Dianthus caryophyllus ( ),
The scent of carnations is often described as spicy, clove-like, or reminiscent of a combination of cinnamon and nutmeg, hence the common name "clove pink". This aroma has made carnations a popular choice for use in perfumes, potpourri, and scented products.
They have cultural significance and are associated with love, distinction, and motherly affection. With numerous cultivars and hybrids, carnations offer a wide variety of colors and forms, making them popular for gardens, floral arrangements, and scented products. Overall, carnations are enduring symbols of beauty and grace, treasured by flower enthusiasts and used to convey heartfelt emotions.[Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ][Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan .]
Taxonomy
Carnations were mentioned in Greek literature 2,000 years ago.
The term
dianthus was coined by Greek botanist
Theophrastus,
and is derived from the
Ancient Greek words for divine ("dios") and flower ("anthos").
["What in Carnation?", Wall Street Journal, Off Duty Section, 23–24 October 2010, p.D1] The name "carnation" is believed to come from the Latin corona, a "wreath, garland, chaplet, crown",
[Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928] as it was one of the flowers used in Greek and Roman ceremonial crowns, or possibly from the Latin
caro (genitive
carnis), "flesh",
which refers to the natural colour of the flower, or in Christian iconography
incarnatio, "
incarnation", God made flesh in the form of Jesus.
Carl Linnaeus described the carnation in volume one of his Species Plantarum in 1753, giving it the name Dianthus caryophyllus.
Description
Dianthus caryophyllus is a
herbaceous perennial plant growing up to 80 cm (32 in) tall. The
leaf are
glaucous greyish green to blue-green, slender, up to 15 cm (6 in) long. The
are produced singly or up to five together in a cyme; they are around 3–5 cm (1¼–2 in) diameter, and sweetly scented; the original natural flower color is bright pinkish-purple, but
of other colors, including red, pink, yellow, white, and green have been developed.
While sometimes dyed blue for cut bouquets, there are no known carnation cultivars that produce a true blue flower. The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers have a radial symmetry. The four to six surrounding the calyx, egg-shaped, sting-pointed scales leaves are only ¼ as long as the calyx tube.[Flora of NW Europe: Dianthus caryophyllus ]
Distribution and habitat
The wild carnation is found in the Mediterranean countries of
Portugal,
Spain,
Italy,
Croatia,
Albania,
Greece and
Turkey.
Cultivation and uses
Carnations require well-drained,
neutral to slightly alkaline soil, and full sun. Numerous
have been selected for garden planting.
[ Typical examples include 'Gina Porto', 'Helen', 'Laced Romeo', and 'Red Rocket'. They are used for medical purposes, such as for upset stomach and fever. Their fragrance was historically used for vinegar, beer, wine, sauces and salads.][Hans Wolfgang Behm: The flora around us. The colored book of flowers and flowers in gardens and house. Berlin 1966.]
Crossbreeding D. caryophyllus with D. capitatus results in a hybrid that is resistant to bacterial wilt from Paraburkholderia caryophylli. However, the flower is less attractive and so more breeding and backcrossing is needed to improve the flower.[Onozaki, T., Ikeda, H., Yamaguchi, T., and Himeno, M. (1998). introduction of Bacterial Wilt (pseudomonas caryophylli) resistance in Dianthus wild species to carnation. In "ISHS Acta Horticulturae III: New Floricultural Crops", Considine, J. eds, Acta Horticulturae, Perth, Western Australia. pp. 127–132] Carnation cultivars with no fragrance are often used by men as boutonnières or "buttonholes".
Diseases
Symbolism
Traditional meanings
For the most part, carnations express love, fascination, and distinction, though there are many variations dependent on color.
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Along with the red rose, the red carnation can be used as a symbol of socialism and the labour movement, and historically has often been used in demonstrations on International Workers' Day (May Day).
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In China, the carnation flower is the most frequently used flower in weddings.
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In Portugal, bright red carnations were used when in 1974 the authoritarian Estado Novo regime was overthrown; therefore, this transition (brought about by a combination of a coup d'état with civil resistance) is known as the Carnation Revolution.
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Light red carnations represent admiration, while dark red denote deep love and affection.
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White carnations represent pure love and good luck, while striped (variegated) carnations symbolise regret that a love cannot be shared.
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In the Netherlands, white carnations are associated with Prince Bernhard. He wore one during World War II and in a gesture of defiance some of the Dutch population took up this gesture. After the war the white carnation became a sign of the Prince, veterans and remembrance of the resistance.
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Purple carnations indicate capriciousness. In France, it is a traditional funeral flower, given in condolence for the death of a loved one.
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Carnation is the birth flower for those born in the month of January.
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Since Ottoman times, red carnations and are used in the interior wall paintings of in Turkey. It is often said that while tulips represent God, carnations is the symbol for Muhammad. However these flower designs are not unique to mosques but also used in many other Ottoman traditional art forms.
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In Azerbaijan, red carnations has turned into a symbol of mourning after the usage of the flower during Black January events of 1990, a violent crackdown on the civilian population of the country by USSR troops.
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In the United States, former U.S. President William McKinley considered the red carnation to be his lucky flower and often wore one on his lapel. Following his assassination in 1901, the Ohio adopted the red carnation as its state flower to honor McKinley
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In the musical 'Hadestown' by Anaïs Mitchell, the flower carries symbolic weight, representing themes of love, loss, and revolution. It is also associated with Orpheus's deep love for Eurydice, as well as the love between Hades and Persephone. The flower appears multiple in the show.
The formal name for carnation, dianthus, comes from Greek for "heavenly flower",
Holidays and events
Carnations are often worn on special occasions, especially Mother's Day and weddings. In 1907, Anna Jarvis chose a carnation as the emblem of Mother's Day because it was her mother's favourite flower.
In Slovenia, red carnations are sometimes also given to women on Women's Day, the 8th of March, however, nowadays orchids or roses are often given as well.
Red carnations are worn on May Day as a symbol of socialism and the labour movement in some countries, such as Austria, Italy,
After the 1990 uprisings against Soviets in Azerbaijan in which 147 Azerbaijani civilians were killed, 800 people were injured and five people went missing, the carnation has become a symbol of the Black January tragedy associated with the carnations thrown into the puddles of blood shed in the streets of Azerbaijan subsequent to the massacre.
At the University of Oxford, carnations are traditionally worn to all examinations; white for the first exam, pink for exams in between, and red for the last exam. One story explaining this tradition relates that initially a white carnation was kept in a red inkpot between exams, so by the last exam it was fully red; the story is thought to originate in the late 1990s.
Carnations are the traditional first wedding anniversary flower.[Wedding anniversary#Flower gifts] Carnations are also known as the "Flower of God". The Greek name for Carnation is a fusion of "dios" and "anthos". Dios is used the described Zeus while Anthos means flower; thus the name "flower of God" is attached to it.
Symbols of territorial entities and organizations
The carnation is the national flower of Spain, Monaco, and Slovenia, and the provincial flower of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The state flower of Ohio is a scarlet carnation, which was introduced to the state by Levi L. Lamborn. The choice was made to honor William McKinley, Ohio governor and U.S. president, who was assassinated in 1901, and regularly wore a scarlet carnation on his lapel.
Colours
Carnations do not naturally produce the pigment delphinidin, and thus a blue carnation cannot occur by natural selection or be created by traditional plant breeding. It shares this characteristic with other widely sold flowers like roses, Lilium, , and .
Around 1996, a company, Florigene, used genetic engineering to extract certain genes from petunia and Antirrhinum flowers to produce a blue-mauve carnation, which was commercialized as Moondust. In 1998, a violet carnation called Moonshade was commercialized.[Phys.Org website. 4 April 2005 Plant gene replacement results in the world's only blue rose] As of 2004, three additional blue-violet/purple varieties have been commercialized.
See also
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List of Award of Garden Merit dianthus
External links
