This is a list of units of measurement in active use, which do not form part of a coherent system of measurement. Many of the items listed here are colloquial units based on familiar objects such as parts of the body. Many of the listed units are approximate or vaguely defined. Some are odd multiples or fractions of a base unit.
Length
Ligne
Button sizes are typically measured in
ligne, which can be abbreviated as L. The measurement refers to the button diameter, or the largest diameter of irregular button shapes. There are 40 lignes in 1 inch.
Vee
In groff/
troff and specifically in the included traditional manuscript macro set
ms, the vee (v) is a unit of vertical distance often—but not always—corresponding to the height of an ordinary line of text.
Horizontal pitch
Horizontal pitch (HP) is a unit of length defined by the Eurocard printed circuit board standard used to measure the horizontal width of rack-mounted electronic equipment, similar to the rack unit (U) used to measure vertical heights of rack-mounted equipment. One HP is 0.2 inches (″) or wide.
Hammer unit
Valve's Source game engine uses the
Hammer unit as its base unit of length. This unit refers to Source's official map creation software, Hammer.
The exact definition varies from game to game, but a Hammer unit is usually defined as sixteenth of a foot (16 Hammer units = 1 foot) relative to the map, or 1 inch or 2.54 centimeters when compared to the average player height.
With the sixteenth of a foot definition, this means that 1 Hammer unit is equal to exactly or (″).
Rack unit
One
rack unit (U) is and is used to measure rack-mountable audiovisual, computing and industrial equipment. Rack units are typically denoted without a space between the number of units and the 'U'. Thus, a 4U server enclosure (case) is high, or more practically, built to occupy a vertical space seven inches high, with sufficient clearance to allow movement of adjacent hardware.
Hand
The
hand is a non-SI unit of length equal to exactly . It is normally used to measure the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia,
Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is customary when measuring in hands to use a point to indicate
inches (quarter-hands) and not
tenths of a hand. For example, 15.1 hands normally means 15 hands, 1 inch (5 ft 1 in), rather than hands.
Light-nanosecond
The light-nanosecond is defined as exactly 29.9792458 cm. It was popularized in information technology as a unit of distance by
Grace Hopper as the distance which a photon could travel in one billionth of a second (roughly 30 cm or one foot): "The speed of light is one foot per nanosecond."
Metric foot
A metric foot, defined as ), has been used occasionally in the UK but has never been an official unit.
The corresponding metric inch of was used for pin spacing in Soviet microchips, which were often cloned from Western designs but scaled down slightly from US customary inches to metric inches. This led to incompatibility issues in the Soviet computer market.[Fred Langa, "An Editor's View" sidebar to "Computing in the U.S.S.R.", April 1991 BYTE Magazine, page 129]
A Chinese foot is around one third of a metre, with the exact definition depending on jurisdiction.
Horse
Horses are used to measure distances in
horse racing – a
horse length (shortened to merely a
length when the context makes it obvious) equals roughly . Shorter distances are measured in fractions of a
horse length; also common are measurements of a full or fraction of a
head, a
neck, or a
nose.
Boat length
In rowing races such as the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the margin of victory or defeat is expressed in fractions and multiples of
boat lengths. The length of a rowing eight is about . This is also commonly expressed in time
i.e. 3 or 3.5 seconds. A shorter distance is the
canvas, which is the length of the covered part of the boat between the bow and the bow oarsman, and equivalent to less than one second. The Racing Rules of Sailing also makes heavy use of boat lengths.
Football field (length)
A football field is often used as a comparative measurement of length when talking about distances that may be hard to comprehend when stated in terms of standard units.
An American football field is usually understood to be long, though it is technically when including the two long end zones. The field is wide.
An Football pitch may vary within limits of in length and in width. The recommended field size is for major competitions such as the FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship and UEFA Champions League.
A Canadian football field is wide and long, including two long end zones.
Block
In most US cities, a
city block is between . In
Manhattan, the measurement "block" usually refers to a north–south block, which is . Sometimes people living in places (like Manhattan) with a regularly spaced street grid will speak of
long blocks and
short blocks. Within a typical large North American city, it is often only possible to travel along east–west and north–south streets, so travel distance between two points is often given in the number of blocks east–west plus the number north–south (known to mathematicians as the
taxicab geometry).
Earth radius
The globally-average
Earth radius, generally given as 6,371 kilometres (3,959 miles), is often employed as a unit of measure to intuitively compare objects of planetary size.
Lunar distance
Lunar distance (LD), the distance from the centre of Earth to the centre of the Moon, is a unit of measure in astronomy. The lunar distance is approximately , or 1.28
; this is roughly 30 times
Earth radius. A little less than 400 lunar distances make up an astronomical unit.
Siriometer
The
siriometer is an obsolete astronomical measure equal to one million astronomical units, i.e., one million times the average distance between the Sun and Earth.
This distance is equal to about 15.8
, 149.6
peta-, or 4.8
, and is about twice the distance from Earth to the star
Sirius.
Area
Barn
One barn is 10
−28 square metres, about the cross-sectional area of a uranium nucleus. The name probably derives from early neutron-deflection experiments, when the uranium nucleus was described, and the phrases "big as a barn" and "hit a barn door" were used. Barn are typically used for cross sections in nuclear and particle physics. Additional units include the microbarn (or "outhouse")
and the yoctobarn (or "shed").
Kuang
A kuang is a traditional Chinese unit of area equal to 0.11 square metres or one square
Chinese foot.
Brass or square
One brass is exactly area (used in measurement of work done or to be done, such as plastering, painting, etc.). The same word is used, however, for of estimated or supplied loose material, such as sand, gravel, rubble, etc. This unit is prevalent in the construction industry in
India.
The same area is called a square in the construction industry in North America,
Cow's grass
In Ireland, before the 19th century, a "cow's grass" was a measurement used by farmers to indicate the size of their fields. A cow's grass was equal to the amount of land that could produce enough grass to support a cow.
Football field (area)
A
football pitch, or field, can be used as a man-in-the-street unit of area.
The standard
FIFA football pitch for international matches is long by wide (); FIFA allows for a variance of up to in length in either direction and more or less in width (and larger departures if the pitch is not used for international competition), which generally results in the association football pitch generally only being used for order of magnitude comparisons.
An American football field, including both end zones, is , or (). A Canadian football field is wide and long with end zones adding a combined to the length, making it or .
An Australian rules football field may be approximately (or more) long goal to goal and (or more) wide, although the field's elliptical nature reduces its area to a certain extent. A football field has an area of approximately , twice the area of a Canadian football field and three times that of an American football field.
Morgen
A
morgen ("morning" in Dutch and German) was approximately the amount of land tillable by one man behind an ox in the morning hours of a day. This was an official unit of measurement in South Africa until the 1970s, and was defined in November 2007 by the South African Law Society as having a conversion factor of 1 morgen = .
This unit of measure was also used in the Dutch colonial province of
New Netherland (later New York and parts of
New England).
Countries, regions, and cities
The area of a familiar country, state or city is often used as a size reference, especially in
journalism. Usually the region is used to describe something of similar size to the reference region, but in some cases such references become common enough that multiples of the area start to be used, as in "twice the area of
Wales".
Besides Wales (20,779 km
2 (8,023 sq mi)), other regions that have been used this way include
Belgium (),
the German state of
Saarland (),
and Washington, D.C. ().
Volume
Metric ounce
A metric ounce is an approximation of the imperial ounce, US dry ounce, or US fluid ounce. These three customary units vary. However, the metric ounce is usually taken as when volume is being measured, or in grams when mass is being measured.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines the "food labeling ounce" as , slightly larger than the fluid ounce.
For Nutrition facts labeling "a teaspoon means 5 milliliters (ml), a tablespoon means 15 ml, a cup means 240 ml, 1 fl oz means 30 ml, and 1 oz in weight means 28 g".
Several Dutch units of measurement have been replaced with informal metric equivalents, including the ons or ounce. It originally meant of a pound, or a little over depending on which definition of the pound was used, but was redefined as when the country metricated.
Shot
The
shot glass is a liquid volume measure that varies from country to country and state to state depending on legislation. It is routinely used for measuring strong
liquor or spirits when the amount served and consumed is smaller than the more common measures of alcoholic "drink" and "pint". There is a legally defined maximum size of a serving in some jurisdictions. The size of a "single" shot is . The smaller "pony" shot is . According to Encyclopædia Britannica Almanac 2009, a pony is 0.75
of liquor.
According to
Wolfram Alpha, one pony is 1 U.S. fluid ounce.
"Double" shots (surprisingly not always the size of two single shots, even in the same place) are . In the UK, spirits are sold in shots of either (approximating the old
fluid ounce) or .
Board foot or super foot
A board foot is a United States and Canadian unit of approximate volume, used for lumber. It is equivalent to (). It is also found in the unit of density
pounds per board foot. In Australia and New Zealand the terms
super foot or
superficial foot were formerly used for this unit. The exact volume of wood specified is variable and depends on the type of lumber. For planed lumber the dimensions used to calculate board feet are nominal dimensions, which are larger than the actual size of the planed boards. See Dimensional lumber for more information on this.
Hoppus foot
A system of measure for timber in the round (standing or felled), now largely superseded by the metric system except in measuring hardwoods in certain countries. Its purpose is to estimate the value of sawn timber in a log, by measuring the unsawn log and allowing for wastage in the mill. Following the so-called "quarter-girth formula" (the square of one quarter of the circumference in inches multiplied by of the length in feet), the notional log is four feet in circumference, one inch of which yields the hoppus board foot, 1 foot yields the hoppus foot, and 50 feet yields a hoppus ton. This translates to a hoppus foot being equal to . The hoppus board foot, when milled, yields about one
board foot. The volume yielded by the quarter-girth formula is 78.54% of cubic measure (i.e. 1 ft
3 = 0.7854 h ft; 1 h ft = 1.273 ft
3).
Cubic ton
A cubic ton is an antiquated measure of volume, varying based on the commodity from about . It is now only used for lumber, for which one cubic ton is equivalent to .
Cord and rick
The cord is a unit of measure of
dry measure used in Canada and the United States to measure
firewood and
pulpwood. A cord is the amount of wood that, when "ranked and well stowed" (arranged so pieces are aligned, parallel, touching and compact), occupies a volume of .
This corresponds to a well-stacked woodpile, 4 feet deep by 4 feet high by 8 feet wide , or any other arrangement of linear measurements that yields the same volume. A more unusual measurement for firewood is the "rick" or
face cord. It is stacked deep with the other measurements kept the same as a cord, making it of a cord; however, regional variations mean that its precise definition is non-standardized.
Twenty-foot equivalent unit
The twenty-foot equivalent unit is the volume of the smallest standard shipping container. It is equivalent to . Larger intermodal containers are commonly described in multiples of TEU, as are container ship capacities.
Acre-foot
An acre-foot is a unit of volume commonly used in the United States in reference to large-scale water resources, such as reservoirs, aqueducts, canals, sewer flow capacity, irrigation water
and river flows. It is defined by the volume of one acre of surface area to a depth of one foot. .
Casual units
Many well-known objects are regularly used as casual units of volume. They include:
- Melbourne Cricket Ground
- A common measure of volume in Australia, and in the state of Victoria in particular, is the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the largest stadium in Australia and 13th largest in the world.
- [[File
- The Grand Canyon
- With a volume measure approximately 4 orders of magnitude greater than Sydney Harbour, the volume of the Grand Canyon may be used to visualize even larger things, like the magma chamber underneath Yellowstone
Flow rate
Miner's inch
The volume of water which flows in one unit of time through an orifice of one square inch area. The size of the unit varies from one place to another.
Mass
Electronvolt mass
It is common in particle physics to use eV/
c2 as a unit of mass. Here, eV (electronvolt) is a unit of energy (the kinetic energy of an
electron accelerated over one
volt, ), and
c is the speed of light in vacuum. Energy and mass are related through
E =
mc2. This definition is useful for a linear particle accelerator when accelerating electrons.
In many systems of natural units , so the c is dropped and eV itself becomes a unit of mass.
Grave
In 1793, the French term "grave" (from "gravity") was suggested as the base unit of mass for the metric system. In 1795, however, the name "
kilogramme" was adopted instead.
Bag of cement and bag mix
The mass of an old bag of
Portland cement was one
hundredweight (). In the concrete and petroleum industry, however, a bag of cement is defined as because it has an apparent volume close to .
When ready-mix concrete is specified, a "bag mix" unit is used as if the batching company mixes 5 literal bags of cement per cubic yard (or cubic metre) when a "5 bag mix" is ordered.
Jupiter
When reporting on the masses of extrasolar planets, astronomers often discuss them in terms of multiples of
Jupiter mass ( = 1.9 kg).
For example, "Astronomers recently discovered a planet outside our Solar System with a mass of approximately 3 Jupiters." Furthermore, the mass of Jupiter is nearly equal to one thousandth of the mass of the Sun.
Sun
Solar mass ( = ) is also often used in astronomy when talking about masses of stars or galaxies; for example, Alpha Centauri A has the mass of 1.1 suns, and the
Milky Way has a mass of approximately .
Solar mass also has a special use when estimating orbital periods and distances of 2 bodies using Kepler's laws: a3 = MtotalT2, where a is length of semi-major axis in AU, T is orbital period in years and Mtotal is the combined mass of objects in . In case of planet orbiting a star, Mtotal can be approximated to mean the mass of the central object. More specifically in the case of Sun and Earth the numbers reduce to Mtotal ~ 1, a ~ 1 and T ~ 1.
Time
Light-distance
George Gamow discussed measurements of time such as the "light-mile" and "light-foot", the time taken for light to travel the specified unit distance, defined by "reversing the procedure" used in defining a light-year.
A light-foot is roughly one
nanosecond, and one light-mile is approximately five
microseconds.
[N. David Mermin (2005) It's About Time, page 22]
Shake
In nuclear engineering and astrophysics contexts, the shake is sometimes used as a conveniently short period of time. 1 shake is defined as 10
.
Jiffy
In
computing, the jiffy is the duration of one tick of the system timer
interrupt. Typically, this time is 0.01 seconds, though in some earlier systems (such as the Commodore 8-bit machines) the jiffy was defined as of a second, roughly equal to the vertical refresh period (i.e. the field rate) on
NTSC video hardware (and the period of AC electric power in North America).
Thirds, fourths
The term "
minute" usually means of an
hour, coming from "a minute division of an hour". The term "
second" comes from "the second minute division of an hour", as it is of a minute, or of of an hour. While usually sub-second units are represented with SI prefixes on the second (e.g.
), this system can be extrapolated further, such that a "third" would mean of a second (16.7 milliseconds), and a "fourth" would mean of a third (278 microseconds), etc. These units are occasionally used in astronomy to denote angles.
Moment
A moment was a
Middle Ages unit of time. The movement of a shadow on a
sundial covered 40 moments in a
Solar time. An hour in this case meant one twelfth of the period between
sunrise and
sunset. The length of a
Solar time depended on the length of the day, which in turn varied with the
season, so the length of a moment in modern
was not fixed, but on
average, a moment corresponded to 90 seconds.
Sidereal day
The
sidereal day is based on the Earth's rotation rate relative to fixed stars, rather than the Sun. A sidereal day is approximately 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.0905 SI seconds.
Decimal time systems
There have been numerous proposals and usage of decimal time, most of which were based on the day as the base unit. In dynastic China, the
kè was a unit that represented of a day (since redefined to of a day, or 15 minutes). In France, a decimal time system in place from 1793 to 1805 divided the day into 10 hours, each divided into 100 minutes, in turn divided into 100 seconds; the French Republican calendar further extended this by assembling days into ten-day weeks.
and , the latter of which has seen use in astronomy as it is not subject to leap year complications, allow for the expression of a decimal portion of the day.[See, for instance, the current Mean Julian Day , precise to 6 decimal places, from the United States Naval Observatory.] In the mid-1960s, to defeat the advantage of the recently-introduced computers for the then-popular rally racing in the Midwest, competition lag times in a few events were given in centids ( day, 864 seconds, 14.4 minutes), millids ( day, 86.4 seconds), and centims ( minute, 0.6 seconds) the latter two looking and sounding a bit like the related units of minutes and seconds. Decimal time is frequently found in fiction, often in futurism works.
The Swatch Internet Time system is based on decimal time.
Many mechanical are of the 'decimal minute' type. These split one minute into 100 units of 0.6 s each. This makes addition and subtraction of times easier than using regular seconds.
Hexadecimal time
Hexadecimal time divides the day into 16 hexadecimal hours, each hour into 256 hexadecimal minutes, and each minute into 16 hexadecimal seconds.
Sol
The United States-based
NASA, when conducting missions to the planet Mars, has typically used a time of day system calibrated to the mean solar day on that planet (known as a "sol"), training those involved on those missions to acclimate to that length of day, which is 88,775 SI seconds, or 2,375 seconds (about 39 minutes) longer than the mean solar day on Earth. NASA's Martian timekeeping system (instead of breaking down the sol into 25×53×67 or 25×67×53 SI second divisions) slows down clocks so that the 24-hour day is stretched to the length of that on Mars; Martian hours, minutes and seconds are thus 2.75% longer than their SI-compatible counterparts.
The Darian calendar is an arrangement of sols into a Martian year. It maintains a seven-sol week (retaining Sunday through Saturday naming customs), with four weeks to a month and 24 months to a Martian year, which contains 668 or 669 sols depending on . The last Saturday of every six months is skipped over in the Darian calendar.
Dog year
There are two diametrically opposed definitions of the
dog year, primarily used to approximate the equivalent age of
and other animals with similar life spans. Both are based upon a popular myth regarding the aging of dogs that states that a dog ages seven years in the time it takes a human to age one year.
-
One seventh of a year, or approximately 52 days.
[ Multimillionaire pooch dies at age 12 (84 in dog years). MSNBC.com. Retrieved 12 June 2011.] When this definition is used, a standard calendar year is known as a "human year".
-
A standard (365-day) calendar year of a dog's life, whereas a "human year" is the period of a dog's (or other animal's) life that is claimed to be equivalent to a year of a human being's life (or seven calendar years).
[
]
In fact, the aging of a dog varies by breed (larger breeds tend to have shorter lifespans than small and medium-sized breeds); dogs also develop faster and have longer adulthoods relative to their total life span than humans. Most dogs are sexually mature by 1 year old, which corresponds to perhaps 13 years old in humans. Giant dog breeds and tend to have the strongest linear correspondence to human aging, with longer adolescences and shorter overall lifespans; such breeds typically age about nine times as fast as humans throughout their lives.
Galactic year
The galactic year, GY, is the time it takes the
Solar System to revolve once around the galactic core, approximately 250 million years (
megaannum or "Ma"). It is a convenient unit for long-term measurements. For example, oceans appeared on Earth after 4 GY, life is detectable at 5 GY, and multicellular organisms first appeared at 15 GY. The age of the Earth is estimated at 20 GY.
This use of GY is not to be confused with Gyr for
gigayear or Gy for Gray (unit).
Angular measure
Furman
The Furman is a unit of angular measure equal to of a circle, or just under 20
. It is named for Alan T. Furman, the American mathematician who adapted the
CORDIC algorithm for 16-bit fixed-point arithmetic sometime around 1980.
16 bits give a resolution of 2
16 = 65,536 distinct angles.
A related unit of angular measure equal to of a circle, represented by 8 bits, has found some use in machinery control where fine precision is not required, most notably crankshaft and camshaft position in internal combustion engine controllers, and in video game programming. There is no consensus as to its name, but it has been called the 8-Bit Furman. These units are convenient because binary integer overflow resembles angular arithmetic: the value of an 8-bit integer overflows from 255 to 0 when a full circle has been traversed. This means binary addition and subtraction work as expected for angular arithmetic. Measures are often made using a Gray code, which is trivially converted into more conventional notation. Its value is equivalent to about 0.0245 radians or 1.41°.
Mils, strecks
Mils and
strecks are small units of angle used by various military organizations for range estimation and translating map coordinates used for directing artillery fire.
The exact size varies between different organizations: there are 6400 NATO mils per turn (1 NATO mil = 0.982
milliradian), or 6000 Warsaw pact mils per turn (1 Warsaw pact mil = 1.047 mrad). In the Swedish military, there are 6300 strecks per turn (1 streck = 0.997 mrad).
Grade (also grad, gradian, gon)
Coordinates were measured in grades on official French terrestrial ordnance charts from the French revolution well into the 20th century. 1 grade (or in modern symbology, 1 gon) = 0.9° or 0.01 right angle. One advantage of this measure is that the distance between latitude lines 0.01 gon apart at the equator is almost exactly 1 kilometre. It would be exactly 1 km if the original definition of 1 metre = quarter-meridian had been adhered to. One disadvantage is that common angles like 30° and 60° are expressed by fractional values ( and respectively) so this "decimal" unit failed to displace the "sexagesimal" units equilateral-vertex – degree – minute – second invented by Babylonian astronomers.
Energy
Gasoline gallon equivalent
In 2011, the United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced the
gallon gasoline equivalent as a unit of energy because their research showed most U.S. citizens do not understand the standard units. The gallon gasoline equivalent is defined as 33.7 kWh,
or about 1.213 joules.
Efficiency / fuel economy can be given as miles per gallon gasoline equivalent.
Tons of TNT equivalent
The energy of various amounts of the explosive
trinitrotoluene (kiloton, megaton, gigaton) is often used as a unit of
explosion energy, and sometimes of asteroid impacts and violent explosive volcanic eruptions. One ton of TNT produces 4.184 joules, or (by arbitrary definition) exactly
calorie (approximately 3.964 BTU). This definition is only loosely based on the actual physical properties of TNT.
Hiroshima bomb and Halifax explosion
The energy released by the
Little Boy explosion (about 15 kt TNT equivalent, or 6 J) is often used by
as a unit when describing the energy of
, volcanic eruptions, and
impact event.
Prior to the detonation of the Hiroshima bomb, the size of the Halifax Explosion (about 3 kt TNT equivalent, or 1.26 J), was the standard for this type of relative measurement. Each explosion had been the largest known artificial detonation to date.
Quad
A quad is a unit of energy equal to BTUs, or approximately 1.055 J (slightly over one exajoule). It is suitably large to quantify energy usage by nations or by the planet as whole using everyday numbers. For example, in 2004, US energy consumption was about 100 Q/year, while demand worldwide was about 400 Q/year.
Foe
A foe is a unit of energy equal to
(≈9.478 BTU) that was invented by physicist Gerry Brown of Stony Brook University. To measure the staggeringly immense amount of energy produced by a
supernova, specialists occasionally use the "foe", an acronym derived from the phrase ten
fifty-
one
ergs, or
. This unit of measure is convenient because a supernova typically releases about one foe of observable energy in a very short period of time (which can be measured in seconds).
Other metric-compatible scales
Power: Ton of refrigeration
The rate at which heat is removed by melting of ice in 24 hours is called a ton of refrigeration, or even a ton of cooling. This unit of refrigeration capacity came from the days when large blocks of ice were used for cooling, and is still used to describe the heat-removal capabilities of refrigerators and chillers today. One ton of refrigeration is exactly equal to 12,000 BTU/h, or 3.517 kW.
Luminous flux: watt equivalent
With the phaseout of the incandescent lamp in the United States and European Union in the early 21st century, manufacturers and sellers of more energy-efficient lamps have compared the visible light output of their lamps to commonly used incandescent lamp sizes with the
watt equivalent or
watt incandescent replacement (usually with a lowercase w as a unit symbol, as opposed to capital W for the actual wattage). 1 watt incandescent replacement corresponds to 15 lumens. Thus, a 72-watt
halogen lamp, a 23-watt compact fluorescent lamp and a 14-watt
LED lamp, all of which emit 1500 lumens of visible light, are all marketed as "100 watt incandescent replacement" (100w).
Flow: Amazon River
The volume of discharge of the
Amazon River sometimes used to describe large volumes of water flow such as ocean currents. The unit is equivalent to 216,000 m
3/s.
[.]
Flow: Sverdrup
One
sverdrup (Sv) is equal to 1,000,000 cubic metres per second (264,000,000 USgal/s). It is used almost exclusively in
oceanography to measure the volumetric rate of transport of
.
Speed: Bubnoff unit
The
Bubnoff unit is defined as , or one millimeter per 1,000 years. It is employed in
geology to measure rates of lowering of earth surfaces due to
erosion.
Energy intensity
The langley (symbol Ly) is used to measure solar radiation or
insolation. It is equal to one thermochemical
calorie per square centimetre (4.184 J/m
2 or ≈3.684 BTU/sq ft) and was named after Samuel Pierpont Langley. Its symbol should not be confused with that for the light-year, ly.
Kinematic viscosity
One of the few CGS units to see wider use, one stokes (symbol S or St) is a unit of
kinematics viscosity, defined as 1 cm
2/s, i.e., 10
−4 m
2/s (≈1.08×10
−3 sq ft/s).
Angular velocity
A
MERU (milli Earth rate unit) is a measure of
angular velocity equal to of Earth's
sidereal time: 1 MERU = or about 0.2625 milliradians/hour.
It was introduced by MIT's Instrumentation Laboratories (now
Draper Labs) to measure the performance of inertial navigation systems.
[ Fundamentals of High Accuracy Inertial Navigation, Averil B. Chatfield, American, 1997, p.32]
Electromagnetic flux
In
radio astronomy, the unit of
flux is the
jansky (symbol Jy), equivalent to 10
−26 per square metre per
hertz (= 10
−26 kg/s
2 in base units, about 8.8×10
−31 BTU/ft
2). It is named after the pioneering radio astronomer Karl Jansky. The brightest natural radio sources have flux densities of the order of one to one hundred jansky.
Metre of water equivalent
A material-dependent unit used in
nuclear physics and
particle physics and engineering to measure the thickness of shielding, for example around a nuclear reactor, particle accelerator, or radiation or particle detector. 1 mwe of a material is the thickness of that material that provides the equivalent shielding of one metre (≈39.4 in) of water.
This unit is commonly used in underground science to express the extent to which the overburden (usually rock) shields an underground space or laboratory from . The actual thickness of overburden through which cosmic rays must traverse to reach the underground space varies as a function of direction due to the shape of the overburden, which may be a mountain, or a flat plain, or something more complex like a cliff side. To express the depth of an underground space in mwe (or kmwe for deep sites) as a single number, the convention is to use the depth beneath a flat overburden at sea level that gives the same overall cosmic ray muon flux in the underground location.
Strontium unit: radiation dose
The
strontium unit, formerly known as the Sunshine Unit (symbol S.U.), is a unit of biological contamination by radioactive substances (specifically strontium-90). It is equal to one picocurie of Sr-90 per
gram of body
calcium. Since about 2% of the human body mass is calcium, and Sr-90 has a
half-life of 28.78 years, releasing 6.697+2.282
electronvolt per disintegration, this works out to about 1.065 grays per second. The permissible body burden was established at 1,000 S.U.
Banana equivalent dose
Bananas, like most organic material, naturally contain a certain amount of radioactive isotopes—even in the absence of any artificial pollution or contamination. The banana equivalent dose, defined as the additional dose a person will absorb from eating one banana, expresses the severity of exposure to radiation, such as resulting from nuclear weapons or medical procedures, in terms that would make sense to most people. This is approximately 78 nano
– in informal publications one often sees this estimate rounded up to 0.1 μSv.
Flight-time equivalent dose
Natural background radiation typically increases with altitude above the earth's surface. Utilizing this phenomenon, dose resulting from radiological exposures can be expressed in units of flight-time. Flight-time equivalent dose is defined as the time spent in an aircraft at cruising altitude required to receive a radiological dose approximately equivalent to a radiological exposure such as a medical
x-ray. One hour of flight-time is approximately equivalent to a dose of 0.004 milli
.
Molar mass of cellulose
In the pulp and paper industry,
molar mass is traditionally measured with a method where the intrinsic viscosity (dL/g) of the pulp sample is measured in cupriethylenediamine (Cuen). The intrinsic viscosity η is related to the weight-average molar mass (in daltons) by the Mark–Houwink equation: η = 0.070 M
w0.70.
However, it is typical to cite η values directly in dL/g, as the "viscosity" of the cellulose, confusingly as it is not a viscosity.
Iodine, bromine and kappa number
In measuring unsaturation in fatty acids, the traditional method is the
iodine value. Iodine adds stoichiometrically to double bonds, so their amount is reported in grams of iodine spent per 100 grams of oil. The standard unit is a dimensionless stoichiometry ratio of moles double bonds to moles fatty acid. A similar quantity,
bromine number, is used in gasoline analysis.
In pulp and paper industry, a similar kappa number is used to measure how much bleaching a pulp requires. Potassium permanganate is added to react with the unsaturated compounds (lignin and uronic acids) in the pulp and back-titrated. Originally with chlorine bleaching the required quantity of chlorine could be then calculated, although modern methods use multiple stages. Since the oxidizable compounds are not exclusively lignin and the partially pulped lignin does not have a single stoichiometry, the relation between the kappa number and the precise amount of lignin is inexact.
Temperature: Gas Mark
Gas Mark is a temperature scale, predominantly found on British
, that scales
linear scale with temperature above 135 °C (Gas Mark 1) and scales with the log of Celsius below 135 °C.
Demography and epidemiology
Demography and quantitative
epidemiology are
statistical fields that deal with
count data or proportions of people, or rates of change in these.
Count data and proportions are technically dimensionless, and so have no units of measurement, although identifiers such as "people", "births", "infections" and the like are used for clarity. Rates of change are counts per unit of time and strictly have inverse time dimensions (per unit of time). In demography and epidemiology expressions such as
Mortality rate are used to clarify what is being measured.
Prevalence, a common measure in epidemiology, is strictly a type of denominator data, a dimensionless ratio or proportion. Prevalence may be expressed as a fraction, a percentage or as the number of cases per 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 in the population of interest.
Micromort
A micromort is a unit of
risk measuring a one-in-a-million
probability of
death (from
micro- and ). Micromorts can be used to measure riskiness of various day-to-day activities. A microprobability is a one-in-a million chance of some event; thus a micromort is the microprobability of death. For example, smoking 1.4 cigarettes increases one's death risk by one micromort, as does traveling by car.
Numbers of people: stadium capacities
The large numbers of people involved in
demography are often difficult to comprehend. A useful visualisation tool is the audience capacity of large sports stadiums (often about 100,000). Often the capacity of the largest stadium in a region serves as a unit for a large number of people. For example, Uruguay's Estadio Centenario is often used in
Uruguay,
while in parts of the United States,
Michigan Stadium is used in this manner.
In Australia, the capacity of the Melbourne Cricket Ground (about 100,000) is often cited in this manner. Hence the Melbourne Cricket Ground serves as both a measure of people and a unit of volume.
Computer and information science
The growth of computing has necessitated the creation of many new units, several of which are based on unusual foundations.
Data volume
Volume or capacity of data is often compared to works of literature or large collections of writing. Popular units include the Bible, the Encyclopædia Britannica, phone books, the complete works of Shakespeare, and the Library of Congress.
When the Compact Disc began to be used as a data storage device as the CD-ROM, journalists often described the disc capacity (650 ) by using the number of Christian that can be stored. The King James Version of the Bible in uncompressed plain 8-bit text contains about 4.5 million characters,
The print version of the Encyclopædia Britannica is another common data volume metric. It contains approximately 300 million characters,
The term Library of Congress is often used. It refers to the US Library of Congress. Information researchers have estimated that the entire print collections of the Library of Congress represent roughly 10 of uncompressed text file.
Nibble
A measure of quantity of data or information, the "
nibble" (sometimes spelled "nybble" or "nybl") is normally equal to 4 bits, or one half of the common 8-bit byte. The nibble is used to describe the amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in binary-coded decimal format, or to represent a single hexadecimal digit. Less commonly, 'nibble' may be used for any contiguous portion of a byte of specified length, e.g. "6-bit nibble"; this usage is most likely to be encountered in connection with a hardware architecture in which the word length is not a multiple of 8, such as older 36-bit minicomputers.
FLOPS
In
computing, FLOPS (
FLoating point
Operations
Per
Second) is a measure of a computer's computing power. It is also common to see measurements of kilo, mega, giga, and teraFLOPS.
It is also used to compare the performance of computers in practice.
BogoMips
A measure to determine the CPU speed. It was invented by
Linus Torvalds and is nowadays present on every
Linux operating system. However, it is not a meaningful measure to assess the actual CPU performance.
KLOC
A computer programming expression, the K-LOC or KLOC, pronounced
kay-lok, standing for "kilo-lines of code", i.e., thousand lines of code. The unit was used, especially by
IBM managers,
to express the amount of work required to develop a piece of software. Given that estimates of 20 lines of functional code per day per programmer were often used, it is apparent that 1 K-LOC could take one programmer as long as 50 working days, or 10 working weeks. This measure is no longer in widespread use because different computer languages require different numbers of lines to achieve the same result (occasionally the measure "assembly equivalent lines of code" is used, with appropriate conversion factors from the language actually used to assembly language).
Error rates in programming are also measured in "Errors per K-LOC", which is called the defect density. NASA's SATC is one of the few organizations to claim zero defects in a large (>500K-LOC) project, for the space shuttle software.
An alternative measurement was defined by Pegasus Mail author David Harris: the "WaP" is equivalent to 71,500 lines of program code, because that number of lines is the length of one edition of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace.
Ticks
The "tick" is the amount of time between timer
generated by the timer circuit of a CPU. The amount of time is processor-dependent.
The word "tick" is also used to describe steps of processing in apps and video games, for example, Minecraft servers process the simulation at a rate of 20 ticks per second,
while other games commonly use tickrates of 30, 60, 64, or 128 ticks per second.
Other
Centimorgan
In genetics, a
centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage. It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used to infer distance along a chromosome. One centimorgan corresponds to about 1 million base pairs in humans on average.
Centipawn
Chess software frequently uses centipawns internally or externally as a unit measuring how strong each player's situation position is, and hence also by how much one player is beating the other, and how strong a possible move is.
100 centipawns = the value of 1 pawn – more specifically, something like the average value of the pawns at the start of the game, as the actual value of pawns depends on their position. Loss of a pawn will therefore typically lose that player 100 centipawns. The centipawn is often used for comparing possible moves, as in a given position, chess software will often rate the better of two moves within a few centipawns of each other.
Garn
The garn is NASA's unit of measure for symptoms resulting from space adaptation syndrome, the response of the human body to weightlessness in space, named after US Senator
Jake Garn, who became exceptionally spacesick during an orbital flight in 1985. If an astronaut is completely incapacitated by space adaptation syndrome, he or she is under the effect of one garn of symptoms.
Mother cow index
Formerly used in real estate transactions in the American Southwest, it was the number of pregnant cows an acre of a given plot of land could support. It acted as a proxy for the agricultural quality, natural resource availability, and arability of a parcel of land.
Nines
Numbers very close to, but below one are often expressed in "nines" (N – not to be confused with the unit newton), that is in the number of nines following the decimal separator in writing the number in question. For example, "three nines" or "3N" indicates 0.999 or 99.9%, "four nines five" or "4N5" is the expression for the number 0.99995 or 99.995%.
Typical areas of usage are:
-
The reliability of computer systems, that is the ratio of uptime to the sum of uptime and downtime. "Five nines" reliability in a continuously operated system means an average downtime of no more than approximately five minutes per year (there is no relationship between the number of nines and minutes per year, it is pure coincidence that "five nines" relates to five minutes per year.) (See high availability for a chart.)
-
The purity of materials, such as gases and metals.
Pain
The dol (from the
Latin language word for pain,
dolor) is a unit of measurement for
pain. James D. Hardy, Herbert G. Wolff, and
Helen Goodell of Cornell University proposed the unit based on their studies of pain during the 1940s and 1950s. They defined one dol to equal a just-noticeable difference in pain. The unit never came into widespread use and other methods are now used to assess the level of pain experienced by patients.
The Schmidt sting pain index and Starr sting pain index are rating the relative pain caused by different hymenoptera stings. Schmidt has refined his pain index (with a 1–4 scale) with extensive anecdotal experience, culminating in a paper published in 1990 which classifies the stings of 78 species and 41 genera of Hymenoptera. The Starr sting pain scale uses the same 1–4 scale.
Pepper heat
ASTA pungency unit
The ASTA (American Spice Trade Association)
piquance unit is based on a scientific method of measuring chili pepper "heat". The technique utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography to identify and measure the concentrations of the various compounds that produce a heat sensation. Scoville units are roughly the size of pungency units while measuring
capsaicin, so a rough conversion is to multiply pungency by 15 to obtain Scoville heat units.
[ — "Interlab variation for could be as high as ±50%. However, labs that run these procedures could generate reasonably repeatable results."]
Scoville heat unit
The
Scoville scale is a measure of the hotness of a
chili pepper. It is the degree of dilution in sugar water of a specific chili pepper extract when a panel of 5 tasters can no longer detect its "heat".
Pure
capsaicin (the chemical responsible for the "heat") has 16 million Scoville heat units.
Proof: alcohol concentration
Up to the 20th century, alcoholic spirits were assessed in the UK by mixing with gunpowder and testing the mixture to see whether it would still burn; spirit that just passed the test was said to be at 100°
alcoholic proof. The UK now uses percentage alcohol by volume (ABV) at , where spirit at 100° proof is approximately 57.15% ABV. In the US, "proof number" is defined as twice the ABV at .
Savart
The
savart is an 18th-century unit for measuring the frequency ratio of two sounds. It is equal to of a decade (not to be confused with the time period equal to 10 years). The cent is preferred for musical use.
Telecommunications traffic volume
The erlang, named after A. K. Erlang, as a dimensionless unit is used in
telephony as a statistical measure of the offered intensity of telecommunications
traffic on a group of resources. Traffic of one erlang refers to a single resource being in continuous use, or two channels being at fifty percent use, and so on, . Much telecommunications management and forecasting software uses this.
X-ray intensity
The crab is defined as the intensity of X-rays emitted from the
Crab Nebula at a given photon energy up to 30
electronvolt. The Crab Nebula is often used for calibration of X-ray telescopes. For measuring the X-ray intensity of a less energetic source, the milliCrab (mCrab) may be used.
One crab is approximately 24 pW/m2.
See also
-
GNU Units, a unit conversion program, which supports many uncommon units
-
List of humorous units of measurement
-
List of obsolete units of measurement
External links
Bibliography
External links
(
Unusual
)
