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Ushas (Vedic Sanskrit: उषस्, , nominative singular उषास्) is a Vedas goddess of dawn in Hinduism., p. 304. She repeatedly appears in the Rigvedic hymns, states David Kinsley, where she is "consistently identified with dawn, revealing herself with the daily coming of light to the world, driving away oppressive darkness, chasing away evil demons, rousing all life, setting all things in motion, sending everyone off to do their duties". She is the life of all living creatures, the impeller of action and breath, the foe of chaos and confusion, the auspicious arouser of cosmic and moral order called the Ṛta in Hinduism.
Ushas is the most exalted goddess in the Rig Veda, but not as important or central as the three male Vedic deities Agni, Soma, and Indra. She is on par with other major male Vedic deities. She is portrayed as a beautifully adorned young woman riding in a golden chariot or a hundred chariots, drawn by golden red horses or cows, on her path across the sky, making way for the Vedic sun god Surya, who is referred either as her husband or her son.Kuiper, F.B.J. (1968). Ancient Indian Cosmogony. Bombay 1983. Schmidt, H.P. Brhaspati und Indra. Wiesbaden 1968. Some of the most beautiful hymns in the Vedas are dedicated to her. Her sister is "Nisha" or Ratri, the deity of night.
Uṣás is an s-stem, i.e. the genitive case is , whereby it connotes "dawn goddess" in Indo-European languages. Ushas is related to the Proto-Indo-European goddess *h₂ausos-. Her cognates in other Indo-European pantheons include the Greek goddess Eos, the Roman goddess Aurora, the Lithuanian goddess Aušrinė, and the English goddess Ēostre (OE: ēastre), whose name is probably the root of the modern English word "Easter."
Ushas is the most important goddess in the Vedic literature, but she is not as important as the three central male deities named Agni, Soma, and Indra. She is mentioned in far fewer hymns than these three, but at least as much as all other male and female deities in the Vedas.
Ushas is described in Vedic texts as riding in a shining chariot drawn by golden-red horses or cows, a beautiful maiden bedecked with jewels, smiling and irresistibly attractive, who brings cheer to all those who gaze upon her. She dispels darkness, reveals treasures and truths that have been hidden, illuminates the world as it is. Hymn 6.64 associates her with wealth and light, while hymn 1.92 calls her the "mother of cows" and one, who like a cow, gives to the benefit of all people. Hymn 1.113 calls her "mother of the gods", while hymn 7.81 states her to be the mother of all living beings who petition her. She is the goddess of the hearth, states hymn 6.64. She symbolizes reality, is a marker of time and a reminder to all that "life is limited on earth". She sees everything as it is, and she is the eye of the gods, according to hymns 7.75–77.
She is variously mentioned as the sister of Ratri (night), Aditya and one who goes about her ways closely with deities Savitri and Surya. She is also associated with Varuna (sky, water) and Agni (fire).
In RV 6.64.1-2 (trans. Jamison), Ushas is invoked as follows:
Vedic Sanskrit:
English language translation:
In the "family books" of the Rig Veda (e.g. RV 6.64.5), Ushas is the divine daughter—a —of Dyaus Pita ("Sky Father").
According to Sri Aurobindo, Ushas is "the medium of the awakening, the activity and the growth of the other gods; she is the first condition of the Vedic realisation. By her increasing illumination the whole nature of man is clarified; through her mankind arrives at the Truth, through her he enjoys Truth's beatitude.", p. 283.
Ushas is regionally worshipped during the festival of Chhath Puja, in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (India), and in Nepal.
1. ''úd u śriyá uṣáso rócamānā ásthur apā́ṃ nórmáyo rúśantaḥ''
''kr̥ṇóti víśvā supáthā sugā́ny ábhūd u vásvī dákṣiṇā maghónī''
2. ''bhadrā́ dadr̥kṣa urviyā́ ví bhāsy út te śocír bhānávo dyā́m apaptan''
''āvír vákṣaḥ kr̥ṇuṣe śumbʰámānóṣo devi rócamānā máhobhiḥ''
1. The shining Dawns have arisen for splendor, glistening like the waves of the waters.
She makes all pathways, all passages easy to travel. She has appeared— the good priestly gift, the bounteous one.
2. Auspicious, you have become visible; you radiate widely. Your flare, your radiant beams have flown up to heaven.
You reveal your breast as you go in beauty, goddess Dawn, shining with all your might.
5. Convey (it)—you who as the unsurpassable one with your oxen convey the boon at your pleasure, Dawn,
you who are a goddess, o Daughter of Heaven. Become worthy to be seen with your munificence at the early invocation!
Contemporary reverence
The revered Gayatri mantra, states George Williams, remains a daily reminder of Ushas in contemporary Hinduism.
See also
Bibliography
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