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A shrimp (: shrimp (American English) or shrimps (British English)) is a common name typically used for with an elongated body and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – usually belonging to the Caridea or Dendrobranchiata, although some crustaceans outside of this order are also referred to as "shrimp". Any small crustacean may also be referred to as "shrimp", regardless of resemblance.
More narrow definitions may be restricted to Caridea, to smaller species of either of the aforementioned groups, or only the Marine life. Under a broader definition, shrimp may be synonymous with prawn, covering stalk-eyed swimming with long, narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae), and slender, Biramous. Shrimp Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 2012. They swim forward by paddling the on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail, driving them backwards very quickly ("lobstering"). and have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp typically have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching.Rudloe & Rudloe (2009), pp. 15–26.
Shrimp are widespread and Population. There are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats, both Fresh water and marine; they can be found feeding near the seafloor on most and estuaries, as well as in and . They play important roles in the food chain and are an important food source for larger animals ranging from fish to ; to escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. They usually live from one to seven years. Shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the Seasonal breeder.
Being one of the more popular shellfish eaten, the muscular tails of many forms of shrimp are eaten by humans, and they are widely Shrimp fishery and Aquaculture for human consumption. Commercially important shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year, and in 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming became more prevalent during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. Excessive bycatch and overfishing (from wild shrimperies) is a significant concern, and waterways may suffer from pollution when they are used to support shrimp farming.
The terms shrimp and prawn are , not . They are vernacular or colloquial terms, which lack the formal definition of scientific terms. They are not taxa, but are terms of convenience with little circumscriptional significance. There is no reason to avoid using the terms shrimp or prawn when convenient, but it is important not to confuse them with the names or relationships of actual taxa.
According to the crustacean taxonomist Tin-Yam Chan, "The terms shrimp and prawn have no definite reference to any known taxonomic groups. Although the term shrimp is sometimes applied to smaller species, while prawn is more often used for larger forms, there is no clear distinction between both terms and their usage is often confused or even reverse in different countries or regions."Chan, TY (1998) ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/w7192e/w7192e13.pdf In K.E. Carpenter & V.H. Niem. The living marine resources of the western central Pacific. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome, FAO. Writing in 1980, L. B. Holthuis noted that the terms prawn and shrimp were used inconsistently "even within a single region", generalising that larger species fished commercially were generally called shrimp in the United States, and prawns in other English-speaking countries, although not without exceptions.Holthuis, L. B. (1980) ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/ac477e/ac477e02.pdf Volume I of the FAO species catalogue, Fisheries Synopsis No.125, Rome. .
Much confusion surrounds the scope of the term shrimp. Part of the confusion originates with the word's ; many shrimp species are small, about long, but some shrimp exceed , such as Penaeus monodon. The expression "jumbo shrimp" can be viewed as an oxymoron, a problem that does not exist with the commercial designation "jumbo prawns". Larger shrimp are more likely to be Shrimp fishery and are often referred to as prawns, particularly in the Commonwealth of Nations.
The term shrimp originated around the 14th century with the Middle English shrimpe, akin to the Middle Low German schrempen, and meaning 'to contract or wrinkle'; and the Old Norse skorpna, meaning 'to shrivel up', or skreppa, meaning 'a thin person'. It is not clear where the term prawn originated, but early forms of the word surfaced in England in the early 15th century as prayne, praine and prane. prawn Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 5 August 2012. Prawn Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 5 August 2012.Anatoly Liberman (2012) After 'shrimp' comes 'prawn' Oxford University Press's Blog, 16 May 2012. According to the linguist Anatoly Liberman it is unclear how shrimp, in English, came to be associated with small, since no other language with Germanic origins associates shrimp with how large they are. "The same holds for Romance... it remains unclear in what circumstances the name was applied to the crustacean."Anatoly Liberman (2012) A scrumptious shrimp with a riddle Oxford University Press's Blog, 18 April 2012.
Shrimp are swimming with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae. Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well-developed (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adapted for swimming than walking. Historically, it was the distinction between walking and swimming that formed the primary taxonomic division into the former suborders Natantia and Reptantia. Members of the Natantia (shrimp in the broader sense) were adapted for swimming while the Reptantia (crabs, lobsters, etc.) were adapted for crawling or walking.Bauer, 2004, Chapter 1, pp. 3–14. Some other groups also have common names that include the word "shrimp";Bauer, 2004, Chapter 2, pp. 15–35. any small swimming crustacean resembling a shrimp tends to be called one, and a number of small-bodied crustacean groups not resembling shrimp are also referred to as shrimp.Rudloe & Rudloe (2009)
| Shrimp are slender with long muscular abdomens. They look somewhat like small lobsters, but not like crabs. The abdomens of crabs are small and short, whereas the abdomens of lobsters and shrimp are large and long. The lower abdomens of shrimp support pleopods which are well-adapted for swimming. The of crabs are wide and flat, whereas the carapaces of lobsters and shrimp are more cylindrical. The antennae of crabs are short, whereas the antennae of lobsters and shrimp are usually long, reaching more than twice the body length in some shrimp species.Mortenson, Philip B (2010) This is not a weasel: a close look at nature's most confusing terms Pages 106–109, John Wiley & Sons. . | (pictured left) and (pictured right) are an intermediate evolutionary development between shrimp and crabs. They look somewhat like large versions of shrimp. Clawed lobsters have large claws while spiny lobsters do not, having instead spiny antennae and carapace. Some of the biggest decapods are lobsters. Like crabs, lobsters have robust legs and are highly adapted for walking on the seafloor, though they do not walk sideways. Some species have rudimentary pleopods, which give them some ability to swim, and like shrimp they can lobster with their tail to escape predators, but their primary mode of locomotion is walking, not swimming. | evolved from early shrimp, though they do not look like shrimp. Unlike shrimp, their abdomens are small, and they have short antennae and short that are wide and flat. They have prominent grasping claws as their front pair of limbs. Crabs are adapted for walking on the seafloor. They have robust legs and usually move about the seafloor by walking sideways. They have pleopods, but they use them as intromittent organs or to hold egg broods, not for swimming. Whereas shrimp and lobsters escape predators by lobstering, crabs cling to the seafloor and burrow into sediment. Compared to shrimp and lobsters, the carapaces of crabs are particularly heavy, hard and mineralized.Ruppert et al. (2004), pp. 628–650.Ward, Peter (2006) Out of Thin Air: Dinosaurs, Birds, and Earth's Ancient Atmosphere page 219, National Academies Press. . |
Eight pairs of appendages issue from the cephalothorax. The first three pairs, the , Latin for "jaw feet", are used as mouthparts. In Crangon crangon, the first pair, the maxillula, pumps water into the gill cavity. After the maxilliped come five more pairs of appendages, the . These form the ten decapod legs. In Crangon crangon, the first two pairs of pereiopods have claws or chela. The chela can grasp food items and bring them to the mouth. They can also be used for fighting and grooming. The remaining four legs are long and slender, and are used for walking or perching. Decapod Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
The muscular abdomen has six segments and has a thinner shell than the carapace. Each segment has a separate overlapping shell, which can be transparent. The first five segments each have a pair of appendages on the underside, which are shaped like paddles and are used for swimming forward. The appendages are called or swimmerets, and can be used for purposes other than swimming. Some shrimp species use them for brooding eggs, others have gills on them for breathing, and the males in some species use the first pair or two for insemination. The sixth segment terminates in the telson flanked by two pairs of appendages called the . The uropods allow the shrimp to swim backward, and function like rudders, steering the shrimp when it swims forward. Together, the telson and uropods form a splayed tail fan. If a shrimp is alarmed, it can flex its tail fan in a rapid movement. This results in a backward dart called the caridoid escape reaction (lobstering).
Most shrimp are omnivorous, but some are specialised for particular modes of feeding. Some are filter feeders, using their seta (bristly) legs as a sieve; some scrape algae from rocks. Cleaner shrimp feed on the parasites and necrotic tissue of the reef fish they groom. Some species of shrimp are known to cannibalize others as well if other food sources are not readily available. In turn, shrimp are eaten by various animals, particularly fish and seabirds, and frequently host Bopyridae parasites.
Traditionally, decapods were divided into two suborders: the Natantia (or swimmers) and the Reptantia (or walkers). The Natantia or swimmers included the shrimp. They were defined by their abdomen which, together with its appendages was well adapted for swimming. The Reptantia or walkers included the crabs and lobsters. These species have small abdominal appendages, but robust legs well adapted for walking. The Natantia was thought to be paraphyletic; that is, it was thought that originally all decapods were like shrimp. Decapoda Palaeos. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
However, classifications are now based on , and the paraphyletic suborder Natantia has been discontinued. "On this basis, taxonomic classifications now divide the order Decapoda into the two suborders: Dendrobranchiata for the largest shrimp clade, and Pleocyemata for all other decapods. The Pleocyemata are in turn divided into half a dozen infra-orders"
Other decapod crustaceans also called shrimp, are the ghost or mud shrimp belonging to the infra-order Thalassinidea. In Australia they are called yabbies. The monophyly of the group is not certain; recent studies have suggested dividing the group into two infraorders, Gebiidea and Axiidea.
Some mantis shrimp are a foot long, and have bulging eyes, a flattened tail and formidable claws equipped with clubs or sharp spikes, which it can use to knock out its opponents.
In North America, indigenous peoples of the Americas captured shrimp and other crustaceans in and Fish trap made from branches and Spanish moss, or used nets woven with fibre beaten from plants. At the same time early European settlers, oblivious to the "protein-rich coasts" all about them, starved from lack of protein. In 1735 were imported from France, and Cajun fishermen in Louisiana started catching white shrimp and drying them in the sun, as they still do today. In the mid nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants arrived for the California Gold Rush, many from the Pearl River Delta where netting small shrimp had been a tradition for centuries. Some immigrants starting catching shrimp local to San Francisco Bay, particularly the small inch long Crangon. These shrimp burrow into the sand to hide, and can be present in high numbers without appearing to be so. The catch was dried in the sun and was exported to China or sold to the Chinese community in the United States. This was the beginning of the American shrimping industry. Overfishing and pollution from gold mine tailings resulted in the decline of the fishery. It was replaced by a penaeid white shrimp fishery on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. These shrimp were so abundant that beaches were piled with from their . Modern industrial shrimping methods originated in this area.Rudloe and Rudloe, 2009, pp.27–47.
"For shrimp to develop into one of the world's most popular foods, it took the simultaneous development of the otter trawl... and the internal combustion engine." Shrimp Bottom trawling can capture shrimp in huge volumes by dragging a net along the seafloor. Trawling was first recorded in England in 1376, when King Edward III received a request that he ban this new and destructive way of fishing.Holdsworth, Edmund William H (1883) The sea fisheries of Great Britain and Ireland Oxford University. . Full text In 1583, the Dutch banned shrimp trawling in estuaries.Roberts, p.138
Diesel engines were adapted for use in shrimp boats in the 1920s. Winch were connected to the engines, and only small crews were needed to rapidly lift heavy nets on board and empty them. Shrimp boats became larger, faster, and more capable. New fishing grounds could be explored, trawls could be deployed in deeper offshore waters, and shrimp could be tracked and caught round the year, instead of seasonally as in earlier times. Larger boats trawled offshore and smaller boats worked bays and estuaries. By the 1960s, steel and fibreglass hulls further strengthened shrimp boats, so they could trawl heavier nets, and steady advances in electronics, radar, sonar, and GPS resulted in more sophisticated and capable shrimp fleets.
As shrimp fishing methods industrialised, parallel changes were happening in the way shrimp were Fish processing. "In the 19th century, sun dried shrimp were largely replaced by Canned fish. In the 20th century, the canneries were replaced with freezers."
In the 1970s, significant shrimp farming was initiated, particularly in China. The farming accelerated during the 1980s as the quantity of shrimp demand exceeded the quantity supplied, and as excessive bycatch and threats to endangered sea turtles became associated with trawling for wild shrimp. In 2007, the production of farmed shrimp exceeded the capture of wild shrimp.
Shrimp trawling can result in very high incidental catch rates of non-target species. In 1997, the FAO found discard rates up to 20 pounds for every pound of shrimp. The world average was 5.7 pounds for every pound of shrimp. Trawling in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, have been identified as sources of mortality for species of finfish and cetaceans. Bycatch is often discarded dead or dying by the time it is returned to the sea, and may alter the ecological balance in discarded regions. Worldwide, shrimp trawl fisheries generate about 2% of the world's catch of fish in weight, but result in more than one third of the global bycatch total.
The most extensively fished species are the Acetes, the northern prawn, the southern rough shrimp, and the giant tiger prawn. Together these four species account for nearly half of the total wild capture. In recent years, the global capture of wild shrimp has been overtaken by the harvest from farmed shrimp.
As can be seen from the global production chart on the left, significant aquaculture production started slowly in the 1970s and then rapidly expanded during the 1980s. After a lull in growth during the 1990s, due to pathogens, production took off again and by 2007 exceeded the capture from wild fisheries. By 2010, the aquaculture harvest was 3.9 million tonnes, compared to 3.1 million tonnes for the capture of wild shrimp.
In the earlier years of marine shrimp farming the preferred species was the large giant tiger prawn. This species is reared in circular holding tanks where they think they are in the open ocean, and swim in "never ending migration" around the circumference of the tank.Kaplan (2006) p. 145. In 2000, global production was 630,984 tonnes, compared to only 146,362 tonnes for whiteleg shrimp. Subsequently, these positions reversed, and by 2010 the production of giant tiger prawn increased modestly to 781,581 tonnes while whiteleg shrimp rocketed nearly twenty-fold to 2,720,929 tonnes. The whiteleg shrimp is currently the dominant species in shrimp farming. It is a moderately large shrimp reaching a total length of 230 mm (9"), and is particularly suited to farming because it "breeds well in captivity, can be stocked at small sizes, grows fast and at uniform rates, has comparatively low protein requirements... and adapts well to variable environmental conditions."Lucas JS and Southgate PC (2011) Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants Section 21.2.3, John Wiley & Sons. . In China, prawns are cultured along with sea cucumbers and some fish species, in integrated multi-trophic systems.
The major producer of farmed shrimp is China. Other significant producers are Thailand, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Ecuador and Bangladesh. Most farmed shrimp is exported to the United States, the European Union and Japan, Shrimp , Aquaculture Stewardship Council (page visited on 7 September 2012). also other Asian markets, including South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore.
Investigations by The Guardian in 2014 and The Associated Press in 2015 found human rights abuses on fishing boats operated by Thailand. The boats are manned with slaves, and catch shrimp and fish (including fish for the production of fishmeal which is fed to farmed prawns).Martha Mendoza, Margie Mason and Robin McDowell (March 2015). AP Investigation: Is the fish you buy caught by slaves? , The Associated PressKate Hodal, Chris Kelly and Felicity Lawrence (June 2014). Revealed: Asian slave labour producing prawns for supermarkets in US, UK, The Guardian Greenpeace has challenged the sustainability of tropical shrimp farming practices on the grounds that farming these species "has led to the destruction of vast areas of in several countries and over-fishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms." Greenpeace has placed a number of the prominent tropical shrimp species that are farmed commercially on its seafood red list, including the whiteleg shrimp, Indian prawn and giant tiger shrimp. Seafood Red list Greenpeace. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
There is also evidence that shrimps, like other crustaceans, can feel pain. Common welfare concerns include water pollution, high population densities, and the spread of diseases. Additionally, many female shrimps have their eyes cut without anesthetic in order to induce maturation of the ovaries.
As with other seafood, shrimp is high in calcium, iodine and protein but low in food energy. A shrimp-based meal is also a significant source of cholesterol, from 122 milligram to 251 mg per 100 gram of shrimp, depending on the method of preparation. Shrimp consumption, however, is considered healthy for the circulatory system because the lack of significant levels of saturated fat in shrimp means that the high cholesterol content in shrimp improves the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol and lowers triglycerides.
Ebiko - shrimp roe, sometimes translated as "shrimp flakes" - is used as one of the ingredients in the preparation of sushi.
Shrimp and other shellfish are among the most common food allergy. They are not kosher and thus are forbidden in Jewish cuisine.
Since the early 2020s, Plant-based diet and Cultured meat alternatives to shrimps have emerged and have been rapidly improving.
Habitat
Shrimp are widespread, and can be found near the seafloor of most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. There are numerous species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Most shrimp species are marine, although about a quarter of the described species are found in fresh water. Marine species are found at depths of up to ,Fenner A. Chace, Jr. & Donald P. Abbott (1980). 9780804710459, Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804710459 and from the tropics to the polar regions. Although shrimp are almost entirely fully aquatic, the two species of Merguia are semi-terrestrial and spend a significant part of their life on land in mangrove.
Behaviour
There are many variations in the ways different types of shrimp look and behave. Even within the core group of caridean shrimp, the small delicate Pederson's shrimp (above) looks and behaves quite unlike the large commercial pink shrimp or the snapping pistol shrimp. The caridean family of pistol shrimp are characterized by big asymmetrical claws, the larger of which can produce a loud snapping sound. The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 600 species. Colonies of snapping shrimp are a major source of noise in the ocean and can interfere with sonar and underwater communication. The small emperor shrimp has a symbiotic relationship with and , and may help keep them clear of ectoparasites.
Mating
Females of the freshwater shrimp Caridina ensifera are capable of storing sperm from multiple partners, and thus can produce progeny with different paternities. Reproductive success of sires was found to correlate inversely with their genetic relatedness to the mother. This finding suggests that sperm competition and/or pre- and post-copulatory female choice occurs. Female choice may increase the fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression that ordinarily results from the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.
Species
Decapods
There is little agreement among taxonomists concerning the phylogeny of crustaceans. Decapoda: Reptantia Palaeos. Retrieved 7 September 2012. Within the decapods, "every study gives totally different results. Nor do even one of these studies match any of the rival morphology studies". Decapoda: Caridea Palaeos. Retrieved 20 August 2012. Some taxonomists identify shrimp with the infraorder Caridea and with the suborder Dendrobranchiata. What's the difference between a prawn and a shrimp? Museum Victoria. Retrieved 24 August 2012. While different experts give different answers, there is no disagreement that the caridean species are shrimp. There are over 3000 caridean species. Occasionally they are referred to as "true shrimp".Baeur, 2004, p.4.
Non-decapods
A wide variety of non-decapod crustaceans are also commonly referred to as shrimp. This includes the brine shrimp, clam shrimp, fairy shrimp and tadpole shrimp belonging to the branchiopods, the Lophogastrida, opossum shrimp and skeleton shrimp belonging the Malacostraca; and seed shrimp which are . Many of these species look quite unlike the commercial decapod shrimp that are eaten as seafood. For example, skeleton shrimp have short legs and a slender tail like a scorpion tail, fairy shrimp swim upside down with swimming appendages that look like leaves, and the tiny seed shrimp have bivalved carapaces which they can open or close. Krill resemble miniature shrimp, and are sometimes called "krill shrimp".Marin J "Shrimps and Krill" Fisheries and Aquaculture – Volume 2, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, UNESCO.
brine shrimp 8 Brine shrimp belong to the genus Artemia. They live in inland saltwater lakes in unusually high salinities, which protects them from most predators. They produce eggs, called Microbial cyst, which can be stored in a Dormancy state for long periods and then hatched on demand. This has led to the extensive use of brine shrimp as fish feed in aquaculture. Brine shrimp are sold as novelty gifts under the marketing name Sea-Monkeys. clam shrimp 150 Clam shrimp belong to the group Conchostraca. These freshwater shrimp have a hinged carapace which can open and close. fairy shrimp 300 Fairy shrimp belong to the class Anostraca. These 1–10 cm long freshwater or brackish shrimp have no carapace. They swim upside down with their belly uppermost, with swimming appendages that look like leaves. Most fairy shrimp are herbivores, and eat only the algae in the plankton. Their eggs can survive drought and temperature extremes for years, reviving and hatching after the rain returns. tadpole shrimp 20 Tadpole shrimp belong to the family Notostraca. These have not much changed since the Triassic. They are drought-resistant and can be found preying on fairy shrimp and small fish at the bottom of shallow lakes and . The longtail tadpole shrimp (pictured) has three eyes and up to 120 legs with on them.Gooderham, John and Tsyrlin, Edward (2002) The Waterbug Book: A Guide to the Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Temperate Australia Page 76, Csiro Publishing. . It lives for 20–90 days. Different populations can be bisexual, Parthenogenesis or Hermaphrodite. Lophogastrida 56 These marine pelagic shrimp make up the order Lophogastrida. They mostly inhabit relatively deep pelagic waters throughout the world. Like the related opossum shrimp, females lophogastrida carry a brood pouch. mantis shrimp 400 Mantis shrimp, so called because they resemble a praying mantis and a shrimp, make up the order Stomatopoda. They grow up to long, and can be vividly coloured. Some have powerful spiked claws which they punch into their prey, stunning, spearing and dismembering them. They have been called "thumb splitters" because of the severe gashes they can inflict if handled carelessly. opossum shrimp 1,000 Opossum shrimp belong to the order Mysida. They are called opossum shrimp because the females carry a brood pouch. Usually less than 3 cm long, they are not closely related to caridean or penaeid shrimp. They are widespread in marine waters, and are also found in some brackish and freshwater habitats in the Northern hemisphere. Marine mysids can form large and are an important source of food for many fish. Some freshwater mysids are found in groundwater and . skeleton shrimp Skeleton shrimp, sometimes known as ghost shrimp, are Amphipoda. Their threadlike slender bodies allow them to virtually disappear among fine filaments in seaweed. Males are usually much larger than females. For a good account of a specific species, see Caprella mutica. seed shrimp 13,000 Seed shrimp make up the class Ostracoda. This is a class of numerous small crustacean species which look like seeds, typically about one millimetre (0.04 in) in size. Their carapace looks like a clam shell, with two parts held together by a hinge to allow the shell to open and close. Some marine seed shrimp drift as pelagic plankton, but most live on the sea floor and burrow in the upper sediment layer. There are also freshwater and terrestrial species. The class includes carnivores, herbivores, filter feeders and scavengers.
Human uses
History
In 1991, archeologists suggested that ancient raised paved areas near the coast in Chiapas, Mexico, were platforms used for drying shrimp in the sun, and that adjacent clay hearths were used to dry the shrimp when there was no sun. Reconstructing mobility patterns of late hunter-gatherers in coastal Chiapas, Mexico: The view from the shellmounds" Barbara Voorhies, University of Colorado. The evidence was circumstantial, because the shells of shrimp are so thin they degrade rapidly, leaving no fossil remains. In 1985 Quitmyer and others found direct evidence dating back to 600 AD for shrimping off the southeastern coast of North America, by successfully identifying shrimp from the archaeological remains of their (jaws).Quitmyer IR, Wing ES, Hale HS and Jones DS (1985) "Aboriginal Subsistence and Settlement Archaeology of Kings Bay Locality" In Volume 2: Zooarchaeology, Reports of Investigations 2, edited by W.H. Adams. University of Florida, Department of Anthropology, Gainesville, FL.Quitmyer IR (1987) "Evidence for Aboriginal Shrimping Along the Southeastern Coast of North America" Paper presented at the 43rd Meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Charleston, SC. Clay vessels with shrimp decorations have been found in the ruins of Pompeii. In the 3rd century AD, the Greek author Athenaeus wrote in his literary work, Deipnosophistae; "... of all fish the daintiest is a young shrimp in fig leaves."Athenaeus (c. 300 AD) Deipnosophistae, 1 (7): 433.
Commercial species
Although there are thousands of species of shrimp worldwide, only about 20 of these species are commercially significant. The following table contains the principal commercial shrimp, the seven most harvested species. All of them are decapods; most of them belong to the Dendrobranchiata and four of them are penaeid shrimp.
Fishing
Commercial techniques for Shrimp fishery include otter trawls, Seine fishing and shrimp baiting. A system of nets is used when trawling. Fishing bait Fish trap are common in parts of the Pacific Northwest.
Farming
A shrimp farm is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns for human consumption. Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the United States, Japan and Western Europe. The total global production of farmed shrimp reached more than 1.6 million in 2003, representing a value of nearly 9 billion U.S. dollars. About 75% of farmed shrimp are produced in Asia, in particular in China, Thailand, Indonesia, India and Vietnam. The other 25% are produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil is the largest producer. By 2016, the largest exporting nation is India, followed by Ecuador, Thailand, Indonesia and China.
As food
Shrimp are Shrimp marketing and commercialized with several issues in mind. Most shrimp are sold frozen and marketed based on their categorization of presentation, grading, colour, and uniformity. Shrimp have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and low levels of mercury. Usually shrimp is sold whole, though sometimes only the Shrimp meat is marketed.
Aquaria
Several types of shrimp are kept in home aquarium. Some are purely ornamental, while others are useful in controlling algae and removing debris. Freshwater shrimp commonly available for aquaria include the Bamboo shrimp, Japanese marsh shrimp ( Caridina multidentata, also called "Amano shrimp," as their use in aquaria was pioneered by Takashi Amano), cherry shrimp ( Neocaridina heteropoda), and ghost or glass shrimp ( Palaemonetes spp.). Popular saltwater shrimp include the cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis, the fire shrimp ( Lysmata debelius) and the harlequin shrimp ( Hymenocera picta).
See also
Further reading
External links
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