Religious text

Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature a compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and Religious law, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community.

Within each religion, these texts are revered as authoritative sources of guidance, wisdom, and divine revelation. They are often regarded as sacred or holy, representing the core teachings and principles that their followers strive to uphold., Quote: "religious texts serve two important regulatory functions: on the group level, they regulate liturgical ritual and systems of law; at the individual level, they (seek to) regulate ethical conduct and direct spiritual aspirations.", Quote: "The phrase "religious texts" may be understood in two quite different senses: (1) texts that discuss historical or present-day religious beliefs and practices of a believing community and (2) texts that are crucial in giving rise to a believing community."

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Etymology and nomenclature According to Peter Beal, the term scripture – derived from scriptura (Latin) – meant "writings manuscripts in general" prior to the medieval era, and was then "reserved to denote the texts of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible".

Peter Beal (2025). 9780199265442, Oxford University Press. . ISBN 9780199265442

Beyond Christianity, according to the Oxford World Encyclopedia, the term scripture has referred to a text accepted to contain the "sacred writings of a religion",

(2025). 9780199546091, Oxford University Press. . ISBN 9780199546091

while The Oxford center of Dictionary of World Religions states it refers to a text "having religious authority and often collected into an accepted canon".

John Bowker (2025). 9780192800947, Oxford University Press. . ISBN 9780192800947

In modern times, this equation of the written word with religious texts is particular to the English language, and is not retained in most other languages, which usually add an adjective like "sacred" to denote religious texts.

Some religious texts are categorized as canonical, some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical. The term "canon" is derived from the Greek word "italic=no", "a cane used as a measuring instrument". It connotes the sense of "measure, standard, norm, rule". In the modern usage, a religious canon refers to a "catalogue of sacred scriptures" that is broadly accepted to "contain and agree with the rule or canon of a particular faith", states Juan Widow.

The related terms such as "non-canonical", "extracanonical", "deuterocanonical" and others presume and are derived from "canon". These derived terms differentiate a corpus of religious texts from the "canonical" literature. At its root, this differentiation reflects the sects and conflicts that developed and branched off over time, the competitive "acceptance" of a common minimum over time and the "rejection" of interpretations, beliefs, rules or practices by one group of another related socio-religious group.

Gerbern Oegema (2025). 9780567124197, A&C Black. . ISBN 9780567124197

The earliest reference to the term "canon" in the context of "a collection of sacred Scripture" is traceable to the 4th-century CE. The early references, such as the Synod of Laodicea, mention both the terms "canonical" and "non-canonical" in the context of religious texts.

(2025). 9780198792499, Oxford University Press. . ISBN 9780198792499

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History of religious texts One of the oldest known religious texts is the Kesh Temple Hymn of ancient Sumer, a set of inscribed clay tablets which scholars typically date around 2600 BCE.

(2009). 9780292719323, University of Texas Press. . ISBN 9780292719323

The Epic of Gilgamesh from Sumer, although only considered by some scholars as a religious text, has origins as early as 2150 BCE,

Stephanie Dalley (2025). 9780199538362, Oxford University Press. . ISBN 9780199538362

and stands as one of the earliest literary works that includes various mythological figures and themes of interaction with the divine.

Andrew George (2002). 9780140449198, Penguin. . ISBN 9780140449198

The Rigveda, a scripture of Hinduism, is dated 1500 BCE. It is one of the oldest known complete religious texts that has survived into the modern age.Sagarika Dutt (2006). India in a Globalized World. Manchester University Press. p. 36.

is the 13th-12th centuries BCE.Coogan, Michael David (2012). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context /ref>Niditch, Susan (2008). Judges. (Louisville: John Knox Press), p. 9. Schniedewind, William M. (2004). How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel. (Cambridge University Press), p 54. The beginning of the scribal documentation from temple and royal courts is dated to the 8th century BCE and continues until the 5th century BCE. Probably in the 2nd century BC, the Biblical canon was fixed.

High rates of mass production and distribution of religious texts did not begin until the invention of the printing press in 1440, before which all religious texts were hand written copies, of which there were relatively limited quantities in circulation.

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Authority of religious texts The relative authority of religious texts develops over time and is derived from the ratification, enforcement, and its use across generations. Some religious texts are accepted or categorized as , some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical, or post-canonical.

(2012). 9780567124197, A&C Black. . ISBN 9780567124197

"Scripture" (or "scriptures") is a subset of religious texts considered to be "especially authoritative",

revered and "holy writ", "sacred, canonical", or of "supreme authority, special status" to a religious community.

Wilfred Cantwell Smith (1994). 9781451420159, Fortress Press. . ISBN 9781451420159

William A. Graham (1993). 9780521448208, Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 9780521448208

The terms sacred text and religious text are not necessarily interchangeable in that some religious texts are believed to be sacred because of the belief in some theistic religions such as the Abrahamic religions that the text is Divinity or Revelation or divinely inspired, or in non-theistic religions such as some Indian religions they are considered to be the central tenets of their eternal Dharma. In contrast to sacred texts, many religious texts are narratives or discussions about the specific religion's general themes, interpretations, practices, or important figures.

In some religions (e.g. Christianity), the canonical texts include a particular text (Bible) but are "an unsettled question," according to linguist Eugene Nida. In others (Hinduism, Buddhism), there "has never been a definitive canon". While the term scripture is derived from the Latin scriptura, meaning "writing", most sacred scriptures of the world's major religions were originally a part of their oral tradition, and were "passed down through memorization from generation to generation until they were finally committed to writing", according to Encyclopaedia Britannica.

In Islam, the Sunnah are the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The Sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw, followed, and passed on to the next generations. According to classical Islamic theories,Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought, 1996: p.7 the Sunnah are documented by hadith (the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions or disapprovals attributed to Muhammad), and alongside the Quran (the book of Islam) is the divine revelation ( wahy) delivered through Muhammad that make up the primary sources of Sharia and theology. However, sects of Islam differ on which hadiths (if any) should be accepted as canonical (see criticism of hadith).

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See also

• List of religious texts

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Further reading

• The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts

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External links

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