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A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state. The term derives from the ancient Roman Roman province]], which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire territorial possessions outside Roman Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".
While some provinces were produced artificially by Colonialism, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or Federation authority, especially in Canada and Pakistan. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.
A popular etymology is from Latin pro- ("on behalf of") and vincere ("to triumph" or "to take control of"). Thus a "province" would be a territory or function that a Roman magistrate held control of on behalf of his government. In fact, the word province is an ancient term from public law, which means: "office belonging to a magistrate". This agrees with the Latin term's earlier usage as a generic term for a jurisdiction under Roman law.
Before the French Revolution, France comprised a variety of jurisdictions (built around the early Capetian royal demesne), some being considered "provinces", though the term was also used colloquially for territories as small as a Manorialism (châtellenie). Most commonly referred to as "provinces", however, were the Grands Gouvernements, generally former medieval feudal principalities, or agglomerations of such. Today the expression en province is regularly replaced in the media by the more politically correct en région, région now being the term officially used for the secondary level of government.
In Italy, in provincia generally means "outside the biggest regional capitals" (like Rome, Milan, Naples, etc.).
For the United Kingdom use of the word is often pejorative, assuming a stereotype of the denizens of the provinces to be less culturally aware than those in the capital.
The historic European provinces—built up of many small regions, called pays by the French and "Swiss canton" by the Swiss, each with a local cultural identity and focused upon a market town—have been depicted by Fernand Braudel as the optimum-size political unit in pre-industrial Early Modern Europe. He asks, "Was the province not its inhabitants' true 'fatherland'?" The Perspective of the World, 1984, p. 284. Even centrally-organized France, an early nation-state, could collapse into autonomous provincial worlds under pressure, as during the sustained crisis of the French Wars of Religion (1562–98).
The British colonies in North America were often named provinces. Most (but not all) of the Thirteen Colonies that eventually formed the United States were called provinces. All declared themselves "states" when they became independent. The Connecticut Colony, the Delaware Colony, Rhode Island and the Colony of Virginia never used the title "province". The British colonies further north, which remained loyal to Britain and later confederated to form the original Canada, retained the title of "province" and are still known as such to the present day.
To 19th- and 20th-century historians, in Europe, centralized government was a sign of modernity and political maturity. In the late 20th century, as the European Union drew closer together, centripetal forces seemed simultaneously to move countries toward more flexible systems of more localized, provincial governing entities under the overall European Union umbrella. Spain after Francisco Franco has been a "State of Autonomies", formally unitary but in fact functioning as a federation of Autonomous Communities, each exercising different powers. (See Politics of Spain.)
While Serbia, the rump of former Yugoslavia, fought the separatists in the province of Kosovo, the United Kingdom, under the political principle of "devolution", produced (1998) local in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In ancient India, unlike the Maurya Empire, the Gupta Empire gave local areas a great deal of independence and divided the empire into 26 large provinces, styled as Bhukti, Pradesha and Bhoga.
Some of the can be quite important. For example, Canadian provinces are sovereign in regard to such important matters as property, civil rights, education, social welfare and medical services. The growth of the modern welfare state has resulted in these functions, assigned to the provinces, becoming more important compared to those assigned to the federal government and thus provincial governments have become more important than the Fathers of Confederation originally intended.
Canada's status as a federation of provinces under the Dominion of the British Empire rather than an independent country also had certain legal implications. Provinces could appeal court rulings over the heads of the Supreme Court of Canada to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. As well, provinces could bypass the Supreme Court and go directly to London from any Provincial Court. The Canadian Supreme Court tended to support the view that the Canadian Constitution was intended to create a powerful central government, but the Privy Council in London held the distinctly opposite view that the Constitution provided for stronger provincial powers. This provided an opportunity for forum shopping for provinces who opposed federal laws. Until appeals from Canada to the Privy Council were abolished in 1949, in legal disputes the provincial governments tended to win powers at the expense of the federal government.
In addition, while the Canadian federal government has unlimited taxing power while province governments are restricted to imposing direct taxes, the Canadian government introduced an income tax during World War I, and since it is a direct tax it also became a major revenue generator for provinces. In most provinces, the federal government now collects income tax for both levels of government and transfers to the provincial governments whatever surcharge they ask for. The sales tax also become a major revenue generator for provinces, so in 1991 the Canadian government introduced a Goods and Services Tax (GST) to share the revenues, which proved unpopular both with provincial governments and taxpayers. The Canadian government has tried to harmonize the two levels of sales taxes, but three provinces continue to impose a separate sales tax (British Columbia after harmonizing it, and shortly thereafter de-harmonizing it after it was struck down by a referendum), while the province of Alberta still does not impose a provincial sales tax.
The evolution of federations has created an inevitable tug-of-war between concepts of federal supremacy versus states' and provinces' rights. The historic division of responsibility in federal constitutions is inevitably subject to multiple overlaps. For example, when central governments, responsible for foreign policy, enter into international agreements in areas where the state or province is sovereign, such as the environment or health standards, agreements made at the national level can create jurisdictional overlap and conflicting laws. This overlap creates the potential for that lead to constitutional amendments and judicial decisions that alter the balance of powers.
Though foreign affairs do not usually fall under a province's or a federal state's competency, some states allow them to legally conduct international relations on their own in matters of their constitutional prerogative and essential interest. Sub-national authorities have a growing interest in paradiplomacy, be it performed under a legal framework or as a trend informally admitted as legitimate by the central authorities.
In such as France and China, provinces are subordinate to the national, central government. In theory, the central government can create or abolish provinces within its jurisdiction. On the other hand, although Canada is now considered a federation and not a confederation, in practice it is among the world's more decentralization federations. Canadian Confederation and the Constitution Act, 1867 conferred considerable power on the provincial governments which they often use to pursue their own goals independently of the federal government.
In Canada, local governments have been called "creatures of the province" because the authority of a local government derives solely from the provincial government. Provinces can create, merge, and dissolve local governments without the consent of the federal government or the people in the affected locality. Alberta in particular dissolved and merged hundreds of local governments during the 1940s and 1950s as a consequence of the Great Depression. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as Toronto or Montreal without the approval of local voters.
Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into a federation; instead, the provinces were abolished in 1876. The old provincial boundaries continue to be used to determine the application of certain . Over the years, when the central Government has created special-purpose agencies at a sub-national level, these have often tended to follow or approximate the old provincial boundaries. Current examples include the 16 Regions into which New Zealand is divided, and also the 21 District Health Boards. Sometimes the term the provinces is used to refer collectively to rural and regional parts of New Zealand, that is, those parts of the country lying outside some or all of the "main centres"—Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Hamilton and Dunedin.
In some nations, a province (or its equivalent) is a first-level administrative unit of sub-national government—as in the Netherlands—and a large constituent autonomous area, as in Argentina, Canada, South Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It can also be a constituent element of a federation, confederation, or republic. For example, in the United States, no state may secede from the federal union without the permission of the federal government.
In other nations—such as Belgium, Chile, Italy, Peru, the Philippines, and Spain—a province is a second-level administrative sub-division of a region (which is the first-order administrative sub-division of the nation). Italy provinces are mainly named after their principal town and comprise several administrative sub-divisions called comune (communes). In Chile, they are referred to as . Chile has 15 regions, subdivided into 53 provinces, of which each is run by a governor appointed by the president. Italy has 20 regions, subdivided into 14 metropolitan cities and 96 provinces. Peru has 25 regions, subdivided into 194 provinces. Spain has 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, subdivided into 50 provinces.
The island of Ireland is divided into four historic provinces (see Provinces of Ireland), each of which is sub-divided into counties. These provinces are Connacht (in the west), Leinster (in the east), Munster (in the south) and, Ulster (in the north). Nowadays these provinces have little or no administrative function, though they do have sporting significance. Northern Ireland is frequently called "the Province" or "Ulster" in British media, although it includes just six of the nine counties of the original province.
From the 19th century, the Portuguese colonies were considered overseas provinces of Portugal.
Similarly, some overseas parts of the British Empire bore the colonial title of "province" (in a more Roman sense), such as the Province of Canada and the South Australia (the latter, to distinguish it from the penal "colonies" elsewhere in Australia). Likewise, prior to the American Revolution, most of the original Thirteen Colonies in British America were provinces as well, such as the Province of Georgia and the Province of New Hampshire.
Because Canada is the second-largest country in the world by area, but has only 10 provinces, most Canadian provinces are very large—six of its ten provinces are larger than any country in Europe except Russia, and its largest province—Quebec, —is almost two and a half times as large as France—. Six provinces, including five of the oldest Canadian provinces—Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island—have "counties" as administrative sub-divisions. The actual local government form can vary widely. In New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and in 9 of the 18 counties of Nova Scotia, county government has been abolished and has been superseded by another form of local government. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island also have parishes within counties. Since the Canadian Constitution assigns local government to provincial jurisdiction, the various provinces can create, dissolve, and reorganize local governments freely and they have been described as "creatures of the province".
The Western provinces have more varied types of administrative sub-divisions than the Eastern Canada. The province of British Columbia has "regional districts" which function as county-equivalents. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are divided into rural municipalities.
Alberta is also divided into counties, albeit they are officially classified as "municipal districts" by the province, though in regular everyday parlance these entities are referred to as a "county". Alberta has some unique local governance schemes formed in response to local conditions. For instance, Sherwood Park is an unincorporated "urban service area" of 72,017 within Strathcona County, which has most of the oil refining capacity in Western Canada; Fort McMurray was once a city but dissolved itself and became an "urban service area" of 70,964 people within the Regional Municipality (R.M.) of Wood Buffalo, which has several multibillion-dollar oil sands plants; and Lloydminster, a city of 31,483 which sits directly astride the border between Alberta and Saskatchewan. Unlike most such cases, Lloydminster is not a pair of twin cities on opposite sides of a border, but is actually incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration. The residents objected to the federal government splitting the city in two when it created the two provinces, so the two provinces reunified it by declaring it to be a single city in two provinces, thereby bypassing the limitations of a twin-city arrangement.
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| Provinces of Afghanistan | wilayat | Persian language | 34 |
| Provinces of Algeria | wilaya | Arabic language | 48 |
| Provinces of Angola | província | Portuguese | 18 |
| Provinces of Argentina | provincia | Spanish language | 23 |
| Provinces of Armenia | marz | Armenian | 11 |
| Provinces of Belarus | voblast | Belarusian | 7 |
| Provinces of Belgium (Flemish Region) | provincie | Dutch language | 5 |
| Provinces of Belgium (Walloon Region) | province | French language | 5 |
| Provinces of Bolivia | provincia | Spanish language | 100 |
| Provinces of Bulgaria | oblast | Bulgarian | 28 |
| Provinces of Burkina Faso | province | French language | 45 |
| Provinces of Burundi | province | French language | 17 |
| Provinces of Cambodia | khaet (ខេត្ត) | Khmer language | 24 + 176 provinces + 1 special governed district (Phnom Penh). However, Cambodian usually presume Phnom Penh as another province for convenience. |
| Provinces of Canada | province | English language, French language | 10 |
| Provinces of Chile | provincia | Spanish language | 54 |
| Provinces of China | shěng (省) | Standard Chinese | 23 + 35The China (PRC) claims it has 23 provinces, one of them being Taiwan, which the PRC does not have control. The Taiwan (frequently referred to as "Taiwan" or ROC) claims all 35 provinces but it only controls all of Taiwan Province and several small islands of Fujian and Hainan Province. |
| Provinces of Costa Rica | provincia | Spanish language | 7 |
| Provinces of Cuba | provincia | Spanish language | 15 |
| Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | province | French language | 25 |
| Provinces of the Dominican Republic | provincia | Spanish language | 33 |
| Provinces of Ecuador | provincia | Spanish language | 24 |
| Provinces of Equatorial Guinea | provincia | Spanish language | 7 |
| Provinces of Fiji | yasana | Fijian language | 14 |
| Provinces of Finland | läänit or län | Finnish language, Swedish language | 6 |
| Provinces of Gabon | province | French language | 9 |
| Provinces of Georgia | mkhare (მხარე) | Georgian, Abkhaz Language | 12 |
| Provinces of Greece | επαρχία (eparchia) | Greek language | 73 |
| Provinces of Indonesia | provinsi | Indonesian | 38 |
| Provinces of Iran | ostan | Persian language | 31 |
| Provinces of Ireland | cúige | Irish language | 4 |
| Provinces of Italy | provincia | Italian language | 110 |
| Provinces of Kazakhstan | oblys (облыс) | Kazakh language | 14 |
| Provinces of Kenya | province | English language | 8 |
| Provinces of Kyrgyzstan | oblus (облус) | Kyrgyz language | 7 |
| Provinces of Laos | khoueng (ແຂວງ) | Lao language | 16 |
| Provinces of Madagascar | faritany | Malagasy | 6 |
| Provinces of Mongolia | aimag or aymag (Аймаг) | Mongolian | 21 |
| Provinces of Mozambique | província | Portuguese | 10 |
| Provinces of Nepal | pradesh or pranta (प्रदेश/प्रान्त) | Nepali language | 7 |
| Provinces of the Netherlands | provincie | Dutch language | 12 |
| Provinces of North Korea | do or to (도) | Korean language | 10 |
| Administrative divisions of Norway | provins | Norwegian | 18 |
| Provinces of Oman | wilaya | Arabic | 62 |
| Provinces of Pakistan | sûba(صوبہ); plural: sûbé (صوبے) | Urdu language | 7 |
| Provinces of Panama | provincia | Spanish language | 9 |
| Provinces of Papua New Guinea | province | English language | 19 |
| Provinces of Peru | provincia | Spanish language | 195 |
| Provinces of the Philippines | lalawigan or probinsya, provincia, province | Filipino, Spanish language, English language | 82 |
| Provinces of Poland | województwa | Polish language | 16 |
| Provinces of Romania | provincii | Romanian | 41 |
| Provinces of Rwanda | intara | Kinyarwanda | 5 |
| Provinces of Saudi Arabia | mintaqah | Arabic | 13 |
| Provinces of Sierra Leone | province | English language | 4 |
| Provinces of the Solomon Islands | 9 | ||
| Provinces of South Africa | province | English language | 9 |
| Provinces of South Korea | do or to (도/道) | Korean language | 10 |
| Provinces of Spain | provincia | Spanish language | 50 |
| Provinces of Sri Lanka | පළාත/palaatha,மாகாணம்/maahaanam & province | Sinhala language, Tamil language, English language | 9 |
| Provinces of Suriname | provincie | Dutch language | 10 |
| Provinces of Tajikistan | viloyat (вилоят), from Arabic wilaya | Tajik language | 3 |
| Provinces of Thailand | changwat (จังหวัด) | Thai language | 76 + 176 provinces + 1 special governed district (Bangkok). However, Thai people usually presume Bangkok as another province for convenience. |
| Provinces of Tonga | 5 | ||
| Provinces of Turkey | il | Turkish language | 81 |
| Provinces of Turkmenistan | welayat (plural: welayatlar) from wilaya | Turkmen language | 5 |
| Provinces of Ukraine | oblast | Ukrainian | 24 + 324 oblasts, one autonomous republic, and two "cities with special status". |
| Provinces of Uzbekistan | viloyat (plural: viloyatlar) | from Arabic wilaya | 12 |
| Provinces of Vanuatu | 6 | ||
| Provinces of Vietnam | tỉnh | Vietnamese | 58 |
| Provinces of Zambia | province | English language | 9 |
| Provinces of Zimbabwe | province | English language | 8 |
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