A drink or beverage is a liquid intended for human consumption. In addition to their basic function of satisfying thirst, drinks play important roles in human culture. Common types of drinks include plain drinking water, milk, juice, and soft drinks. Traditionally Hot beverage include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Caffeinated drinks that contain the stimulant caffeine have a long history.
In addition, such as wine, beer, and liquor, which contain the drug ethanol, have been part of human culture for more than 8,000 years. Non-alcoholic drinks often signify drinks that would normally contain alcohol, such as beer, wine and , but are made with a sufficiently low concentration of alcohol by volume. The category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as Low-alcohol beer and de-alcoholized wines.
Biology
When the human body becomes
dehydrated, a person experiences
thirst. This craving of fluids results in an instinctive
need to drink. Thirst is regulated by the
hypothalamus in response to subtle changes in the body's
electrolyte levels, and also as a result of changes in the volume of blood circulating. The complete deprivation of drinks (that is,
water) will result in
death faster than the removal of any other substance besides
oxygen.
Water and
milk have been basic drinks throughout history.
As water is essential for life, it has also been the carrier of many diseases.
As society developed, techniques were discovered to create alcoholic drinks from the plants that were available in different areas. The earliest archaeological evidence of wine production yet found has been at sites in Georgia ( BCE)[[1] Prehistoric brewing: the true story, 22 October 2001, Archaeo News. Retrieved 13 September 2008] and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale.
History
Drinking has been a large part of socialising throughout the centuries. In
ancient Greece, a social gathering for the purpose of drinking was known as a
symposium, where watered down wine would be drunk. The purpose of these gatherings could be anything from serious discussions to direct indulgence. In
ancient Rome, a similar concept of a
convivium took place regularly.
Many early societies considered alcohol a gift from the gods,
Toasting is a method of honoring a person or wishing good will by taking a drink.
In East Africa and Yemen, coffee was used in native religious ceremonies. As these ceremonies conflicted with the beliefs of the Christian church, the Ethiopian Church banned the secular consumption of coffee until the reign of Emperor Menelik II.
Production
A drink is a form of liquid which has been prepared for human consumption. The preparation can include a number of different steps, some prior to transport, others immediately prior to consumption.
Purification of water
Water is the chief constituent in all drinks, and the primary ingredient in most. Water is purified prior to
drinking water. Methods for purification include
filtration and the addition of chemicals, such as chlorination. The importance of purified water is highlighted by the World Health Organization, who point out 94% of deaths from
diarrhea – the third biggest cause of infectious death worldwide at 1.8 million annually – could be prevented by improving the quality of the victim's environment, particularly safe water.
Pasteurization
Pasteurization is the process of heating a liquid for a period of time at a specified temperature, then immediately cooling. The process reduces the growth of
within the liquid, thereby increasing the time before spoilage. It is primarily used on
milk, which prior to pasteurization is commonly infected with
bacteria and therefore is more likely than any other part of the common diet in the developed world to cause illness.
Juicing
The process of extracting
Fruit juice and
Vegetable juice can take a number of forms. Simple crushing of most fruits will provide a significant amount of liquid, though a more intense pressure can be applied to get the maximum amount of juice from the fruit. Both crushing and pressing are processes used in the production of
wine.
Infusion
Infusion is the process of extracting flavors from plant material by allowing the material to remain suspended within water. This process is used in the production of
,
herbal teas and can be used to prepare
coffee (when using a
french press).
Percolation
The name is derived from the word "
percolation" which means
to cause (a solvent) to pass through a permeable substance especially for extracting a soluble constituent.
In the case of coffee-brewing the solvent is water, the permeable substance is the coffee grounds, and the soluble constituents are the chemical compounds that give coffee its color, taste, aroma, and stimulating properties.
Carbonation
Carbonation is the process of dissolving
carbon dioxide into a liquid, such as water.
Fermentation
Fermentation is a
metabolism process that converts
sugar to
ethanol. Fermentation has been used by humans for the production of drinks since the
Neolithic age. In
winemaking, grape juice is combined with yeast in an anaerobic environment to allow the fermentation.
[Jeff Cox "From Vines to Wines: The Complete Guide to Growing Grapes and Making Your Own Wine" pgs 133–136 Storey Publishing 1999 ] The amount of sugar in the wine and the length of time given for fermentation determine the alcohol level and the sweetness of the wine.
[D. Bird "Understanding Wine Technology" pg 67–73 DBQA Publishing 2005 ]
When brewing beer, there are four primary ingredients – water, grain, yeast and hops. The grain is encouraged to germinate by soaking and drying in heat, a process known as malting. It is then milled before soaking again to create the sugars needed for fermentation. This process is known as mashing. Hops are added for flavouring, then the yeast is added to the mixture (now called wort) to start the fermentation process.
Distillation
Distillation is a method of separating
based on differences in volatility of components in a boiling liquid mixture. It is one of the methods used in the purification of water. It is also a method of producing spirits from milder alcoholic drinks.
Mixing
An
alcoholic drink mixed drink that contains two or more ingredients is referred to as a cocktail. Cocktails were originally a mixture of spirits, sugar, water, and
bitters.
The term is now often used for almost any mixed drink that contains alcohol, including mixers, mixed shots, etc.
A cocktail today usually contains one or more kinds of spirit and one or more
Drink mixer, such as
Carbonated water or
fruit juice. Additional ingredients may be
sugar,
honey,
milk,
cream, and various
.
Type
Non-alcoholic drinks
A non-alcoholic drink is one that contains little or no
Ethanol. This category includes
low-alcohol beer, non-alcoholic
wine, and
apple cider if they contain a sufficiently low concentration of alcohol by volume (ABV). The exact definition of what is "non-alcoholic" and what is not depends on local laws: in the
United Kingdom, "alcohol-free beer" is under 0.05% ABV, "de-alcoholised beer" is under 0.5%, while "low-alcohol beer" can contain no more than 1.2% ABV.
The term "soft drink" specifies the absence of alcohol in contrast to "hard drink" and "drink". The term "drink" is theoretically neutral, but often is used in a way that suggests alcoholic content. Drinks such as soda pop,
sparkling water,
iced tea,
lemonade,
root beer,
fruit punch,
milk,
hot chocolate,
tea,
coffee,
,
tap water,
bottled water,
juice, and
are all soft drinks.
Water
Water is the world's most consumed drink,
however, 97% of water on Earth is non-drinkable salt water.
Fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, groundwater, and frozen glaciers.
[ Where is Earth's water? , United States Geological Survey.] Less than 1% of the Earth's fresh water supplies are accessible through surface water and underground sources which are cost effective to retrieve.
In western cultures, water is often drunk cold. In the Chinese culture, it is typically drunk hot.
Milk
Milk is regarded as one of the "original" drinks;
milk is the primary source of nutrition for babies. In many cultures of the world, especially the Western world, humans continue to consume dairy milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (especially
cattle,
Goat milk and
sheep milk) as a drink.
Carbonated drinks
Carbonated drinks refer to drinks which have carbon dioxide dissolved into them. This can happen naturally through fermenting and in natural water spas or artificially by the dissolution of carbon dioxide under pressure. The first commercially available artificially carbonated drink is believed to have been produced by Thomas Henry in the late 1770s.
Cola, orange, various roots, ginger, and lemon/lime are commonly used to create non-alcoholic carbonated drinks; sugars and preservatives may be added later.
The most consumed carbonated soft drinks are produced by three major global brands: Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and the Dr Pepper Snapple Group.
Hot drinks
These drinks are often served warm or hot.
Coffee
Coffee is a
Drip brew drink prepared from the roasted seeds of several species of an
evergreen shrub of the
genus Coffea. The two most common sources of coffee beans are the highly regarded
Coffea arabica, and the "robusta" form of the hardier
Coffea canephora. Coffee plants are cultivated in more than 70 countries. Once ripe, coffee "berries" are picked, processed, and dried to yield the seeds inside. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor, before being ground and brewed to create coffee.
Coffee is slightly acidic (pH 5.0–5.1[ Coffee and Health. Thecoffeefaq.com (2005-02-16). Retrieved on 2013-01-22.]) and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content. It is one of the most popular drinks in the world.
Coffee cultivation first took place in southern Arabia;
Coffee may have been used socially in the Renaissance of the 17th century.
Hot chocolate
Hot chocolate, also known as drinking chocolate or cocoa, is a heated drink consisting of shaved
chocolate, melted chocolate or
Cocoa solids, heated milk or water, and usually a sweetener. Hot chocolate may be topped with whipped cream. Hot chocolate made with melted chocolate is sometimes called drinking chocolate, characterized by less sweetness and a thicker consistency.
The first chocolate drink is believed to have been created by the Mayans around 2,500-3,000 years ago, and a cocoa drink was an essential part of Aztec culture by 1400 AD, by which they referred to as xocōlātl.
Hot chocolate is consumed throughout the world and comes in multiple variations, including the spiced chocolate para mesa of Latin America, the very thick cioccolata calda served in Italy and chocolate a la taza served in Spain, and the thinner hot cocoa consumed in the United States. Prepared hot chocolate can be purchased from a range of establishments, including , fast food restaurants, and . Powdered hot chocolate mixes, which can be added to boiling water or hot milk to make the drink at home, are sold at and online.
Tea
Tea, the second most consumed drink in the world, is produced from infusing dried leaves of the
Camellia sinensis shrub, in boiling water.
There are many ways in which tea is prepared for consumption: lemon or milk and sugar are among the most common additives worldwide. Other additions include butter and salt in
Bhutan,
Nepal, and
Tibet;
bubble tea in
Taiwan; fresh ginger in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; mint in North Africa and Senegal; cardamom in Central Asia; rum to make
Jagertee in Central Europe; and coffee to make yuanyang in Hong Kong. Tea is also served differently from country to country: in
China,
Japan and
South Korea tiny cups are used to serve tea; in Thailand and the United States tea is often served cold (as "
iced tea") or with a lot of sweetener; Indians boil tea with milk and a blend of spices as
masala chai; tea is brewed with a
samovar in Iran,
Kashmir, Russia and Turkey; and in the Australian
Outback it is traditionally brewed in a
billycan.
Tea leaves can be processed in different ways resulting in a drink which appears and tastes different. Chinese yellow and green tea are steamed, roasted and dried; Oolong tea is semi-oxidised and appears green-black and black teas are fully oxidised.
Herbal tea
Around the world, people refer to other herbal infusions as "teas"; it is also argued that these were popular long before the
Camellia sinensis shrub was used for tea making.
Leaves, flowers, roots or bark can be used to make a herbal infusion and can be bought fresh, dried or powdered.
Juice and plant drinks
Juice is a natural product that contains few or no additives. Citrus products such as
orange juice and
tangerine juice are familiar breakfast drinks, while
grapefruit juice, pineapple, apple, grape, lime, and lemon juice are also common.
Coconut water is a highly nutritious and refreshing juice. Many kinds of berries are crushed; their juices are mixed with water and sometimes sweetened. Raspberry, blackberry and
Ribes are popular juices drinks but the percentage of water also determines their nutritive value. Grape juice allowed to ferment produces
wine.
Fruits are highly perishable so the ability to extract juices and store them was of significant value. Some fruits are highly acidic and mixing them with water and sugars or honey was often necessary to make them palatable. Fruits can also be blended with ice and other ingredients to make a smoothie. Early storage of fruit juices was labor-intensive, requiring the crushing of the fruits and the mixing of the resulting pure juices with sugars before bottling.
|
|
Largely regulated throughout the world; 'juice' is often protected to be used for only 100% fruit. |
Water removed from fruit juice by heating or freezing. |
Mixture of fruit pulp, sugar and water which is consumed as 'one shot'. |
A mixture of fruit juices. Contains around 65% sugar. |
Produced using strained fruit juice, 45% sugar and preservatives. |
Fruit is liquefied and water added. |
All 'suspended matter' is eliminated by filtration or clarification. |
Carbon dioxide added to fruit drink. |
Cooled drink of sweetened diluted fruit juice. |
1 fruit crushed into puree and left to ferment. Is then heated with sugar to create syrup. |
are usually served warm or cold. Different types of vegetables can be used to make vegetable juice such as , tomatoes, , celery and many more. Some vegetable juices are mixed with some fruit juice to make the vegetable juice taste better. Many popular vegetable juices, particularly ones with high tomato content, are high in sodium, and therefore consumption of them for health must be carefully considered. Some vegetable juices provide the same health benefits as whole vegetables in terms of reducing risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Plant milk is a general term for any milk-like product that is derived from a plant source. The most common varieties internationally are soy milk, almond milk, rice milk, coconut milk and oat milk.
Sleep drinks
A nightcap is a drink taken shortly before bedtime to induce sleep. For example, a small
alcoholic drink or a cup of
Sleep induction can supposedly promote a good night's sleep. Today, most nightcaps and
are generally non-alcoholic beverages containing calming ingredients. They are considered beverages which serve to relax a person. Unlike other calming beverages, such as
tea,
warm milk or
milk with
honey; relaxation drinks almost universally contain more than one active ingredient. Relaxation drinks have been known to contain other natural ingredients and are usually free of
caffeine and alcohol but some have claimed to contain marijuana.
Alcoholic drinks
A drink is considered "alcoholic" if it contains
ethanol, commonly known as alcohol (although in
chemistry the definition of "alcohol" includes many other compounds).
Beer has been a part of human civilisation for around 8,000 years.
Beer
Beer is an
alcoholic drink produced by the
Hydrolysis of
starch and fermentation of the resulting sugar. The starch and saccharification
are often derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly
barley and malted wheat.
Most beer is also flavoured with
hops, which
bittering agent and act as a natural
preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The preparation of beer is called
brewing. Beer is the world's most widely consumed
alcoholic drink,
and is the third-most consumed drink overall, after
Drinking water and
tea. It is said to have been discovered by goddess
Ninkasi around 5300 BCE, when she accidentally discovered yeast after leaving grain in jars that were later rained upon and left for several days. Women have been the chief creators of beer throughout history due to its association with domesticity and it, throughout much of history, being brewed in the home for family consumption. Only in recent history have men begun to dabble in the field.
It is thought by some to be the oldest
fermented drink.
[Joshua J. Mark (2011). Beer. Ancient History Encyclopedia.]
Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours,
Cider
Cider is a fermented
alcoholic drink made from
fruit juice, most commonly and traditionally
apple juice, but also the juice of
,
("Perry" cider) or other fruit. Cider may be made from any variety of apple, but certain
grown solely for use in cider are known as
.
The
United Kingdom has the highest per capita consumption of cider, as well as the largest cider-producing companies in the world,
, the U.K. produces 600 million litres of cider each year (130 million imperial gallons).
Wine
Wine is an
alcoholic drink made from fermented
or other fruits. The natural chemical balance of grapes lets them ferment without the addition of
,
,
, water, or other
.
Yeast consumes the sugars in the grapes and converts them into
Ethanol and
carbon dioxide. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. The well-known variations result from the very complex interactions between the biochemical development of the fruit, reactions involved in fermentation,
terroir and subsequent
appellation, along with human intervention in the overall process. The final product may contain tens of thousands of chemical compounds in amounts varying from a few percent to a few parts per billion.
Wines made from produce besides grapes are usually named after the product from which they are produced (for example, rice wine, pomegranate wine, Apfelwein and elderberry wine) and are generically called fruit wine. The term "wine" can also refer to starch-fermented or fortified drinks having higher alcohol content, such as barley wine, huangjiu, or sake.
Wine has a rich history dating back thousands of years, with the earliest production so far discovered having occurred BC in Georgia.
From its earliest appearance in written records, wine has also played an important role in religion. Red wine was closely associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians, who, according to Plutarch, avoided its free consumption as late as the 7th-century BC Saite dynasty, "thinking it to be the blood of those who had once battled against the gods".
Spirits
Spirits are distilled beverages that contain no
added sugar and have at least 20% alcohol by volume (ABV). Popular spirits include borovička,
brandy,
gin,
rum,
slivovitz,
tequila,
vodka, and
whisky. Brandy is a spirit created by distilling wine, whilst vodka may be distilled from any
starch- or
sugar-rich plant matter; most vodka today is produced from
Cereal such as
sorghum,
maize,
rye, or
wheat.
In culture
Places to drink
Throughout history, people have come together in establishments to socialise whilst drinking. This includes cafés and
, focus on providing hot drinks as well as light snacks. Many coffee houses in the
Middle East, and in
immigrant districts in the
Western world, offer
shisha (
nargile in Turkish and Greek), flavored tobacco smoked through a
hookah. Espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specialize in serving
espresso and espresso-based drinks.
In China and Japan, the establishment would be a tea house, where people would socialise while drinking tea. Chinese scholars have used the teahouse as a place to share ideas.
Alcoholic drinks are served in drinking establishments, which have different cultural connotations. For example, are fundamental to the culture of British culture,[ Public House Britannica.com; Subscription Required. Retrieved 3 July 2008.][ Australian Drinking Culture Convict Creations. Retrieved 24 April 2011.] Canada, New England, Metro Detroit, South Africa and New Zealand. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England. Many pubs are controlled by breweries, so cask ale or keg beer may be a better value than wines and spirits.
In contrast, types of bars range from seedy bars or nightclubs, sometimes termed "dive bars",[Todd Dayton, ] to elegant places of entertainment for the elite. Bars provide Bar stool or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. The term "bar" is derived from the specialized counter on which drinks are served. Some bars have entertainment on a stage, such as a live band, comedians, Go-Go dancing, or Striptease. Patrons may sit or stand at the bar and be served by the bartender, or they may sit at tables and be served by cocktail servers.
Matching with food
Human food and drink are often paired together to enhance the taste experience. This primarily happens with wine and a culture has grown up around the process. Weight, flavors and textures can either be contrasted or complemented.
[M. Oldman "Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine" pg 219–235 Penguin Books 2004 ] In recent years, food magazines began to suggest particular wines with recipes and restaurants would offer multi-course dinners matched with a specific wine for each course.
[K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 83-88 Workman Publishing 2001 ]
Presentation
Different drinks have unique receptacles for their consumption. This is sometimes purely for presentations purposes, such as for cocktails. In other situations, the drinkware has practical application, such as coffee cups which are designed for insulation or
Snifter which are designed to encourage evaporation but trap the aroma within the glass.
Many glasses include a stem, which allows the drinker to hold the glass without affecting the temperature of the drink. In champagne glasses, the bowl is designed to retain champagne's signature carbonation, by reducing the surface area at the opening of the bowl. Historically, champagne has been served in a champagne coupe, the shape of which allowed carbonation to dissipate even more rapidly than from a standard wine glass.
Commercial trade
International exports and imports
An important export commodity, coffee was the top agricultural export for twelve countries in 2004,
and it was the world's seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value in 2005.
[ To retrieve export values: Select the "commodities/years" tab. Under "subject", select "Export value of primary commodity." Under "country," select "World." Under "commodity," hold down the shift key while selecting all commodities under the "single commodity" category. Select the desired year and click "show data." A list of all commodities and their export values will be displayed.] Green (unroasted) coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world.
Investment
Some drinks, such as wine, can be used as an alternative investment.
This can be achieved by either purchasing and reselling individual bottles or cases of particular wines, or purchasing shares in an investment wine fund that pools investors' capital.
See also
-
List of beverages
-
List of hot drinks
-
List of national drinks
-
List of food and drink monuments
-
Sweetened beverage
Bibliography
External links
