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Crataegus (), Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn,I remember the kitchen as being large and airy. 1974, A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe, Collins, London thornapple,Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora: A guide to the identification and occurrence of the native and naturalized seed-plants of the state. Part II: Dicots (Saururaceae–Cornaceae). Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor, Michigan. May-tree,Graves, Robert. The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth, 1948, amended and enlarged 1966, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a of several hundred species of and trees in the family , to regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus .


Description
Crataegus species are or small trees, mostly growing to tall,Phipps, J. B., O'Kennon, R. J., Lance, R. W. (2003). Hawthorns and medlars. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, U.K. with small fruit and (usually) thorny branches. The most common type of bark is smooth grey in young individuals, developing shallow longitudinal fissures with narrow ridges in older trees. The thorns are small sharp-tipped branches that arise either from other branches or from the trunk, and are typically long (recorded as up to in one case). The leaves grow spirally arranged on long shoots, and in clusters on on the branches or twigs. The leaves of most species have lobed or serrated margins and are somewhat variable in shape. Flowers are five-petalled and grow in flat-topped clusters and are most typically white, although they can also be pale pink or occasionally scarlet in colour. The fruit, sometimes known as a "haw", is berry-like but structurally a containing from one to five that resemble the "stones" of , , etc., which are fruit in the same subfamily.
[[File:Vruchten van een meidoorn (Crataegus), 04-10-2024. (d.j.b.) 03.jpg|thumb| Fruits of a hawthorn (Crataegus)]]
     


Taxonomy
The number of species in the genus depends on taxonomic interpretation. Some botanists in the past recognised 1000 or more species, many of which are . A reasonable number is estimated to be 200 species. The genus likely first appeared in the , with the ancestral area likely being Eastern North America and in Europe, which at that time remained closely linked due to the North Atlantic . The earliest known leaves of the genus from the Eocene of North America, with the earliest leaves from Europe being from the .Ufimov, R. A. and T. A. Dickinson. 2020. Infrageneric nomenclature adjustments in Crataegus L. (Maleae, Rosaceae). Phytologia 102(3): 177–199.

The genus is classified into sections which are further divided into series. Series Montaninsulae has not yet been assigned to a section. The sections are:

  • section Brevispinae
  • section Crataegus
  • section Coccineae
  • section Cuneatae
  • section Douglasia
  • section Hupehensis
  • section Macracanthae
  • section Sanguineae


Selected species
  • – Rome hawthorn
  • Crataegus aestivalis – May hawthorn
  • Crataegus alabamensis – Alabama hawthorn
  • Crataegus altaica – Altai hawthorn
  • Crataegus ambigua – Russian hawthorn
  • Crataegus ambitiosa – Grand Rapids hawthorn
  • Crataegus anamesa – Fort Bend hawthorn
  • – Mississippi hawthorn
  • – Phoenix City hawthorn
  • – sunny hawthorn
  • Crataegus arborea – Montgomery hawthorn
  • – Carolina hawthorn
  • – Nashville hawthorn
  • Crataegus austromontana – valley head hawthorn
  • Crataegus azarolus – Azarole hawthorn
  • Crataegus berberifolia – barberry hawthorn
  • Crataegus biltmoreana – Biltmore hawthorn
  • Crataegus boyntonii – stinking hawthorn
  • Crataegus brachyacantha – blueberry hawthorn Crataegus brachyacantha Sarg. & Engelm. Blueberry Hawthorn, Discover Life Crataegus brachyacantha Sarg. & Engelm. Show All blueberry hawthorn, USDA
  • Crataegus brainerdii – Brainerd's hawthorn
  • Crataegus calpodendron – late hawthorn
  • Crataegus chlorosarca
  • Crataegus chrysocarpa – fireberry hawthorn
  • Crataegus coccinea – scarlet hawthorn
  • Crataegus coccinioides – Kansas hawthorn
  • Crataegus collina – hillside hawthorn
  • Crataegus crus-galli – cockspur hawthorn
  • Crataegus cuneata – Japanese hawthorn
  • Crataegus cupulifera
  • Crataegus dahurica
  • Crataegus dilatata – broadleaf hawthorn, Apple-leaf hawthorn
  • Crataegus douglasii – black hawthorn, Douglas hawthorn
  • Crataegus ellwangeriana
  • Crataegus erythropoda – cerro hawthorn
  • Crataegus flabellata – Gray's hawthorn, fanleaf hawthorn
  • – yellow-fruited hawthorn
  • Crataegus fluviatilis
  • Crataegus fontanesiana
  • Crataegus greggiana – Gregg's hawthorn
  • Crataegus harbisonii – Harbison's hawthorn
  • Crataegus heldreichii
  • Crataegus heterophylla – various-leaved hawthorn
  • Crataegus holmesiana – Holmes' hawthorn
  • Crataegus hupehensis
  • Crataegus intricata – thicket hawthorn, intricate hawthorn
  • Crataegus iracunda – stolon–bearing hawthorn
  • Crataegus jonesae
  • Crataegus kansuensis – Gansu hawthorn
  • Crataegus laevigata – Midland hawthorn, English hawthorn
  • – sandhill hawthorn
  • Crataegus macrosperma – big-fruit hawthorn
  • Crataegus marshallii – parsley-leaved hawthorn
  • Crataegus maximowiczii
  • Crataegus mercerensis
  • Crataegus mexicana – tejocote, Mexican hawthorn
  • – downy hawthorn
  • Crataegus monogyna – common hawthorn, oneseed hawthorn
  • – Hungarian hawthorn
  • Crataegus okanaganensis – Okanagan Valley hawthorn
  • – western mayhaw
  • Crataegus orientalis – oriental hawthorn
  • Crataegus pedicellata – scarlet hawthorn
  • Crataegus pennsylvanica – Pennsylvania thorn
  • Crataegus pentagyna – small-flowered black hawthorn
  • Crataegus peregrina
  • Crataegus persimilis – plumleaf hawthorn
  • Crataegus phaenopyrum – Washington hawthorn
  • Crataegus phippsii
  • Crataegus pinnatifida – Chinese hawthorn
  • Crataegus populnea – poplar hawthorn
  • Crataegus pratensis – prairie hawthorn
  • Crataegus pruinosa – frosted hawthorn
  • Crataegus pulcherrima – beautiful hawthorn
  • Crataegus punctata – dotted hawthorn, white hawthorn: sometimes claimed as the state flower of , though the legislation does not specify a species
  • Crataegus purpurella – Loch Lomond hawthorn
  • Crataegus putnamiana
  • Crataegus pycnoloba
  • Crataegus reverchonii – Reverchon's hawthorn
  • Crataegus rhipidophylla
  • Crataegus rivularis – river hawthorn
  • Crataegus saligna – willow hawthorn
  • Crataegus sanguinea – redhaw hawthorn, Siberian hawthorn
  • Crataegus sargentii – Sargent's hawthorn
  • Crataegus scabrida – rough hawthorn
  • Crataegus scabrifolia
  • Crataegus songarica
  • Crataegus spathulata – littlehip hawthorn
  • Crataegus submollis – Quebec hawthorn
  • Crataegus succulenta – fleshy hawthorn
  • Crataegus tanacetifolia – tansy–leaved thorn
  • – Texas hawthorn
  • – Tracy hawthorn
  • Crataegus triflora – three-flowered hawthorn
  • Crataegus uniflora – one-flowered hawthorn, dwarf hawthorn
  • Crataegus viridis – green hawthorn, including cultivar 'Winter King'
  • Crataegus visenda
  • – Alabama hawthorn
  • Crataegus wattiana – Altai hawthorn
  • Crataegus wilsonii – Wilson hawthorn


Selected hybrids
  • Crataegus × ariifolia (= C. ariaefolia)
  • Crataegus × dsungarica
  • Crataegus × grignonensis – Grignon hawthorn, an unpublished name
  • Crataegus × lavalleei – Lavallée hawthorn, including Crataegus × carrierei
  • Crataegus × macrocarpa
  • Crataegus × media – the name for C. monogyna × C. laevigata hybrids
  • Crataegus × mordenensis – Morden hawthorn, including 'Toba' and 'Snowbird'
  • Crataegus × ruscinonensis Hybrid Hawthorn, Whithorn, Single-seed Hawthorn . Hybrid between C. azarolus and C. monogyna.
  • Crataegus × sinaicaza'rur
  • Crataegus × smithiana – red Mexican hawthorn, an unpublished name
  • Crataegus × vailiae


Etymology
The generic epithet, Crataegus, is derived from the Greek "strength" because of the great strength of the wood and "sharp", referring to the thorns of some species. p. 491 The name haw, originally an term for hedge (from the term haguthorn, "a fence with thorns"), also applies to the fruit.


Ecology
Hawthorns provide food and shelter for many species of birds and , and the are important for many nectar-feeding insects. Hawthorns are also used as food plants by the of a of species, such as the small eggar moth, E. lanestris. Haws are important for in winter, particularly thrushes and ; these birds eat the haws and disperse the in their droppings.


Propagation
Although it is commonly stated that hawthorns can be propagated by cutting, this is difficult to achieve with rootless stem pieces. Small plants or suckers are often transplanted from the wild. Seeds require stratification and take one or two years to germinate.Bailey, L. H.; Bailey, E. Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York. Seed germination is improved if the that contain the seed are subjected to extensive drying at room temperature, before stratification. Bujarska-Borkowska, B. (2002) Breaking of seed dormancy, germination and seedling emergence of the common hawthorn ( Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). Dendrobiology. 47(Supplement): 61–70. Uncommon forms can be onto seedlings of other species.


Uses

Culinary use
The "haws" or fruits of the , C. monogyna, are edible. In the United Kingdom, they are sometimes used to make a or .Wright, John (2010), Hedgerow: River Cottage Handbook Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, (pp. 73–74) The leaves are edible, and if picked in spring when still young, are tender enough to be used in salads.Richard Mabey, Food for Free, Collins, October 2001. The young leaves and flower buds, which are also edible, are known as "bread and cheese" in rural England. In the southern United States, fruits of three native species are collectively known as and are made into jellies which are considered a delicacy. The people of northwestern North America used red and black hawthorn fruit for food.

On Manitoulin Island, Ontario, some red-fruited species are called hawberries. During colonisation, European settlers ate these fruits during the winter as the only remaining food supply. People born on the island are now called "".

The fruits of C. mexicana are known in Mexico as tejocotes and are eaten raw, cooked, or in jam during the winter. They are stuffed in the piñatas broken during the traditional pre-Christmas celebration known as . They are also cooked with other fruits to prepare a Christmas punch. The mixture of tejocote paste, sugar and chili powder produces a popular Mexican candy called rielitos, which is manufactured by several brands.

The 4 cm fruits of the species C. pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn) are tart, bright red and resemble small fruits. They are used to make many kinds of Chinese snacks, such as — coated in sugar syrup and skewered – and . The fruits, which are called 山楂 shān zhā in Chinese, are also used to produce jams, jellies, juices, alcoholic beverages and other drinks; these could in turn be used in other dishes (for instance, many older recipes for Cantonese sweet and sour sauce call for shānzhā jam). In South Korea, a liquor called sansachun (산사춘) is made from the fruits.

In Iran, the fruits of Crataegus (including Crataegus azarolus var. aronia, as well as other species) are known as zâlzâlak and eaten raw as a snack, or made into a jam known by the same name.

The fruits of North America's C. greggiana are made into preserves.

(1980). 9780394507606, Knopf.


Research
A 2008 Cochrane Collaboration of previous studies concluded that evidence exists of "a significant benefit in symptom control and physiologic outcomes" for an of hawthorn used as an in treating chronic heart failure. A 2010 review concluded that "Crataegus hawthorn preparations hold significant potential as a useful remedy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease". The review indicated the need for further study of the best dosages and concluded that although "many different theoretical interactions between Crataegus and orthodox medications have been postulated ... none have yet been substantiated."

found in hawthorn include , , oligomeric proanthocyanidins and .


Traditional medicine
Several species of hawthorn have been used in traditional medicine. The products used are often derived from C. monogyna, C. laevigata, or related Crataegus species, sometimes generally referred to as hawthorn without distinguishment. The of C. pinnatifida (called shān zhā in Chinese) are used in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily as a digestive aid. A closely related species, C. cuneata (Japanese hawthorn, called sanzashi in Japanese) is used in a similar manner. Other species (especially Crataegus laevigata) are used in where the plant is believed to strengthen cardiovascular function.

The of northwestern North America used black hawthorn fruit (: kaǂa; approximate pronunciation: kasha) for food, and red hawthorn fruit (Kutenai language: ǂupǂi; approximate pronunciation: shupshi) in traditional medicine.


Side effects
Overdose can cause cardiac arrhythmia and low blood pressure, while milder include and . Patients taking should avoid taking hawthorn.


Landscaping
Many species and hybrids are used as and street trees. The common hawthorn is extensively used in Europe as a hedge plant. During the British Agricultural Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, hawthorn saplings were mass propagated in nurseries to create the new field boundaries required by the .Williamson, Tom (2013), An Environmental History of Wildlife in England 1650 – 1950 Bloomsbury Academic, (p. 104) Several of the Midland hawthorn C. laevigata have been selected for their pink or red flowers. Hawthorns are among the trees most recommended for water conservation landscapes.


Grafting
Hawthorn can be used as a in the practice of grafting. It is graft-compatible with (medlar) and with pear, and makes a hardier rootstock than , but the thorny suckering habit of the hawthorn can be problematic.

of Crataegus monogyna have been used to graft multiple species on the same trunk, such as pink hawthorn, pear tree and medlar, the result being trees which give pink and white flowers in May and fruits during the summer. "Chip " has also been performed on hawthorn trunks to have branches of several varieties on the same tree. Such trees can be seen in , Spain, and in the northwest of France (mainly in ).


Bonsai
Many species of hawthorn make excellent trees. They are grown and enjoyed for their display of flowers.


Other uses
The wood of some Crataegus species is hard and resistant to rot. In rural North America, it was prized for use as tool handles and fence posts. First Nations people of western Canada used the thorns for durable and minor skin .


In culture
The saying "Ne'er cast a cloot til Mey's oot" conveys a warning not to shed any (clothes) before the summer has fully arrived and the mayflowers (hawthorn blossoms) are in full bloom.

The custom of employing the flowering branches for decorative purposes on 1 May is of very early origin, but since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the tree has rarely been in full bloom in England before the second week of that month. In the Scottish Highlands, the flowers may be seen as late as the middle of June. The hawthorn has been regarded as the emblem of hope, and its branches are stated to have been carried by the ancient Greeks in wedding processions, and to have been used by them to deck the altar of . The supposition that the tree was the source of Jesus's crown of thorns doubtless gave rise to the tradition among the French peasantry (current as late as 1911) that it utters groans and cries on , and probably also to the old popular superstition in Great Britain and Ireland that ill luck attended the uprooting of hawthorns. Branches of Glastonbury thorn ( C. monogyna 'Biflora', sometimes called C. oxyacantha var. praecox), which flowers both in December and in spring, were formerly highly valued in England, on account of the legend that the tree was originally the staff of Joseph of Arimathea.

, in his book The White Goddess, traces and reinterprets many European legends and myths in which the whitethorn (hawthorn), also called the May-tree, is central.

It was once said to heal the broken heart. In Ireland, the red fruit is, or was, called the Johnny MacGorey or Magory.

folklore that spread across Balkan notes that hawthorn ( глог or glog) is essential to kill , and stakes used for their slaying must be made from the wood of the thorn tree.

In folklore, hawthorn (in , sgitheach and in Irish, sceach) 'marks the entrance to the ' and is strongly associated with the .Campbell, John Gregorson (1900, 1902, 2005) The Gaelic Otherworld. Edited by Ronald Black. Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd. p. 345 Lore has it that it is very unlucky to cut the tree at any time other than when it is in bloom; however, during this time, it is commonly cut and decorated as a May bush (see ). (1972) The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs Dublin, Mercier. pp. 86–127 This warning persists to modern times; folklorist Bob Curran has questioned whether the ill luck of the DeLorean Motor Company was associated with the destruction of a fairy thorn to make way for a production facility.

(2004). 9781577314585, New World Library.

The superstitious dread of harming hawthorn trees prevalent in Britain and Ireland may also be connected to an old belief that hawthorns, and more especially 'lone thorns' (self-seeded specimens standing in isolation from other trees) originate from or and give protection from lightning strikes.Hope, Alec Derwent, A Midsummer Eve's Dream: variations on a theme by pub. The Viking Press, New York 1970.

Hawthorn trees are often found beside ; at these types of holy wells, they are sometimes known as rag trees, for the strips of cloth which are tied to them as part of healing rituals.Healy, Elizabeth (2002) In Search of Ireland's Holy Wells. Dublin, Wolfhound Press pp. 56–7, 69, 81 'When all fruit fails, welcome haws' was once a common expression in Ireland.

According to a medieval legend, the Glastonbury thorn, C. monogyna 'Biflora', which flowers twice annually, was supposed to have grown from a planted by Joseph of Arimathea at in Somerset, England. The original tree was destroyed in the sixteenth century during the English Reformation, but several cultivars have survived. Since the reign of King James I, it has been a Christmas custom to send a sprig of Glastonbury thorn flowers to the , which is used to decorate the royal family's dinner table.Palmer, Martin and Palmer, Nigel ( The Spiritual Traveler: England, Scotland, Wales : the Guide to Sacred Sites and Pilgrim Routes in Britain, Hidden Spring, (p. 200)

In the , the hawthorn represented in the language of flowers.

The hawthorn – species unspecified – is the state flower of . The legislation designating it as such was introduced by Sarah Lucille Turner, one of the first two women to serve in the Missouri House of Representatives.


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