realism with , , and contemporary society, becoming the first Chinese national to receive this honor.

Media
Radio and television broadcasting in Shandong is divided into over-the-air radio, cable radio, and television broadcasting, all of which are state-owned enterprises. In May 1933, the first wireless broadcasting station was established in Jinan and named the Shandong Provincial Capital Broadcasting Station. On October 27, 1950, the Shandong People's Radio Station officially began broadcasting to the entire province. By 1955, some counties and cities began to establish cable broadcasting stations. By the end of 1990, the province had 16 wireless radio stations and 34 television stations. As of the end of 2019, the comprehensive coverage rates of radio and television in Shandong were 99.13% and 99.10%, respectively. Among them, the Shandong Radio and Television Station has 21 channels, including 11 television channels such as Shandong Satellite TV and 10 radio channels. The Jinan Radio and Television Station currently has 8 television channels and 7 radio channels; the Qingdao Radio and Television Station has 7 television channels and 9 radio channels; and the Zibo Radio and Television Station has 5 television channels covering news, science education, public affairs, life, and urban topics, as well as 4 radio channels.

During the , more than 20 newspapers were published successively in Shandong, including Jinan Bulletin (濟南匯報) founded in 1903 by Governor of Shandong , and later publications such as Jinan Daily (濟南日報), and Shandong Official Gazette (山東官報).

At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, only Dazhong Daily and seven regional and municipal newspapers remained in circulation.

Following the Reform and opening-up, the newspaper industry in Shandong resumed growth. By the end of 1990, the number of officially registered and approved newspapers in the province had reached 119. Today, some of the most well-known newspapers in Shandong include Qilu Evening News, and Shandong Business Daily.

Transport
Trains
The history of railway in Shandong can be traced back to Jiaozhou–Jinan Railway, which was constructed by Germans between 1899 and 1904 through the Shantung Railway Company (). The railroad was backed by German capital and operated under German management; they also built braches linking industrial towns such as Boshan and Fangzi. The line stretched approximately 393 kilometers, connecting Jinan, the provincial capital located in the northwestern interior of Shandong, with the German-controlled port of Qingdao. This railway is still the most important east–west main line across Shandong Province.

As for north–south traffics, (-) and (-) are two major arterial railways that pass through the western part of Shandong. The Jingjiu passes through and ; the Jinghu passes through , , Tai'an, (the Jinghu high-speed railway will through ) and .

The first high-speed railroad, Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, operated in 2008, with maximum speed of 250 km. In the subsequent years, high-speed lines such as Beijing–Shanghai, Qingdao-Rongcheng, Shijiazhuang–Jinan and Zhengzhou–Jinan were all completed and commenced operation.

Jinan West Railway Station is the largest railway hub in Shandong Province, serving as the intersection point of the Jinan hub (comprising the Beijing–Shanghai railway, , and Handan–Jinan railway lines). Other major railway hubs include: the Qingdao railway station (connecting the Jiaoji, Jiaoxin, Jiaohuang, and Lanyan railways), the Dezhou hub (connecting the Beijing–Shanghai and Shide railways, under the administration of the Beijing Railway Bureau), the Yanzhou hub (Beijing–Shanghai, Xinyan, and railways), and the Heze hub (Beijing–Kowloon and railways).

According to the classification of the Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China, Shandong currently has four top-tier (special-class) railway stations:

  • Jinan Railway Station (passenger and freight)
  • Jinanxi Railway Station (one of the nation's top ten network-level freight marshalling yards)
  • Jinan West Railway Station (passenger station on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway)
  • Qingdao Railway Station (passenger station)

The Jinan East Railway Station is the largest railway station in Shandong. The Jinan Railway Bureau, following its 2008 reorganization, manages the majority of Shandong's trunk and branch railway networks, as well as the Bohai Train Ferry.

As of the end of 2024, and are the only two cities in Shandong with a metro system.

Road
Shandong has one of the densest and highest quality expressway networks among all Chinese provinces. These National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) expressways pass through or begin in Shandong. Expressways that begin in Shandong are in bold:

There are also many shorter regional expressways within Shandong.

Sea
The Shandong Peninsula, with its bays and harbours, has many important ports, including , , , , Dongying and . Many of these ports have historical significance and the sites of former foreign naval bases or historical battles. Ferries link the cities on the north coast of the peninsula with the Liaodong Peninsula, further north across the sea. links Shandong with , personnels and vehicles can be transported to via this way.

Air
By 2014, civil aviation in Shandong Province had formed a preliminary structure featuring two trunk airports, Jinan and Qingdao, alongside six regional airports: Yantai, Jining, Linyi, Weihai, Dongying, and .

Additionally, Penglai Shahekou Airport, which was completed and opened to air traffic in 2002, is primarily used for test flights, training, and tourism. Rizhao Shanzihe Airport opened on December 22, 2015, and Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport officially commenced operations on August 12, 2021.

In 2014, Shandong's total annual passenger throughput exceeded 30 million for the first time, with total cargo and mail volume reaching 350,000 tons. Among them, Qingdao Liuting International Airport alone handled over 10 million passengers.

Direct flights between Shandong and Taiwan were launched in 2008. There are currently four cities with cross-strait direct flights: Jinan, Qingdao, Yantai, and Weihai, operating 10 routes with 52 round-trip flights per week, carrying over 1,000 passengers daily.

Shandong Airlines was founded in 1994 and currently operates more than 220 routes, with over 700 flights per week serving more than 40 major and medium-sized cities across China. As of March 2018, the airline had a fleet of 114 Boeing 737 series aircraft, with an average age of 5.0 years.

Tourism
Tourist attractions in Shandong include:

Peninsula

Heartland
  • , the capital city of Shandong since , renowned for its 72 Famous Springs.
    • , a culturally significant artesian karst spring, declared as "Number One Spring under the Heaven" (labels=no) by the of the .
    • , the largest lake in Jinan, whose water is from the area's springs. described its beauty in his works.
    • Thousand Buddha Mountain, renowned for its numerous Buddha images which have been carved out of the hill's rock faces or free-standing structures erect since the times of the and its Xingguochan Temple.
    • Fuxue Confucian Temple of Jinan.
    • Lingyan Temple, one of the four most famous temples (labels=no) in , in which there is 11th century and the Thousand Buddha Hall which houses a bronze Buddha statue as well as 40 painted clay statues of life-size from the .
    • remnant of Great Wall of Qi, the oldest existing Great Wall in China, which is built in 685 BCE and stretches from to .
  • , which has numerous natural and historic sites, such as Shihu Garden (from the Late Ming and early Qing dynasty), Fangong Pavilion (from the Song dynasty), fossil sites (including dinosaur fossils, in Shanwang, Linqu), Mount Yi National Forest Park and Mount Qingyun. Yangjiabu has painted New Year woodcuts, which are also famous all around China.
    • , former provincial capital, an ancient trading and administrative center with some famous archaeological discoveries.

Southwest
  • , rich of cultural and historical relics, especially for its association with and its location along the Grand Canal.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
  • There are four places in Shandong listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
    • Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong is a very famous World Heritage Site in China, and it is also a 5A Tourist Attraction. Lying to the Temple's east, the Kong Family Mansion developed from a small family house linked to the temple into an aristocratic mansion. The male direct descendants of Confucius lived and worked.
    • , sacred mountain, in Tai'an
    • Grand Canal (part), runs through south to north in Western part of the province
    • Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea-Bohai Gulf of China in
Jade Emperor Peak 50477-Taishan (49055678751).jpg|Jade Emperor Peak, Taian China Jinan 5196975.jpg|, 威海刘公岛 北洋水师 海军公所 - panoramio.jpg|, 中国山东省曲阜市孔庙万仞宫墙.jpg| Kong Family Mansion, Qingdao Pier.jpg|, 20230623 Dongwanyuan Park, Linqing, Shandong 16.jpg|Grand Canal,

Education
History of education
Shandong is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. Shandong hosts 153 higher education institutions, ranking second in the East China region after and fourth among all Chinese provinces/municipalities after , and .

Before the late Qing dynasty, Shandong generally enjoyed a flourishing educational tradition, except during a few periods such as the Qin dynasty and the late Jin dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn period, pioneered private education. In the Northern Song dynasty, Shandong first introduced the "school field" system, which promoted institutional education. In the Ming and Qing periods, private schools, official schools, and academies of classical learning thrived. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng in the Qing dynasty, there were 75 academies in Shandong, of which 61 were government-run. Following the Hundred Days' Reform, Shandong established the first provincial-level university in China.

During the late Qing period, Western missionary education had a significant influence on Shandong's educational development. For example, in 1866, Presbyterian missionary Calvin Wilson Mateer founded the Wenxian Primary School (for boys) and Huiying Primary School (for girls) in Yuhuangding, , which were the first modern schools established in Yantai following its opening as a treaty port under the Treaty of Tientsin in 1862. These schools later developed into the Yantai Yuwen Business College, the predecessor of today's Yantai No. 2 High School. Mateer's wife, , also established the first kindergarten in Yantai at Yuhuangding. Calvin Mateer went on to establish over 40 primary schools in areas including , , Qixia, , , , , and urban Yantai. Fellow missionaries and his wife established the , the first modern higher education institution in China, which also became one of the earliest Christian colleges in the country.

After the Chinese Communist Party came to power, all institutions of higher education in the province ceased enrollment for five years starting in 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution, which severely disrupted educational order. Restoration did not begin until after 1976. As of 2016, the province had 18,853 kindergartens, 12,951 compulsory education schools (including 10,027 elementary schools and 2,924 junior high schools), 580 regular high schools, 428 secondary vocational schools, 146 special education schools, and 155 higher education institutions (144 regular universities and colleges and 11 adult education institutions). There were 25 nationally designated key technical schools, with a provincial enrollment of 148,000 students in technical schools, and a graduate employment rate of 98%. Among them, the Shandong Lanxiang Senior Technical School gained widespread attention after Western media reported its role in training technical non-commissioned officers for the People's Liberation Army.

Colleges and universities
As of 2016, Shandong had 141 officially accredited higher education institutions offering general degree programs, including 67 regular undergraduate institutions, 73 vocational colleges, and 1 branch campus. Among the regular undergraduate institutions, 44 were public, 12 were private, and 11 were independent colleges. Among the vocational colleges, 60 were public and 13 were private. Shandong is home to three universities included in the Double First-Class University Plan, namely Shandong University (985), Ocean University of China (985), and China University of Petroleum (East China) (211). Additionally, three Double First-Class universities registered in other provinces have campuses in Shandong: Beijing Jiaotong University, Weihai (211), Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai (985), and China Agricultural University, Yantai (985). Shandong ranks first in the nation in terms of marine science research capacity. As of the end of 2009, the province had nearly 60 national and provincial-level institutions engaged in marine science and education, 29 provincial and ministerial-level marine key laboratories, over 20 scientific research vessels, 10 national-level demonstration bases for marine science and technology, and more than half of China's marine science personnel—including 23 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering.
(2012). 9787509541937, 中国财政经济出版社. .

As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 50 cities in the world ( 32nd and 43rd) by scientific research output, as tracked by the .

Jinan
  • Shandong University
  • University of Jinan
  • Shandong University of Finance and Economics
  • Shandong Normal University
  • Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Qingdao
  • Ocean University of China
  • China University of Petroleum
  • Qingdao Agricultural University
  • Qingdao University
  • Qingdao University of Technology
  • Shandong University of Science and Technology
  • Qingdao Binhai University
  • Qingdao Technical College

Yantai
  • China Agricultural University
  • Shandong Institute of Business and Technology
  • Yantai University
  • Ludong University

Weihai
  • Harbin University of Science and Technology
  • Harbin Institute of Technology
  • Beijing Jiaotong University

Other cities
  • Qufu Normal University ()
  • Shandong Agricultural University (Tai'an)
  • Weifang University ()
  • Weifang Medical University (Weifang)
  • Shandong University of Technology ()
  • Zibo Vocational Institute (Zibo)
  • Liaocheng University ()
  • ()
  • Binzhou Medical College ()
  • Jining Medical University ()
  • Rizhao Polytechnic ()
  • Shandong Foreign Languages Vocational College (Rizhao)

Sports
Before the 20th century, traditional sports were the main form of physical activity in Shandong, while modern competitive sports gradually became dominant. The 1903 Hetan Games (阖滩运动会) in Yantai was one of the most prominent early modern athletic competitions in China. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, most sports activities came to a halt. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China, mass sports movements gained momentum in Shandong. In October 1953, the province established the Shandong Provincial Sports Committee. During the Cultural Revolution, all sports activities were suspended and administrative agencies ceased functioning. After the Reform and Opening-Up, Shandong successfully hosted over 70 national competitions, including championships, league matches at various levels, regional tournaments, title contests, and cup competitions. Today, Shandong is home to several professional sports clubs such as Shandong Taishan F.C., Qingdao Hainiu F.C., Qingdao West Coast F.C., Qingdao Red Lions F.C., Shandong Hi-Speed Kirin, and .

Shandong has hosted numerous major sports events, including the National Games, the World Table Tennis Championships, and the AFC Asian Cup. Qingdao also served as a co-host city for the 2008 Summer Olympics sailing events. In 2009, Shandong hosted the 11th National Games of China, ranking first nationwide in terms of gold medals, total medals, and overall points. The year 2015 is considered the "inaugural year" of marathon events in Shandong. Major marathons have since been held in cities such as Dongying, Yantai, Weifang, Tai'an, Qingdao, Linyi, Zibo (Gaoqing), Tengzhou, and Jining. Among them, Dongying, Yantai, Tai'an, Qingdao (Laixi), Qingdao (High-tech Zone), and Linyi host international marathons.

Prominent athletes from Shandong include table tennis world champion , billiards player (nine-ball), Olympic shooting champion , Olympic weightlifter , long-distance runner , and gymnast .

Events held in Shandong
  • 2009 National Games of China
  • 2002 Table Tennis World Cup
  • 2004 AFC Asian Cup
  • 2007 A3 Champions Cup
  • Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
  • 2011 Sudirman Cup
  • 2012 Badminton Asia Championships
  • 2012 Asian Beach Games

Professional sports teams based in Shandong
  • Chinese Basketball Association
  • Chinese Super League
    • Shandong Taishan
    • Qingdao Hainiu
    • Qingdao West Coast
  • China League One
    • Qingdao Red Lions

Former professional sports teams based in Shandong

Sister regions
Since October 1979, when Qingdao and , Yamaguchi Prefecture, established the first pair of sister cities in Shandong Province, by the end of October 2016, Shandong had 211 pairs of international sister provinces/states and cities (including 36 at the provincial level), as well as 214 pairs of international friendly cooperative relationships (28 at the provincial level). The total number of international partnerships ranks among the top in China.

Currently, Shandong's relationships with and have become exemplary models of a new type of international provincial partnerships. As of 2024, Shandong has sister regions as follows:

See also

Notes
Sources

External links

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