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December is the 12th and final month of the year in the and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. [[File:1850- 12 December each year - Global average temperature changes.svg |thumb |Chart shows changes in global average temperature annually in December of each year.●Source for 1850- raw data:
●Updated data is accessible through Climate at a Glance Global Time Series / Globe / Global Time Series. Choose parameters: Surface: Land and Ocean / Parameter: Average Temperature Anomaly / Time Scale: 1-Month / Month: All Months / Start Year: 1850 / End Year: 20__.
●Technical note: data in chart is adjusted to reference period of 1850-1900 (representing pre-industrial era)
]]

December's name derives from the word decem (meaning 10) because it was originally the 10th month of the year in the calendar of Romulus , which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name., , tr. Percival Vaughan Davies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), book I, chapters 12–13, pp. 89–95.

December is the first month of in the Northern Hemisphere and the first month of in the Southern Hemisphere.

In , as one of the four , this day in honor of was held on December 11, as was . Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, was held on December 15, was held December 17–23, was held on December 19, was held on December 21, was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

The referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: " month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of and Nivôse.


Astronomy
December contains the in the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the fewest daylight hours, and the in the Southern Hemisphere, the day with the most daylight hours (excluding polar regions in both cases, which consistently have or , respectively, near the solstice). December in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the astronomical is traditionally 21 December or the date of the solstice.

Meteor showers occurring in December are the (September 24 – December 6, peaking around November 9), the (December 4 – December 15, peaking around December 10–11), the (December 12 to December 23, peaking around December 16), the (December 14 to February 14, the main shower from January 1 to January 24, peaking on January 17), the (December 13–14), the (December 7 to December 20, peaking on December 9. This shower can also start in November), the (November 29 to December 9, with a peak occurring around 5/6 December), the (typically a January shower but can also start in December), the (December 4–15), and the (December 17-to December 25/26, peaking around December 22).


Astrology
The signs for the month of December are Sagittarius (until December 21) and Capricorn (December 22 onward).The Earth passes the junction of the signs at 10:02 UT/GMT December 21, 2020, and will pass it again at 15:59 UT/GMT December 21, 2021.. Signs in UT/GMT for 1950–2030.


Symbols
flower]]December's birth flower is the narcissus. Its birthstones are , and .


Observances
This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.


Non-Gregorian
(All Baháʼí, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.)
  • List of observances set by the Baháʼí calendar
  • List of observances set by the Chinese calendar
  • List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar
  • List of observances set by the Islamic calendar
  • List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar


Month-long
  • In Catholic tradition, December typically marks the beginning of the Season of . It is also devoted to the Immaculate Conception.
  • National Egg Nog Month (United States)
  • National Impaired Driving Prevention Month (United States)
  • National Fruit Cake Month (United States)
  • National Pear Month (United States)


Movable
  • See also Movable Western Christian observances
  • See also Movable Eastern Christian observances
Tuesday immediately following fourth Thursday of November First Friday First Sunday Second Monday December 15, unless the date falls on a Sunday, then December 16 December 22, unless that date is a Sunday, in which case the 23rd
  • Forefathers' Day (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
December 26, unless that day is a Sunday, in which case the 27th
  • (Commonwealth of Nations)
    • Day of Good Will (South Africa and Namibia)
    • Family Day ()
    • Thanksgiving (Solomon Islands)
    • Start of


Fixed
  • November 25 – December 10: 16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence
  • December 1
    • Battle of the Sinop Day ()
    • Damrong Rajanubhab Day ()
    • Day of Restoration of Independence ()
    • Eat A Red Apple Day ()
    • Feast for Death of Aleister Crowley ()
    • First President Day ()
    • Freedom and Democracy Day ()
    • Great Union Day ()
    • Military Abolition Day ()
    • National Day (Myanmar)
    • Republic Day (Central African Republic)
    • Restoration of Independence Day (Portugal)
    • Rosa Parks Day ( and , United States)
    • Self-governance Day ()
    • Teachers' Day ()
    • World AIDS Day
      • Day Without Art
  • December 2
    • Armed Forces Day (Cuba)
    • International Day for the Abolition of Slavery
    • National Day (Laos)
    • National Day (United Arab Emirates)
    • National Fritters Day ()
  • December 3
    • Doctors' Day ()
    • United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities
  • December 4
  • December 5
  • December 6
    • Anniversary of the Founding of Quito ()
    • Armed Forces Day ()
    • Constitution Day (Spain)
    • Day of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technologies of Azerbaijan
    • Independence Day of Finland
    • National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women ()
    • Saint Nicholas Day (Western Christianity)
  • December 7
    • Armed Forces Flag Day ()
    • Eve of the Immaculate Conception (Western Christianity) and related observances:
      • Day of the Little Candles, begins after sunset ()
      • Quema del Diablo, begins after sunset. ()
    • International Civil Aviation Day
    • National Heroes Day ()
    • National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ()
    • Spitak Remembrance Day ()
  • December 8
    • (Falkland Islands)
    • (Japan)
    • CARICOM–Cuba Day (Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and Cuba)
    • Constitution Day (Romania)
    • Constitution Day (Uzbekistan)
    • (Finland)
    • Feast of the Immaculate Conception (public holiday in several countries, a holy day of obligation in others), and its related observances:
      • Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Anglican Communion), lesser commemoration
      • Christmas on Campus (University of Dayton)
      • Mother's Day (Panama)
      • Festa da Conceição da Praia, celebrating Yemanjá, Queen of the Ocean (Salvador, Bahia)
      • Festival of Lights (Lyon)
    • Pansexual/Panromantic Pride Day
    • Saint Clement of Ohrid Day ()
    • National Brownie Day ()
    • National Youth Day (Albania)
  • December 9
    • Anna's Day ( and )
    • Feast of the Conception of the Most Holy Theotokos by St. Anne ()
    • Independence Day (Tanzania)
    • International Anti-Corruption Day
    • National Heroes Day (Antigua and Barbuda)
    • National Pastry Day ()
    • Navy Day (Sri Lanka)
    • Remembrance for Egill Skallagrímsson ()
    • Yuri's Day in the Autumn (Russian Orthodox Church)
  • December 10
    • Alfred Nobel Day (Sweden)
    • Constitution Day (Thailand)
    • Human Rights Day (International)
  • December 11
    • Human Rights and Peace Day (Kiribati)
    • (Indiana, United States)
    • National Have a Bagel Day (United States)
    • National Noodle Ring Day (United States)
    • National Tango Day (Argentina)
    • ( province, Philippines)
    • Republic Day (Burkina Faso)
  • December 12
    • (Russia)
    • Croatian Air Force Day (Croatia)
    • Day of Neutrality (Turkmenistan)
    • Feast of the Apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Mexico)
    • Feast of Masá'il Baháʼí calendar (only if Baháʼí Naw-Rúz falls on March 21, which it does for 2015)
    • Kanji Day (Japan)
    • (Kenya)
  • December 13
    • Acadian Remembrance Day ()
    • National Day (Saint Lucia)
    • Republic Day (Malta)
    • Sailor's Day (Brazil)
    • Saint Lucy's Day (mainly , some regions of Italy)
  • December 14
  • December 15
    • Bill of Rights Day (United States)
      • 2nd Amendment Day (South Carolina)
    • Homecoming Day (Alderney)
    • International Tea Day
    • National Cupcake Day (United States)
    • Remembrance Day of Journalists Killed in the Line of Duty (Russia)
    • ()
  • December 16
    • (Kingdom of Bahrain)
    • Victory day of Bangladesh
    • Day of Reconciliation in South Africa
  • December 17
    • Accession Day (Bahrain)
    • International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers
    • National Day (Bhutan)
    • National Maple Syrup Day (United States)
    • Pan American Aviation Day (United States)
    • Wright Brothers Day (United States)
  • December 18
    • International Migrants Day (United Nations)
    • National Muffin Day (Brazil)
  • December 19
  • December 20
    • Abolition of Slavery Day, also known as (Réunion, )
    • Bo Aung Kyaw Day ()
    • International Human Solidarity Day (International)
    • Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day ()
    • National Sangria Day (United States)
  • December 21
    • Armed Forces Day ()
    • First day of winter (some cultures)
    • Forefathers' Day (Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States)
    • National Hamburger Day (United States)
    • São Tomé Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)
    • The first day of , celebrated until December 25 (Saiva Siddhanta Church)
  • December 22
    • Armed Forces Day (Vietnam)
    • Mother's Day (Indonesia)
    • National Date Nut Bread Day (United States)
    • National Mathematics Day (India)
    • Teachers' Day (Cuba)
    • Unity Day (Zimbabwe)
  • December 23
  • December 24
    • Day of Military Honour – Siege of Ismail (Russia)
    • Independence Day (Libya)
    • Mōdraniht (Anglo-Saxon paganism)
    • National Eggnog Day (United States)
  • December 25
    • Children's Day (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Congo)
    • ()
      • Constitution Day (Taiwan)
      • Good Governance Day (India)
      • ( community)
      • Quaid-e-Azam's Day (Pakistan)
      • (Chumbivilcas Province, Peru)
    • National Pumpkin Pie Day (United States)
  • December 26
  • December 27
  • December 28
  • December 29
  • December 30
    • Day of the Declaration of Slovakia as an Independent Ecclesiastic Province (Slovakia)
    • National Bicarbonate of Soda Day (United States)
    • (Philippines)
  • December 31
    • International Solidarity Day (Azerbaijan)
    • National Champagne Day (United States)
    • New Year's Eve
    • Ōmisoka (Japan)
    • Start of (Scotland) December 31 – January 1, in some cases until January 2.


See also


External links
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