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In linguistics, a sprachraum (; , "language area", plural sprachräume, ) is a geography region where a common first language (mother tongue), with dialect varieties, or language family is spoken.
The five major Western sprachräume (by number of speakers) are those of English language, Spanish language, French language, Portuguese, and German language.
The English Sprachraum (Anglosphere) spans the globe from the United Kingdom, Ireland, United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to the many former British and American colonies in which English has official language status alongside local languages, such as India, South Africa, and the Philippines.
The Spanish Sprachraum, known as the Hispanophone, originated in the Iberian Peninsula but today most Spanish speakers are in Hispanic America. Of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only Spain and Equatorial Guinea are outside the Americas. The United States, especially the Southwestern region, is also considered to be part of the Hispanosphere. As of 2016, the majority of the country's over 40 million native Spanish speakers reside in the region, and nearly 60 million Americans (~20% of the population) profess fluency in the language.
The French Sprachraum, which also spans the globe, is known as la francophonie. It includes French-speaking Europe (France, southern Belgium, western Switzerland, Monaco, and Luxembourg), along with African French, Quebec in Canada, parts of the United States (Louisiana and northern New England), French Caribbean, and some other former French colonies such as the French Indochina and Vanuatu. La Francophonie is also the short name of an international organisation of countries with French as either an official or cultural language.
The German Sprachraum () is mostly concentrated in Central Europe, specifically Germany, central and eastern Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, South Tyrol, and the German-speaking Community of Belgium. A significant concentration of native German-speakers is also found in Namibia, which was part of the German colonial empire and in which German continues to be a national language.
The Portuguese Sprachraum is referred to as the Lusophony (). It is a cultural entity that includes the countries in which Portuguese is the official language and are culturally and linguistically linked to Portugal. The Lusophony spans Portugal, Brazil, Lusophone Africa, East Timor, and Macau. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Portuguese: Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, abbreviated to CPLP) is the intergovernmental organisation of nations in which Portuguese is an official language.
By extension, a sprachraum can also include a group of related languages. Thus, the Scandinavian Sprachraum includes Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, and the Finnic Sprachraum is Finland, Estonia, and adjacent areas of Scandinavia and Russia.
Even within a single sprachraum, there may be different but closely related languages, which is otherwise known as a dialect continuum. A classic example is the varieties of Chinese, which can be mutually unintelligible in spoken form but are typically considered the same language (or at least closely related) and have a unified non-phonetic writing system. Arabic has a similar situation, but its writing system (an abjad) reflects the pronunciation and grammar of a common literary language (Modern Standard Arabic).
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