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A deity or god is a being considered to be and worthy of due to having authority over some aspect of the universe and/or life. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines deity as a god or , or anything revered as .

(2025). 9780199571123, Oxford University Press. .
C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans, but who interacts with humans, positively or negatively, in ways that carry humans to new levels of consciousness, beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life".
(2025). 9780761475590, Marshall Cavendish.

Religions can be categorized by how many deities they worship. religions accept only one deity (predominantly referred to as ""),

(2025). 9780567232120, New York.
(2025). 9789004173163, Brill.
whereas religions accept multiple deities.
(2025). 9780801027888, Baker Academic.
religions accept one without denying other deities, considering them as aspects of the same divine principle.
(2025). 9781136338236, Routledge. .
(1991). 9780521331593, Cambridge University Press.
Nontheistic religions deny any supreme eternal , but may accept a pantheon of deities which live, die and may be reborn like any other being.

Although most monotheistic religions traditionally envision their god as , , , , and ,

(2025). 9781441111975, A&C Black.
(2025). 9780521822459, Cambridge University Press.
none of these qualities are essential to the definition of a "deity"
(1990). 9781451417265, Fortress Press.
(2025). 9780521822459, Cambridge University Press. .
and various cultures have conceptualized their deities differently. Monotheistic religions typically refer to their god in masculine terms,
(2025). 9781135963156, Routledge.
while other religions refer to their deities in a variety of ways—male, female, , or genderless.
(1992). 9780226064550, University of Chicago Press.
(2025). 9780791490495, SUNY Press.
(2025). 9780520963634, University of California Press.

Many cultures—including the ancient , , , , and —have personified natural phenomena, variously as either deliberate causes or effects.

(1983). 9780816611157, University of Minnesota Press.
(2025). 9789048135271, Springer Science & Business Media B.V..
(1997). 9780801433399, Cornell University Press.
Some and deities were viewed as ethical concepts. In , deities have been envisioned as manifesting within the temple of every living being's body, as sensory organs and mind.
(2025). 9781400856510, Princeton University Press.
(2025). 9780195361377, Oxford University Press.
(2025). 9781135189792, Routledge.
Deities are envisioned as a form of existence (Saṃsāra) after , for human beings who gain merit through an ethical life, where they become and live blissfully in , but are also subject to death when their merit is lost.

Etymology
The English language word deity derives from deité,
(2025). 9781439505717, Paw Prints.
the deitatem (nominative deitas) or "divine nature", coined by Augustine of Hippo from ("god"). Deus is related through a common Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin to . This root yields the ancient Indian word Deva meaning "to gleam, a shining one", from *div- "to shine", as well as dios "" and ; and Latin deus "god" ( deivos). Deva is masculine, and the related feminine equivalent is . Etymologically, the cognates of Devi are Latin dea and Greek thea.
(1998). 9788120814912, Motilal Banarsidass.
In , Daeva]] means ", evil god", while in it means the opposite, referring to the "heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones".
(2025). 9780791480113, SUNY Press.
(2025). 9780199287918, Oxford University Press.

The closely linked term "god" refers to "supreme being, deity", according to Douglas Harper, and is derived from Proto-Germanic *guthan, from PIE *ghut-, which means "that which is invoked". Guth in the means "voice". The term *ghut- is also the source of Old Church Slavonic zovo ("to call"), Sanskrit huta- ("invoked", an epithet of ), from the root *gheu(e)- ("to call, invoke."),

An alternate etymology for the term "god" comes from the Proto-Germanic , which traces it to the PIE root *ghu-to- ("poured"), derived from the root *gheu- ("to pour, pour a "). The term *gheu- is also the source of the Greek khein "to pour". Originally the word "god" and its other Germanic cognates were neuter nouns but shifted to being generally masculine under the influence of Christianity in which the god is typically seen as male. In contrast, all ancient Indo-European cultures and mythologies recognized both masculine and feminine deities.

Definitions
There is no universally accepted consensus on what a deity is, and concepts of deities vary considerably across cultures.
(2025). 9781135455224, Routledge. .
states that the term "deity or god or its equivalent in other languages" has a bewildering range of meanings and significance. It has ranged from "infinite transcendent being who created and lords over the universe" (God), to a "finite entity or experience, with special significance or which evokes a special feeling" (god), to "a concept in religious or philosophical context that relates to nature or magnified beings or a supra-mundane realm", to "numerous other usages".

A deity is typically conceptualized as a supernatural or divine concept, manifesting in ideas and knowledge, in a form that combines excellence in some or all aspects, wrestling with weakness and questions in other aspects, in outlook and actions, yet tied up with emotions and desires.

(2025). 9781136653100, Routledge.
(2025). 9781136653094, Taylor & Francis.
In other cases, the deity is a principle or reality such as the idea of "soul". The of Hinduism, for example, characterize Atman (soul, self) as deva (deity), thereby asserting that the deva and eternal supreme principle () is part of every living creature, that this soul is spiritual and divine, and that to realize self-knowledge is to know the supreme.
(2025). 9789047433637, Brill.
(1997). 9781898723608, Sussex Academic Press.
(1981). 9780822603658, Littlefield, Adams and Company.

is the belief in the existence of one or more deities. is the belief in and worship of multiple deities, which are usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and , with accompanying .

(2025). 9789042918122, Peeters Publishers.
In most polytheistic religions, the different gods and goddesses are representations of forces of nature or ancestral principles, and can be viewed either as autonomous or as aspects or of a creator God or transcendental absolute principle ( theologies), which manifests in nature. accepts the existence of more than one deity, but considers all deities as equivalent representations or aspects of the same divine principle, the highest. Monotheism and Polytheism , Encyclopædia Britannica;
, Quote: "While admitting a plurality of gods, henotheism at the same time affirms the paramount position of some one divine principle."
(2025). 9789004194533, Brill Academic. .
is the belief that many deities exist, but that only one of these deities may be validly worshipped., Quote: "Monolatry: The recognition of the existence of many gods but the consistent worship of one deity".

is the belief that only one deity exists.Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. A monotheistic deity, known as "God", is usually described as , , , and .Swinburne, R.G. "God" in (editor). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1995. However, not all deities have been regarded this way

(2025). 9780791464151, State University of New York Press.
(2025). 9780195332612, Oxford University Press.
and an entity does not need to be almighty, omnipresent, omniscient, omnibenevolent or eternal to qualify as a deity.

is the belief that only one deity exists, who created the universe, but does not usually intervene in the resulting world.

(2025). 9780470670606, Blackwell.
Deism was particularly popular among western intellectuals during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
(2025). 9780786485390, McFarland & Co..
(2025). 9780816053353, Facts On File.
is the belief that the universe itself is God or that everything composes an all-encompassing, deity. is an intermediate position between these, proposing that the creator became a pantheistic universe.
(2025). 9780367637644, .
is the belief that pervades the universe, but that it also transcends the universe.
(2025). 9780802824165, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
is the position that it is impossible to know for certain whether a deity of any kind exists.
(2025). 9780028657806, Macmillan Reference.
(1998). 9780415073103, Routledge.
is the non-belief in the existence of any deity.

Prehistoric
Scholars infer the probable existence of deities in the prehistoric period from inscriptions and prehistoric arts such as , but it is unclear what these sketches and paintings are and why they were made.
(2025). 9781448847907, Rosen Central.
Some engravings or sketches show animals, hunters or rituals.
(2025). 9780520250055, University of California Press.
It was once common for archaeologists to interpret virtually every prehistoric female figurine as a representation of a single, primordial goddess, the ancestor of historically attested goddesses such as , , , , and ;
(2025). 9780199675616, Oxford University Press. .
this approach has now generally been discredited. Modern archaeologists now generally recognize that it is impossible to conclusively identify any prehistoric figurines as representations of any kind of deities, let alone goddesses. Nonetheless, it is possible to evaluate ancient representations on a case-by-case basis and rate them on how likely they are to represent deities. The Venus of Willendorf, a female figurine found in Europe and dated to about 25,000 BCE has been interpreted by some as an exemplar of a prehistoric female deity. A number of probable representations of deities have been discovered at 'Ain Ghazal and the works of art uncovered at Çatalhöyük reveal references to what is probably a complex mythology.

Religions and cultures
Sub-Saharan African
African cultures developed theology and concepts of deities over their history. In and neighboring , for example, two prominent deities (locally called )
(2025). 9780253108630, Indiana University Press.
are found in the , namely the god and the goddess . Ogun is the primordial masculine deity as well as the archdivinity and guardian of occupations such as tools making and use, metal working, hunting, war, protection and ascertaining equity and justice.
(1997). 9780253210838, Indiana University Press.
(2025). 9781851094417, ABC-CLIO.
Osun is an equally powerful primordial feminine deity and a multidimensional guardian of fertility, water, maternal, health, social relations, love and peace. Ogun and Osun traditions were brought into the Americas on . They were preserved by the Africans in their plantation communities, and their festivals continue to be observed.

In , a similar masculine-feminine deity combination has appeared in other forms, particularly as the Moon and Sun deities.

(2025). 9780195136777, Oxford University Press.
One Southern African cosmology consists of Hieseba or Xuba (deity, god), Gaune (evil spirits) and Khuene (people). The Hieseba includes Nladiba (male, creator sky god) and Nladisara (females, Nladiba's two wives). The Sun (female) and the Moon (male) deities are viewed as offspring of Nladiba and two Nladisara. The Sun and Moon are viewed as manifestations of the supreme deity, and worship is timed and directed to them.
(2025). 9780521428651, Cambridge University Press.
In other African cultures the Sun is seen as male, while the Moon is female, both symbols of the godhead. In , the supreme deity is with male-female aspects, envisioned as the giver of rain, treated simultaneously as the god of darkness and light and is called Mwari Shona. In the region, the term for a deity is Lubaale, or alternatively Jok.
(2025). 9781592211579, Africa World.

Ancient Near Eastern
Egyptian
culture revered numerous deities. Egyptian records and inscriptions list the names of many whose nature is unknown and make vague references to other unnamed deities. James P. Allen estimates that more than 1,400 deities are named in Egyptian texts, whereas Christian Leitz offers an estimate of "thousands upon thousands" of Egyptian deities. Their terms for deities were nṯr (god), and feminine nṯrt (goddess); however, these terms may also have applied to any being – spirits and deceased human beings, but not demons – who in some way were outside the sphere of everyday life. Egyptian deities typically had an associated cult, role and mythologies.

Around 200 deities are prominent in the and ancient temples of Egypt, many . Among these, were Min (fertility god), Neith (creator goddess), Anubis, Atum, Bes, Horus, Isis, Ra, Meretseger, Nut, Osiris, Shu, Sia and Thoth. Most Egyptian deities represented natural phenomenon, physical objects or social aspects of life, as hidden immanent forces within these phenomena.

(2025). 9780521774833, Cambridge University Press.
(2025). 9780801488535, Cornell University Press.
The deity Shu, for example represented air; the goddess Meretseger represented parts of the earth, and the god Sia represented the abstract powers of perception. Deities such as Ra and Osiris were associated with the judgement of the dead and their care during the afterlife. Major gods often had multiple roles and were involved in multiple phenomena.

The first written evidence of deities are from early 3rd millennium BCE, likely emerging from prehistoric beliefs.

(1999). 9780415186339, Routledge.
However, deities became systematized and sophisticated after the formation of an Egyptian state under the and their treatment as who had exclusive rights to interact with the gods, in the later part of the 3rd millennium BCE.
(2025). 9780801438349, Cornell University Press. .
Through the early centuries of the common era, as Egyptians interacted and traded with neighboring cultures, foreign deities were adopted and venerated.
(1991). 9780801497865, Cornell University Press.

Levantine
The ancient were polytheists who believed in a pantheon of deities,
(2025). 9780826468307, Sheffield Academic Press.
(2025). 9789053565032, Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
(2025). 9780802839725, Eerdmans.
the chief of whom was the god El, who ruled alongside his consort and their seventy sons. was the god of storm, rain, vegetation and fertility, while his consort was the goddess of war and , the West Semitic equivalent to , was the goddess of love. The people of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah originally believed in these deities,
(1994). 9780664227197, Westminster John Knox.
alongside their own Yahweh.
(1986). 9780664212629, Westminster John Knox Press.
(2025). 9780567552488, A&C Black.
El later became with , who took over El's role as the head of the pantheon, with Asherah as his divine consort and the "sons of El" as his offspring. During the later years of the Kingdom of Judah, a faction rose to power insisting that only Yahweh was fit to be worshipped by the people of Judah. Monolatry became enforced during the reforms of in 621 BCE. Finally, during the national crisis of the Babylonian captivity, some began to teach that deities aside from Yahweh were not just unfit to be worshipped, but did not exist.
(2025). 9789053565032, Eerdmans.
The "sons of El" were demoted from deities to angels.

Mesopotamian
Ancient in southern had numerous (deities, gods and goddesses). Mesopotamian deities were almost exclusively anthropomorphic.
(1998). 9780714117058, British Museum Press. .
(1988). 9780934718547, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. .
They were thought to possess extraordinary powers and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size. They were generally immortal, but a few of them, particularly Dumuzid, , and were said to have either died or visited the underworld. Both male and female deities were widely venerated.

In the Sumerian pantheon, deities had multiple functions, which included presiding over procreation, rains, irrigation, agriculture, destiny, and justice. The gods were fed, clothed, entertained, and worshipped to prevent natural catastrophes as well as to prevent social chaos such as pillaging, rape, or atrocities. Many of the Sumerian deities were of .

(1998). 9780313294976, Greenwood Press. .

The most important deities in the Sumerian pantheon were known as the ,

(1963). 9780226452388, University of Chicago Press. .
and included deities known as the "seven gods who decree": , , , , Nanna, and . After the conquest of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad, many Sumerian deities were with ones. The goddess Inanna, syncretized with the East Semitic Ishtar, became popular,
(1998). 9780415198110, Routledge.
with temples across Mesopotamia.

The Mesopotamian mythology of the first millennium BCE treated (later Aššur) and as primordial deities. was a significant god among the Babylonians. He rose from an obscure deity of the third millennium BCE to become one of the most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon of the first millennium BCE. The Babylonians worshipped Marduk as creator of heaven, earth and humankind, and as their .

(2025). 9780190288884, Oxford University Press.
Marduk's iconography is zoomorphic and is most often found in Middle Eastern archaeological remains depicted as a "snake-dragon" or a "human-animal hybrid".
(2025). 9780812221152, University of Pennsylvania Press.

Indo-European
Germanic
In Germanic languages, the terms cognate with 'god' such as and were originally neuter but became masculine, as in modern Germanic languages, after Christianisation due their use in referring to the .

In , Æsir (singular áss or ǫ́ss) are the principal group of gods, while the term ásynjur (singular ásynja) refers specifically to the female Æsir. These terms, states John Lindow, may be ultimately rooted in the Indo-European root for "breath" (as in "life giving force"), and are cognate with (a heathen god) and : anses.

Another group of deities found in Norse mythology are termed as , and are associated with fertility. The Æsir and the Vanir went to war, according to the Nordic sources. The account in describes the Æsir–Vanir War ending in truce and ultimate reconciliation of the two into a single group of gods, after both sides chose peace, exchanged ambassadors (hostages), and intermarried.

(2025). 9780520229150, University of California Press.

The Norse mythology describes the cooperation after the war, as well as differences between the Æsir and the Vanir which were considered scandalous by the other side. The goddess of the Vanir taught magic to the Æsir, while the two sides discover that while Æsir forbid mating between siblings, Vanir accepted such mating.

(2025). 9781317544531, Routledge.
(2025). 9781317555841, Routledge.

hosting images of Germanic gods (such as , and ), as well as pagan worship rituals, continued in into the 12th century, according to historical records. It has been proposed that over time, Christian equivalents were substituted for the Germanic deities to help suppress paganism as part of the Christianisation of the Germanic peoples. Worship of the Germanic gods has been revived in the modern period as part of the new religious movement of Heathenry.

Greek
The revered both gods and goddesses.
(2025). 9780300160055, Yale University Press.
These continued to be revered through the early centuries of the common era, and many of the Greek deities inspired and were adopted as part of much larger pantheon of Roman deities. The Greek religion was polytheistic, but had no centralized church, nor any sacred texts. The deities were largely associated with myths and they represented natural phenomena or aspects of human behavior.

Several Greek deities probably trace back to more ancient Indo-European traditions, since the gods and goddesses found in distant cultures are mythologically comparable and are . , the Greek goddess of the dawn, for instance, is cognate to Indic , Roman Aurora and Latvian . , the Greek king of gods, is cognate to Latin Iūpiter, Old German Ziu, and Indic , with whom he shares similar mythologies.

(2025). 9780199280759, Oxford University Press.
Other deities, such as , originated from the .
(2025). 9780415968232, Routledge.
(2025). 9780415775236, Routledge.
(1989). 9780801839382, The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Greek deities varied locally, but many shared panhellenic themes, celebrated similar festivals, rites, and ritual grammar.

(2025). 9783515076074, Steiner.
The most important deities in the Greek pantheon were the : Zeus, , , , , , Aphrodite, , , , , and . Other important Greek deities included , and . These deities later inspired the galaxy of Roman deities.

Besides the Olympians, the Greeks also worshipped various local deities. Among these were the goat-legged god Pan (the guardian of shepherds and their flocks), (nature spirits associated with particular landforms), (who dwelled in springs), (who were spirits of the trees), (who inhabited the sea), river gods, (a class of lustful male nature spirits), and others. The dark powers of the underworld were represented by the (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood-relatives.

The Greek deities, like those in many other Indo-European traditions, were anthropomorphic. describes them as "persons, not abstractions, ideas or concepts". They had fantastic abilities and powers; each had some unique expertise and, in some aspects, a specific and flawed personality. They were not omnipotent and could be injured in some circumstances. Greek deities led to cults, were used politically and inspired for favors such as bountiful crops, healthy family, victory in war, or peace for a loved one recently deceased.

(1992). 9780801427664, Cornell University Press.

Roman
The Roman pantheon had numerous deities, both Greek and non-Greek. The more famed deities, found in the mythologies and the 2nd millennium CE European arts, have been the anthropomorphic deities syncretized with the Greek deities. These include the six gods and six goddesses: Venus, Apollo, Mars, Diana, Minerva, Ceres, Vulcan, Juno, Mercury, Vesta, Neptune, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus); as well Bacchus, Pluto and Hercules.
(1987). 9789004077164, Brill Archive.
The non-Greek major deities include Janus, Fortuna, Vesta, Quirinus and Tellus (mother goddess, probably most ancient).
(2025). 9781107022409, Cambridge University Press.
Some of the non-Greek deities had likely origins in more ancient European culture such as the ancient Germanic religion, while others may have been borrowed, for political reasons, from neighboring trade centers such as those in the Minoan or civilization.
(2025). 9781443855655, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
(2025). 9780801486302, Cornell University Press.
(2025). 9781405137560, John Wiley & Sons. .

The Roman deities, in a manner similar to the ancient Greeks, inspired community festivals, rituals and sacrifices led by flamines (priests, pontifs), but priestesses (Vestal Virgins) were also held in high esteem for maintaining sacred fire used in the votive rituals for deities. Deities were also maintained in home shrines ( lararium), such as Hestia honored in homes as the goddess of fire hearth.

(1960). 9789401765800, Springer Netherlands. .
This Roman religion held reverence for sacred fire, and this is also found in Hebrew culture (Leviticus 6), Vedic culture's Homa, ancient Greeks and other cultures.

Ancient Roman scholars such as Varro and Cicero wrote treatises on the nature of gods of their times.

(1997). 9780191623141, Oxford University Press.
Varro stated, in his Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum, that it is the superstitious man who fears the gods, while the truly religious person venerates them as parents. Cicero, in his Academica, praised Varro for this and other insights. According to Varro, there have been three accounts of deities in the Roman society: the mythical account created by poets for theatre and entertainment, the civil account used by people for veneration as well as by the city, and the natural account created by the philosophers.
(2025). 9781139497091, Cambridge University Press.
The best state is, adds Varro, where the civil theology combines the poetic mythical account with the philosopher's. The Roman deities continued to be revered in Europe through the era of Constantine, and past 313 CE when he issued the Edict of Toleration.

Native American
Inca
The has believed in (also called Pachacutec) as the . Viracocha has been an abstract deity to Inca culture, one who existed before he created space and time.
(2025). 9780521869003, Cambridge University Press.
All other deities of the Inca people have corresponded to elements of nature. Of these, the most important ones have been () responsible for agricultural prosperity and as the father of the first Inca king, and Mama Qucha the goddess of the sea, lakes, rivers and waters. Inti in some mythologies is the son of Viracocha and Mama Qucha.
(2025). 9781317459385, Routledge.

Inca people have revered many male and female deities. Among the feminine deities have been Mama Kuka (goddess of joy), Mama Ch'aska (goddess of dawn), Mama Allpa (goddess of harvest and earth, sometimes called Mama Pacha or ), (moon goddess) and Mama Sara (goddess of grain). During and after the imposition of Christianity during , the Inca people retained their original beliefs in deities through , where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices.

(2025). 9781598842043, ABC-CLIO.
(2025). 9780802828897, W.B. Eerdmans.
(2025). 9781879621299, International Monographs in Prehistory.
The male deity Inti became accepted as the Christian God, but the Andean rituals centered around Inca deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Inca people.
(2025). 9780195076189, Oxford University Press.

Maya and Aztec
In Maya culture, has been the supreme , also revered as the god of , water, fertility and wind. The Maya people built step pyramid temples to honor Kukulkan, aligning them to the 's position on the spring . Other deities found at Maya archaeological sites include —the benevolent male rain deity, and —the benevolent female earth, weaving and pregnancy goddess. The had 18 months, each with 20 days (and five unlucky days of Uayeb); each month had a presiding deity, who inspired social rituals, special trading markets and community festivals. A deity with aspects similar to Kulkulkan in the Aztec culture has been called . However, states Timothy Insoll, the Aztec ideas of deity remain poorly understood. What has been assumed is based on what was constructed by Christian missionaries. The deity concept was likely more complex than these historical records.
(2025). 9780199232444, Oxford University Press.
In , there were hundred of deities, but many were henotheistic of one another (similar to the concept of Hinduism). Unlike Hinduism and other cultures, Aztec deities were usually not anthropomorphic, and were instead zoomorphic or hybrid icons associated with spirits, natural phenomena or forces.
(2025). 9781610694780, ABC-CLIO.
The Aztec deities were often represented through ceramic figurines, revered in home shrines.
(2025). 9780806149578, University of Oklahoma Press.

Polynesian
The developed a theology centered on numerous deities, with clusters of islands having different names for the same idea. There are great deities found across the Pacific Ocean. Some deities are found widely, and there are many local deities whose worship is limited to one or a few islands or sometimes to isolated villages on the same island.

The Māori people, of what is now New Zealand, called the supreme being as Io, who is also referred elsewhere as Iho-Iho, Io-Mataaho, Io Nui, Te Io Ora, Io Matua Te Kora among other names. The Io deity has been revered as the original uncreated creator, with power of life, with nothing outside or beyond him.Other deities in the Polynesian pantheon include (god who created men), La'a Maomao (god of winds), Tu-Matauenga or Ku (god of war), (mother goddess), Kane (god of procreation) and Rangi (sky god father).

The Polynesian deities have been part of a sophisticated theology, addressing questions of creation, the nature of existence, guardians in daily lives as well as during wars, natural phenomena, good and evil spirits, priestly rituals, as well as linked to the journey of the souls of the dead.

Abrahamic
Christianity
Christianity is a monotheistic religion in which most mainstream congregations and denominations accept the concept of the Holy . Modern orthodox Christians believe that the Trinity is composed of three equal, cosubstantial persons: God the Father, God the Son, and the . The first person to describe the persons of the Trinity as homooúsios (ὁμοούσιος; "of the same substance") was the Origen.
(2025). 9781563383953, Trinity Press International. .
Although most early Christian theologians (including ) were , who believed that the Father was superior to the Son and the Son superior to the Holy Spirit,
(1999). 9780830815050, InterVarsity Press. .
(2025). 9780199560486, Oxford University Press. .
this belief was condemned as heretical by the First Council of Nicaea in the fourth century, which declared that all three persons of the Trinity are equal. Christians regard the universe as an element in God's actualization and the Holy Spirit is seen as the divine essence that is "the unity and relation of the Father and the Son". According to George Hunsinger, the doctrine of the Trinity justifies worship in a Church, wherein Jesus Christ is deemed to be a full deity with the as his icon.

The theological examination of Jesus Christ, of divine grace in incarnation, his non-transferability and completeness has been a historic topic. For example, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE declared that in "one person Jesus Christ, fullness of deity and fullness of humanity are united, the union of the natures being such that they can neither be divided nor confused".

(2025). 9781139827508, Cambridge University Press.
Jesus Christ, according to the , is the self-disclosure of the one, true God, both in his teaching and in his person; Christ, in Christian faith, is considered the incarnation of God.
(1995). 9780881411300, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
(2025). 9780802841513, William B. Eerdmans Publishing.

Islam
, (; plural: آلهة ), is an word meaning "god". It appears in the name of the monotheistic god of Islam as ( )."Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh. which literally means "the god" in Arabic. Islam is strictly monotheistic
(2025). 9781107002418, Cambridge University Press.
and the first statement of the , or Muslim confession of faith, is that "there is no (deity) but Allah (God)",
(2025). 9781461665908, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
who is perfectly unified and utterly indivisible.

The term is used by Muslims for God. The Persian word () can be translated as god, lord or king, and is also used today to refer to God in Islam by Persian, , Tat and Kurdish speakers. The word for god is ; it exists as Tanrı in .

Judaism
Judaism affirms the existence of one God (Yahweh, or YHWH), who is not abstract, but He who revealed himself throughout Jewish history particularly during the Exodus and the Exile. Judaism reflects a monotheism that gradually arose, was affirmed with certainty in the sixth century "Second Isaiah", and has ever since been the axiomatic basis of its theology.

The classical presentation of Judaism has been as a monotheistic faith that rejected deities and related idolatry.

(2025). 9781135941505, Routledge.
However, states Breslauer, modern scholarship suggests that idolatry was not absent in biblical faith, and it resurfaced multiple times in Jewish religious life. The rabbinic texts and other secondary Jewish literature suggest worship of material objects and natural phenomena through the medieval era, while the core teachings of Judaism maintained monotheism.
(1990). 9780631154778, B. Blackwell.

According to Aryeh Kaplan, God is always referred to as "He" in Judaism, "not to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God", but because "there is no neuter in the Hebrew language, and the Hebrew word for God is a masculine noun" as he "is an active rather than a passive creative force".

(1983). 9780899061733, Mesorah Publications.

Mandaeism
In , (lit=The Great Life), or 'The Great Living God', is the supreme God from which all things . He is also known as 'The First Life', since during the creation of the material world, emanated from Hayyi Rabbi as the "Second Life."
(2025). 9780195153859, Oxford University Press.
"The principles of the Mandaean doctrine: the belief of the only one great God, Hayyi Rabbi, to whom all absolute properties belong; He created all the worlds, formed the soul through his power, and placed it by means of angels into the human body. So He created Adam and Eve, the first man and woman." Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner.Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In
(2025). 9781317233794, Routledge. .

Asian
Anitism
Anitism, composed of an array of indigenous religions from the Philippines, has multiple pantheons of deities. There are more than a hundred different ethnic groups in the Philippines, each having their own supreme deity or deities. Each supreme deity or deities normally rules over a pantheon of deities, contributing to the sheer diversity of deities in Anitism.The supreme deity or deities of ethnic groups are almost always the most notable. Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines, SK Hislop – Asian Studies, 1971

For example, is the Tagalog supreme deity,F. Landa Jocano: Outline of Philippine Mythology (1969) Mangechay is the Kapampangan supreme deity,"Pampangan Folklore", Alfredo Nicdao, (1917) is the Sambal supreme deity,Jean Karl Gaverza The Myths of the Philippines (2014) Melu is the Blaan supreme deity,Mabel Cook Cole, Philippine Folk Tales (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1916), pp. 141–142. Kaptan is the Bisaya supreme deity,John Maurice Miller in his 1904 collection Philippine Folklore Stories and so on.

Buddhism
Although Buddhists do not believe in a ,
(2025). 9780786456758, McFarland & Company.
deities are an essential part of Buddhist teachings about cosmology, rebirth, and saṃsāra. Buddhist deities (such as devas and ) are believed to reside in a pleasant, heavenly realm within Buddhist cosmology, which is typically subdivided into twenty six sub-realms.
(2025). 9780195173987, Oxford University Press. .

Devas are numerous, but they are still mortal; they live in the heavenly realm, then die and are reborn like all other beings. A rebirth in the heavenly realm is believed to be the result of leading an ethical life and accumulating very good . A deva does not need to work, and is able to enjoy in the heavenly realm all pleasures found on Earth. However, the pleasures of this realm lead to attachment ( upādāna), lack of spiritual pursuits, and therefore no . Nonetheless, according to Kevin Trainor, the vast majority of Buddhist in countries practicing have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices because they are motivated by their potential rebirth into the deva realm.

(1999). 9781898723660, Sussex Academic Press.
(2025). 9781134469734, Routledge. .
The deva realm in Buddhist practice in Southeast Asia and East Asia, states Keown, include gods found in Hindu traditions such as and , and concepts in such as .

Buddhism also includes different kinds of deities, such as numerous , and .

Hinduism
The concept of God varies in , it being a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning , , , , and among others.
(2025). 9780415456777, Routledge.
(1992). 9788120808997, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing.

In the ancient texts of Hinduism, a deity is often referred to as Deva (god) or (goddess). The root of these terms mean "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence". Deva is masculine, and the related feminine equivalent is . In the earliest Vedic literature, all supernatural beings are called . Over time, those with a benevolent nature become deities and are referred to as Sura, Deva or Devi.

(2025). 9780791445280, State University of New York Press.

Devas or deities in Hindu texts differ from Greek or Roman , states Ray Billington, because many Hindu traditions believe that a human being has the potential to be reborn as a deva (or devi), by living an ethical life and building up saintly .

(2025). 9781134793488, Routledge. .
Such a deva enjoys heavenly bliss, till the merit runs out, and then the is reborn again into Saṃsāra. Thus deities are henotheistic manifestations, embodiments and consequence of the virtuous, the noble, the saint-like living in many Hindu traditions.

Shinto
Shinto is , involving the veneration of many deities known as kami, or sometimes as jingi. In Japanese, no distinction is made here between singular and plural, and hence the term kami refers both to individual kami and the collective group of kami. Although lacking a direct English translation, the term kami has sometimes been rendered as "god" or "spirit". The historian of religion deemed these English translations "quite unsatisfactory and misleading", and various scholars urge against translating kami into English. In Japanese, it is often said that there are eight million kami, a term which connotes an infinite number, and Shinto practitioners believe that they are present everywhere. They are not regarded as , , or necessarily .

Taoism
Taoism is a polytheistic religion. The gods and immortals（神仙） believed in by Taoism can be roughly divided into two categories, namely "gods" and "xian" (immortals). Among them,"Gods" are also called deities and there are many kinds, that is, god of heaven（天神), god of ground（地祇), wuling（物灵: animism, the spirit of all things), god of netherworld（地府神灵), god of human body（人体之神), god of human ghost（人鬼之神）etc. Among these "gods" such as god of heaven（天神), god of ground（地祇), god of netherworld（阴府神灵), god of human body（人体之神） are innate beings.In China, "gods" are often referred to together with "xian". "Xian" (immortals) is acquired the cultivation of the Tao，persons with vast supernatural powers, unpredictable changes and immortality.

Jainism
does not believe in a creator, omnipotent, omniscient, eternal God; however, the cosmology of Jainism incorporates a meaningful -driven reality, including four realms of existence ( gati), one of them being deva (celestial beings, gods). A human being can choose and live an ethical life, such as being non-violent () against all living beings, and thereby gain merit and be reborn as deva.
(2025). 9780810863378, Scarecrow Press.

Jain texts reject a trans-cosmic God, one who stands outside of the universe and lords over it, but they state that the world is full of devas who are in human-image with sensory organs, with the power of reason, conscious, compassionate and with finite life. Jainism believes in the existence of the (Self, atman) and considers it to have "god-quality", whose knowledge and liberation is the ultimate spiritual goal in both religions. Jains also believe that the spiritual nobleness of perfected souls (Jina) and devas make them worship-worthy beings, with powers of guardianship and guidance to better karma. In Jain temples or festivals, the Jinas and Devas are revered.

(2025). 9780199736799, Oxford University Press.

Zoroastrianism
(); is the name for the creator and sole God of . The literal meaning of the word is "mighty" or "lord" and is . , the founder of Zoroastrianism, taught that Ahura Mazda is the most powerful being in all of the existence and the only deity who is worthy of the highest veneration. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is not omnipotent because his brother is nearly as powerful as him. Zoroaster taught that the were evil spirits created by Angra Mainyu to sow evil in the world and that all people must choose between the goodness of Ahura Mazda and the evil of Angra Mainyu. According to Zoroaster, Ahura Mazda will eventually defeat Angra Mainyu and good will triumph over evil once and for all. Ahura Mazda was the most important deity in the ancient Achaemenid Empire. He was originally represented anthropomorphically, but, by the end of the , Zoroastrianism had become fully aniconic.

Skeptical interpretations
Attempts to rationally explain belief in deities extend all the way back to ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher argued that the concept of deities arose when human beings observed natural phenomena such as lightning, , and the changing of the seasons. Later, in the third century BCE, the scholar argued in his book Sacred History that the gods were originally flesh-and-blood mortal kings who were , and that religion was therefore the continuation of these kings' mortal reigns, a view now known as .
(2025). 9783110294880, Walther de Gruyter. .
suggested that God concepts are a projection of one's father.

A tendency to believe in deities and other supernatural beings may be an integral part of the human consciousness.

(2025). 9781439196571, Free Press. .
Children are naturally inclined to believe in supernatural entities such as gods, spirits, and demons, even without being introduced into a particular religious tradition. Humans have an overactive agency detection system,
(1995). 9780195069013, Oxford University Press.
which has a tendency to conclude that events are caused by intelligent entities, even if they really are not. This is a system which may have evolved to cope with threats to the survival of human ancestors: in the wild, a person who perceived intelligent and potentially dangerous beings everywhere was more likely to survive than a person who failed to perceive actual threats, such as wild animals or human enemies. Humans are also inclined to think teleologically and ascribe meaning and significance to their surroundings, a trait which may lead people to believe in a creator-deity. This may have developed as a side effect of human social intelligence, the ability to discern what other people are thinking.

Stories of encounters with supernatural beings are especially likely to be retold, passed on, and embellished due to their descriptions of standard ontological categories (person, artifact, animal, plant, natural object) with counterintuitive properties (humans that are invisible, houses that remember what happened in them, etc.). As belief in deities spread, humans may have attributed anthropomorphic thought processes to them,

(2025). 9780465006953, Basic Books. .
leading to the idea of leaving offerings to the gods and praying to them for assistance, ideas which are seen in all cultures around the world.

Sociologists of religion have proposed that the personality and characteristics of deities may reflect a culture's sense of self-esteem and that a culture projects its revered values into deities and in spiritual terms. The cherished, desired or sought human personality is congruent with the personality it defines to be gods. Lonely and fearful societies tend to invent wrathful, violent, submission-seeking deities, while happier and secure societies tend to invent loving, non-violent, compassionate deities. Émile Durkheim states that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. According to Matt Rossano, God concepts may be a means of enforcing and building more cooperative community groups.

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