Viburnum is a genus of about 150–175 species of in the moschatel family, Adoxaceae. Its current classification is based on molecular phylogeny.
The member species are evergreen or deciduous or (in a few cases) small trees native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America and southeast Asia. In Africa, the genus is confined to the Atlas Mountains.
Name
The generic name
Viburnum originated in
Latin, in which it referred to
Viburnum lantana.
Description
The
leaf are
opposite leaves, simple, and entire, with toothed or lobed margins. Cool temperate species are
deciduous, while most of the warm temperate species are
evergreen. Some species have densely hairy shoots and leaves covered in star-shaped hairs.
The are produced in 5–15 cm across. Each flower is white, cream or pink, small (3–5 mm across), and has five petals. Some species are strongly fragrant. The gynoecium has three connate with the nectary located at top of the gynoecium. Some species also have a fringe of large, showy sterile flowers around the perimeter of the corymb to act as a pollinator target.
The fruit is a spherical, oval, or somewhat flattened drupe that is red, purple, blue, or black, and contains a single seed. Some fruits are edible, but many others are mildly . The leaves are eaten by the of many lepidopteran species.
Species
Around 165 species are described. A 2014 phylogenetic study
[ proposed the following phylogenetic scheme and sections:
]
Lentago – Eastern North America except for V. elatum in Mexico[
]
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V. cassinoides L. – Witherod viburnum, wild raisin, Appalachian tea
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Viburnum elatum Benth
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Viburnum lentago L. – nannyberry
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Viburnum nudum L. – possumhaw
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V. obovatum Walter – Small-leaf Virbunum
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V. prunifolium L. – blackhaw
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V. rufidulum Raf. – rusty blackhaw
Punctata
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Viburnum lepidotulum Merr. & Chun
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Viburnum punctatum Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don
Euviburnum
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V. bitchiuense Makino
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V. buddleifolium
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V. burejaeticum Regel et Herder
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V. carlesii Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – Korean spice viburnum
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V. cotinifolium D. Don
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Viburnum lantana L. – wayfaring tree, hoarwithy
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V. macrocephalum Fortune – Chinese viburnum (琼花)
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V. mongolicum (Pall.)Rehder
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V. rhytidophyllum Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – wrinkled viburnum
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V. schensianum Maxim.
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Viburnum utile Hemsl. – service viburnum
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V. veitchii C.H. Wright
Pseudotinus – Asia, except V. lantanoides in Eastern North America[
]
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V. furcatum Blume ex Hook.f. & Thomson – forked viburnum, scarlet leaved viburnum
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V. lantanoides Michx. – hobble-bush, American wayfaring tree
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V. nervosum D. Don
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V. sympodiale Graebn.
Solenotinus – Asia, extending west to India and south to Indonesia[
]
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Viburnum awabuki Hort.Berol. Ex K. Koch
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V. brachybotryum Hemsl.
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Viburnum chingii P.S. Hsu
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V. corymbiflorum P.S. Hsu & S.C. Hsu
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V. erubescens Wall
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Viburnum farreri Stearn – Farrer's viburnum
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Viburnum foetens
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V. grandiflorum Wall. Ex DC – Himalayan viburnum
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Viburnum henryi Hemsl.
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V. odoratissimum Ker-Gawl. – sweet viburnum
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V. oliganthum Batalin
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V. sieboldii Miq. – Siebold's viburnum
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V. subalpinum Hand.-Mazz.
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V. suspensum Lindl. – Sandankwa viburnum
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''V. taitoense Hayata
Lutescentia (excluding Tomentosa)
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V. amplifolium
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V. colebrookeanum Wall. Ex DC
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V. garrettii
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V. junghunii
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V. laterale
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V. lutescens Blume
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V. pyramidatum
Tomentosa – China, Japan[
]
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V. plicatum Thunberg – Japanese snowball
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V. hanceanum
Amplicrenotinus (excluding Crenotinus)
Urceolata
-
V. taiwanianum Hayata
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V. urceolatum Siebold & Zucc.
Tinus – Asia, except V. tinus in Europe[
Corisuccotinus (excluding Succotinus and Coriaceae)
]
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V. acerifolium L. – maple-leaf viburnum
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V. kansuense Batalin
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V. orientale Pall.
Succotinus
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V. adenophorum W.W. Sm.
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V. annamensis Fukouoka
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V. betulifolium Batalin
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V. brachyandrum Nakai
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V. corylifolium Hook.f. & Thomson
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V. dilatatum Thunberg – linden viburnum
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Viburnum erosum Thunberg
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V. flavescens W.W. Sm.
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V. foetidum (Graebn.) Rehder
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V. formosanum Hayata
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V. hupehense Rehder
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V. ichangense Rehder
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V. integrifolium Hayata
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V. japonicum Spreng
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V. lobophyllum
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V. luzonicum Rolfe
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V. melanocarpum Hsu in Chen et al.
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Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don
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V. parvifolium Hayata
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V. sempervirens K. Koch
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V. setigerum M.J. Donoghue – tea viburnum
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V. tashiroi Nakai
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V. wrightii Miquel – Wright's viburnum
Coriaceae
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V. coriaceum Blume
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V. cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
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V. hebanthum Wight & Arn.
Sambucina
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V. beccarii Gamble
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V. hispidulum J. Kern
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V. inopinatum Craib.
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V. sambucinum Reinew. Ex Blume
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V. vernicosum Gibbs
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V. ternatum Rehder
Opulus – Circumboreal[
]
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Viburnum edule Raf. – squashberry, mooseberry, pembina, pimbina, lowbush cranberry, moosomin (Cree language)
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V. koreanum – Korean viburnum
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Viburnum opulus L. – Guelder-rose
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V. sargentii Koehne – Tianmu viburnum (天目琼花)
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V. trilobum Marshall – high bush viburnum
Mollotinus
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V. australe C.V. Morton – Mexican arrowwood
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V. bracteatum Rehder – bracted arrowwood, limerock arrowwood
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V. ellipticum Hook. – common viburnum, oval-leaved viburnum
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Viburnum molle Michx. – softleaf arrowwood
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V. rafinesquianum Schult. – downy arrowwood
Dentata – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America[
]
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V. dentatum L. – arrowwood viburnum
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V. recognitum Fernald – smooth arrowwood
Oreinotinus – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America[
]
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V. acutifolium Benth.
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V. caudatum Greenm.
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V. costaricanum (Oerst.) Hemsl.
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V. discolor Benth.
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V. disjunctum C.V. Morton
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V. divaricatum
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V. jamesonii (Oerst.)Killip & A.C. Sm.
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V. jucundum C.V. Morton
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Viburnum lautum C.V. Morton
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V. loeseneri Graebn.
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V. stellato-tomentosum (Oerst.) Hemsl.
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V. stenocalyx Hemsl.
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V. sulcatum (Oerst.) Hemsl.
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Viburnum toronis Killip & A.C. Sm.
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V. triphyllum Benth. – chuchua, chuque
Undetermined
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V. arboreum
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V. betulifolium Batalin
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V. glomeratum
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V. hondurense
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V. maculatum
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Viburnum molinae
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V. mortonianum
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V. phlebotrichum
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V. scabrellum
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V. subpubescens
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V. treleasei
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V. tridentatum
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V. venosum (or V. dentata var venosum)
Formerly placed here
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Hydrangea arborescens L. (as V. alnifolium Marshall, or V. americanum Mill.)
-
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. (as V. macrophyllum Thunb.)
Cultivation and uses
Many species of viburnum have become popular as garden or landscape plants because of their showy flowers and berries, fragrance, and good autumn colour of some forms. Some popular species, hybrids, and include:[Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan .]
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The hybrid Viburnum × bodnantense ( V. farreri × V. grandiflorum) is particularly popular for its strongly scented pink flowers on the leafless deciduous shoots in mid- to late winter.
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Viburnum × burkwoodii ( V. carlesii × V. utile)
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Viburnum × carlcephalum ( V. carlesii × V. macrocephalum)
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Viburnum carlesii has round white flowerheads, strong fragrance, dense structure, and reddish leaves in autumn.
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Viburnum davidii is an evergreen species from China with blue fruit.
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Viburnum dentatum has flat-topped flowers, bluish fruit, and reddish leaves in autumn. It is somewhat salt-tolerant. The cultivar 'Blue Muffin' is more compact than the species and has fruit that are a deeper blue than the species.
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Viburnum dilatatum has flat-topped flowers, reddish leaves in autumn, and bright red fruit that persist into winter.
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Viburnum × jackii – Jack's viburnum
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Viburnum × juddii ( V. bitchiuense × V. carlesii)
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Viburnum plicatum has white flowers, textured leaves, reddish-black fruit, and can grow quite large under ideal conditions. The species can tolerate shade, but not drought.
-
Viburnum × ( V. rhytidophyllum × V. utile)
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Viburnum × rhytidophylloides ( V. lantana × V. rhytidophyllum)popular evergreen shrub, drought resistant. Shiny green leafs, white flowers.
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Viburnum rhytidophyllum is a popular evergreen species, grown mainly for its foliage effect of large, dark green leathery leaves with strongly wrinkled surface. This is the parent species of two popular hybrid cultivars known as 'Alleghany' and . 'Alleghany' was selected from a hybrid between V. rhytidophyllum and V. lantana'' 'Mohican' (in 1958, at the US National Arboretum).
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Viburnum setigerum has upright, coarse structure and orange to reddish-orange fruit.
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Viburnum sieboldii has coarse, open structure, flat-topped flowers, reddish-black fruit, and can grow as a small tree.
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Viburnum tinus is a widely grown garden and landscape shrub.
The cultivars ''
Other uses
In prehistory, the long, straight shoots of some viburnums were used for arrow-shafts, as those found with Ötzi the Iceman.
The fruit of some species (e.g. V. lentago[Plants for a future: Viburnum lentago]) are edible and can be eaten either raw or for making jam, while other species (e.g. V. opulus[Plants for a future: Viburnum opulus]) are mildly toxic and can cause vomiting if eaten in quantity.
The bark of some species is used in herbal medicine, as an antispasmodic and to treat asthma.[
]
Cultural references
In Ukraine, Viburnum opulus is an important element of traditional folk culture, and Viburnum opulus (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol and emblem for both the Koliada festivities, as well as representing young girls' love and tenderness. It is a key element of Ukrainian traditional wreaths. Many folk songs are dedicated to the kalyna as well as very popular song "Oi u Luzi Chervona Kalina".
The Lithuanian name for the genus Viburnum is "Putinas".
