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A colonial empire is a engaging in , possibly establishing or maintaining , infused with some form of and . Such states can expand contiguous as well as overseas. Colonial empires may set up colonies as .

Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other had conquered and colonized territories, such as the in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration

between the then most advanced maritime powers, and , during the 15th century.Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "kolonie geschiedenis. §1.2 De moderne koloniale expansie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was , driven by the new ideas and the that grew out of the European . Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479, , and 1494. European was born out of competition between European Christians and Muslims, the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes to India, and to a lesser extent, China.

Although colonies existed in classical antiquity, especially amongst the and the who settled many islands and coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, these colonies were politically independent from the they originated from, and thus did not constitute a colonial empire.Encarta, s.v. "kolonie geschiedenis. §1.1 Oudheid. This paradigm shifted by the time of the , the , and the .

The European countries of the that are most remembered as colonial empires are the , , Portugal, , Netherlands, France, Germany and Belgium.

History
European colonial empires
Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonial empires
(2015). 9781107109711 .
Powell, Philip Wayne (1991?). Árbol de odio: la leyenda negra y sus consecuencias en las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y el mundo hispánico. Ediciones Iris de Paz. . OCLC 55157841 under the leadership of Henry the Navigator. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign states. Portugal would eventually control , territories such as what is now Uruguay and some fishing ports in north, in the ; Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, and São Tomé and Príncipe (among other territories and bases) in the and the Subsaharan ; cities, forts or territories in all the subcontinents, as Muscat, and (amongst other bases) in the ; , and Daman and Diu (amongst other coastal cities) in ; Portuguese Ceylon; Malacca, bases in Southeast Asia and , as , , , and others in the , ; and the granted entrepôt-base of and the entrepôt-enclave of () in , amongst other smaller or short-lived possessions.

During its Siglo de Oro, the had possession of , , the , all of , a from the Duchy of Milan to the , , and , parts of , and many colonial settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Possessions in Europe, Africa, the , the Americas, the , and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence. From 1580 to 1640 the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the Iberian Union, but beneath the highest level of government, their separate administrations were maintained.

Subsequent colonial empires included the English, and French empires. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, by virtue of its technological and maritime supremacy, the steadily expanded to become by far the largest empire in history; at its height ruling over a quarter of the Earth's land area and 24% of the population. Britain's role as a global hegemon during this time ushered in a century of "", lasting from the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars to the start of World War I. During the , Italy and Germany also built their colonial empires in Africa, while Japan started to encroach into former Chinese domains after they have settled their own reformation.

Timeline
The chart below shows the span of some European colonial empires.
  • Black lines mark the year of the empires largest territorial extent of land area.
  • Red represents that the empire is at that time a .
  • Blue represents that the empire is at that time a .
ImageSize = width:750 height:450 PlotArea = width:650 height:350 left:50 bottom:50

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1400 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:1400

  1. there is no automatic collision detection,
  2. so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap

Colors= 

 id:red  value:red

Define $dx = 25 # shift text to right side of bar Define $dy = -5 # adjust height

PlotData= 

 bar:Belgian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1908  till:1962 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1928 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:British color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1707  till:1997 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1920 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:Danish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1536  till:1953 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1810 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:Dutch color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1602  till:1806 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1806  till:1975 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1806 mark: (line,red)
 at:1930 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:English color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1585  till:1649 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1649  till:1660 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1660  till:1707 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1649 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1660 mark: (line,red)
 at:1707 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:French color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1534  till:1792 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1792  till:1814 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1814  till:1870 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1870  till:1980 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 at:1792 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1814 mark: (line,red)
 at:1870 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1920 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:German color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1884  till:1918 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1912 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:Italian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1885  till:1946 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1946  till:1960 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 at:1946 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1939 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:Portuguese color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1415  till:1999 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1910  till:1999 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 at:1910 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1815 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:Russian color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1721  till:1917 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1895 mark: (line,black)
     

 bar:Spanish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1492  till:1931 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1931  till:1947 shift:($dx,-2)    color:blue
 from:1947  till:1975 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1873 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1874 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1931 mark: (line,blue)
 at:1810 mark: (line,black)
 at:1947 mark: (line,blue)
     

 bar:Swedish color:red width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:7
 from:1638  till:1663 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 from:1784  till:1878 shift:($dx,-2)    color:red
 at:1658 mark: (line,black)

List of colonial empires
:
  • Belgian Empire (1908–1962)
    • Possessions in Africa
    • Possessions in Asia
      • Belgian concession of Tianjin (1902–1931)
  • (1707–1997/present)
    • Evolution of the British Empire; ; English colonial empire (1585–1707)
    • Possessions in Europe
      • British Ireland
      • United States of the Ionian Islands
      • British Gibraltar
      • British Minorca
      • British Heligoland
    • Possessions in Africa
      • British Somaliland (1884–1960)
      • (1914–1936)
      • Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
      • East Africa Protectorate (1895–1920)
      • (1920–1963)
      • Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)
      • Tanganyika (territory) (1922–1961)
      • Protectorate of (1893–1964)
      • Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (1924–1964)
      • Colony of Southern Rhodesia (1923–1965), (1979–1980)
      • Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885–1966)
      • (1914–1954)
      • British Gold Coast (1867–1957)
      • British Sierra Leone (1808–1961)
      • (1821–1965)
    • Possessions in the Americas
      • Thirteen Colonies
      • British West Indies
        • Bahamas
        • Barbados
        • (1671–1816),(1833–1958)
        • (1833–1960)
        • Colony of Jamaica (1655–1962)
        • Trinidad and Tobago
      • (1862–1981)
      • (1814–1966)
      • (1638–1860)
    • Possessions in South Asia
      • (1757–1858)
      • (1858–1947)
      • (1815–1948)
      • (protectorate) (1907–1947)
      • (protectorate) (1861–1948)
      • Nepal (protectorate) (1816–1923)
    • Possessions in East Asia
      • (1841–1997)
    • Possessions in the Middle East
      • (1820–1971)
      • British Bahrain (1861-1971)
      • British Qatar (1916–1971)
      • (1920–1932) (1932–1958)
      • (1921–1946)
      • Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)
      • Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1899–1961)
      • Aden Protectorate (1872–1963)
      • Muscat and Oman (1892–1970)
      • Emirate of Afghanistan (protectorate) (1879–1947)
    • Possessions in Southeast Asia
    • Dominions of the United Kingdom
      • States and territories of Australia (1901–present)
        • itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1901, 1942 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandates of New Guinea and Nauru
      • Realm of New Zealand (1907–present)
        • itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1907, 1947 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandate of Samoa. It was also nominal co-trustee of the mandate of Nauru. The remaining non-self-governing New Zealand territory is .
      • Mandates under South African administration (1915–1990)
        • The South-West Africa mandate was governed by the Union of South Africa, that itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1910, 1931 and 1961.
  • Danish Empire (1620–1979/)
    • (1620–1869)
    • Danish Gold Coast (1658–1850)
    • Danish colonization of the Americas:
      • Danish West Indies (1754–1917)
      • (1814–1979)
  • (1602–1975/present)
  • French Empire (1534–1980/)
    • French colonization of the Americas:
      • France Antarctique (1555–1567)
      • (1534–1763) and
      • French West Indies (1635–today)
        • Îles des Saintes (1648–present)
        • (1635–present)
        • la Désirade (1635–present)
        • (1635–present)
        • (1635–present)
      • Saint Pierre and Miquelon
    • Asia:
      • (1664–1962)
      • and French Indochinese Union (1887–1954)
        • Laos (protectorate) (1893–1953)
        • Cambodia (protectorate) (1863–1953)
          • Cochinchina (Southern Vietnam) (1858–1949)
          • Annam (protectorate) (Central Vietnam) (1883–1949)
          • Tonkin (protectorate) (Northern Vietnam) (1884–1949)
        • The foreign concessions : French Concession of Shanghai (1849–1946), Tianjin (1860–1946) and (1898–1946)
        • The spheres of French influence officially recognized by China on the provinces of , , , and
        • (1859–1949) (a fifth of the island)
        • French Guangzhouwan (1898–1945)
    • Possessions in the Middle East
      • Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (1920–1946)
    • French Africa:
      • French North Africa (1830–1934)
      • French Morocco (1912–1956)
      • French Tunisia (1886–1956)
      • French Somaliland (1883–1975)
      • French West Africa (1895–1958)
      • French Madagascar (1882–1958)
      • French Comoros (1866–1968)
      • French Equatorial Africa (1910–1958)
      • Isle de France (1715–1810)
      • (1756–1810)
      • The Scattered Islands
      • Reunion (1710–present)
      • (1841–present)
    • Oceania:
      • (1906–1980)
      • Wallis and Futuna
      • Clipperton Island
  • German Empire (1884–1920)
    • (1884–1918)
    • (1884–1916)
    • German South West Africa (1884–1919)
    • German New Guinea (1884–1919)
    • German East Africa (1885–1919)
    • (1900–1920)
    • German Concession in Tientsin
    • German concession of
    • German Tsingtao
      • German Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
  • (1882–1960)
    • (1882–1947)
    • Somaliland (1889–1947, 1950–1960 as Italian Trust Territory of Somaliland)
    • (1936–1941)
      • Italian East Africa (formed by merging Eritrea, Somaliland and Ethiopia: 1936–1947)
    • Cyrenaica (1912–1947)
    • Tripolitania (1912–1947)
      • (Formed by merging Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in 1934. It dissolved in 1947. It also included the Southern Military Territory of Fezzan)
    • Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–1947)
    • Italian Albania (1939–1943)
    • Italian France (1940–1943)
    • Italian Montenegro (1941–1943)
    • Italian concession of Tientsin (1901–1947)
  • Portuguese Empire (1415–1999)
    • Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
    • Portuguese colonization of the Americas
    • (1505–1961)
    • Portuguese Ceylon (1598–1658)
    • (1702–1975)
    • (1557–1999)
    • Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641)
    • Portuguese Nagasaki (1580–1587)
    • (1507–1656)
    • Tamão (1514–1521)
    • Portuguese Africa
      • Portuguese East Africa (1498–1975)
      • West Africa (1575–1975)
      • Guinea (1474–1974) (1974–1975)
      • Portuguese Cape Verde (1462–1975)
      • Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (1470–1975)
      • Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá (1721–1961)
      • Portuguese Gold Coast (1482–1642)
  • (1721–1917)
    • Finland
    • Siberia
    • Caucasus
    • Central Asia
    • Russian colonization of North America:
    • (1889)
    • Russian Port Arthur
    • Russian concession in Tientsin
  • (1492–1825/1898-1975)
    • Spanish colonization of the Americas
      • Viceroyalty of Peru
      • Viceroyalty of New Granada
      • Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
    • Spanish East Indies (1565–1898)part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain before 1821.

    • Spanish Africa
      • (1778–1968)Part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata before 1810.
      • (1884–1975)
      • Spanish protectorate in Morocco (1912–1956)
      • (1476–1524/1859–1969).
      • Plazas de soberanía (Enclaves in North Africa)
        • Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478–1524)
        • Spanish (1505–1708, 1732–1792)
        • (1509–1708, 1732–1792)
        • (1510–1530)
        • Spanish Béjaïa (1510–1555)
        • Peñón de Algiers (1510–1529)
        • Spanish Tunisia (1535–1569, 1573–1574)
        • Spanish Larache (1610–1689)
        • Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508–present)
        • (1497–present)
        • (1578/1668–present)
    • Possessions of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, and Spanish House of BourbonDuring the reign of Philip V of Borbon, an intense diplomatic and military activity was developed with which the recovery of a significant Spanish presence in Italy was achieved. He placed several of his sons as independent sovereigns in different territories, such as the Duchy of Parma and especially the Kingdom of Naples, where the spanish House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and House of Bourbon-Parma ruled until 1860. in Europe:
      • Spanish Burgundian lands
        • Spanish Netherlands (1555–1713)
          • Spanish Holland (1555–1581)
          • Spanish Belgium (1555–1713)
          • Spanish Luxembourg (1555–1713)
        • Franche-Comté (1555–1678)
        • Charolais (1555–1678)
        • (1617–1648)Herfried Münkler: Der Dreißigjährige Krieh. Rowohlt, Berlin 2017
        • Spanish Palatinate (1620–1652)
      • Spanish Italy
        • Kingdom of Sardinia (1479–1713), 1717–1720)
        • (1479–1713), 1734–1815)
        • (1503–1713), 1734–1806)
        • (1524–1641)
        • State of the Presidi (1557–1708)
        • Duchy of Milan (1559–1706)
        • Marquisate of Finale (1602–1713)
        • Spanish Grischun (1620–1639)
        • Principality of Piombino (1628–1634)
        • Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1734–1738, 1748–1796, 1847–1854)
        • (1801–1807)
        • Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847)
        • (1815–1860)
  • Swedish Empire (1638–1663, 1733, 1784–1878)
    • Swedish colonies in the Americas
      • (1638–1655)
      • Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy (1784–1878)
      • (1813–1814)
    • Swedish Gold Coast (1650–1658, 1660–1663)
    • Swedish Africa Company
    • Swedish East India Company
    • (1733)
    • Swedish Factory, (1757–1860)


:

  • Empire of Japan (1868–1945)
    • as (1869–present)
    • as Okinawa Prefecture (1879–1945; 1972–present)Gregory Smits (1999). Visions of Ryukyu: Early-Modern Thought and Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 143–149·
    • Taiwan (1895–1945)
    • Karafuto Prefecture (1905–1949)
    • Korea (1910–1945)
    • South Seas Mandate (1919–1947)
    • (1932–1945)
    • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (1932–1945)
  • (1354–1908)


:

  • (1857–present)
    • U.S. overseas territories:
      • Minor Outlying Islands (1857–present)
      • (1900–present)
      • (1899–present)
        • Naval Government of Guam (1899–1950)
      • (1986–present)
      • (1899–present)
        • Military Government of Porto Rico (1899–1900)
        • Insular Government of Porto Rico (1900–1952)
      • (1917–present)
      • (1899–1946)
        • Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1899–1902)
        • Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1902–1935)
        • Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946)
      • Republic of Hawaii (1898–1900)
      • Swan Islands (1863–1972)
    • U.S.-administered areas:
  • Habsburg monarchy Colonies and the (1719–1750, 1778–1783, 1901–1917)
    • Austrian colonial policy
      • Austrian East India Company
        • Austrian colonisation of Nicobar Islands (1778–1785)
        • Austrian Delagoa Bay (1773–1781)
        • Móric Benyovszky's Madagascar (1774–1779)
    • Franz Josef Land
    • Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin (1901–1917)
    • Hungarian colonial attempts
  • Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1637–1795)
    • Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (a vassal of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1637–1690):
      • Couronian colonization in Africa
      • Couronian colonization of the Americas
  • German colonial initiatives (1683–1721)
    • Colonies of Brandenburg-Prussia (1683–1721)Part of the Holy Roman Empire before 1804.
    • of County of Hanaupart of the Holy Roman Empire before 1736
    • Neu-Askania (1828–1856)
    • German colonization of the Americas
  • Pre-unification Italian colonialism
    • Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Thornton expedition (1608–1609)
    • Kingdom of Sicily: Kingdom of Africa (1135–1160)
    • Knights Hospitaller ( Malta, a vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily): Hospitaller colonization of the Americas
    • :
    • : Stato da Màr
    • List of possessions of Norway (1920–present)
    • Erik the Red's Land
    • Norway Antarctic and sub-Antarctic possessions (1927–1957)The dependencies of Norway are uninhabited, thus as end date is taken the latest date of full Norwegian sovereignty extension to such territory, instead of the date of or integration in the administrative structures of the mainland.
claimed in 1927, under Norway sovereignty since 1930.
Peter I Island claimed in 1929, under Norway sovereignty since 1933.
Queen Maud Land claimed in 1938, under Norway sovereignty since 1957.
Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land fall under the scope of the Antarctic Treaty System since 1961.
  • Kingdom of Scotland (1621–1707)
    • Scottish colonization of the Americas
  • Kingdom of Morocco (1975–present)
    • Southern Provinces
  • (1652–1892)
    • (1624–1742)
    • Sultanate of Muscat (1652–1820)
    • (taken by Oman in 1698, became capital of the Omani Sultanate or Empire from 1632 or 1640; until 1890)
    • (1698–1728, 1729–1744, 1837–1890)
    • (1783–1958)
  • Chinese Empire (from to ), (221 BC – 1911)
      • Imperial Chinese Tributary System
      • (since the Han dynasty)
      • (during the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties)
        • Canghai Commandery(A commandery that self subjugated to Han dynasty from Dongye)
        • Four Commanderies of Han (Established after the fall of Gojoseon)
        • Daifang Commandery (Offshoot of the former four commanderies of Han that existed in the 3rd to 4th century)
        • Colonization attempts of the after Unification of the three kingdoms of Korea (Gyerim Territory Area Command, Protectorate General to Pacify the East and Ungjin Commandery)
        • Dongnyeong Prefectures, Ssangseong Prefectures and Tamna prefectures (Yuan dynasty)
        • Chinese concession of Incheon (during the Qing dynasty)
      • (during for example the Tang and Qing dynasties)
      • (during the Qing dynasty)
      • (during the Yuan and Qing dynasties)
      • Vietnam (from the Han to Tang dynasties, and during the early Ming dynasty)
      • (during the Tang and Qing dynasties)
        • Protectorate General to Pacify the West
  • colonies as the Aksum Empire and Abyssinian empire
  • Persian Empires
  • Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate
    • Srivijaya
    • Sri Lanka
  • (1799–1849)
    • (1819–1846)
    • Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1834–1849)

See also

Notes and references
External links

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