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Pyroraptor (meaning "fire thief") is an extinct genus of Paraves dinosaur, probably a Dromaeosauridae or Unenlagiidae, from the Late Cretaceous Ibero-Armorican island, of what is now southern France. It lived during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian stages, approximately 72 million years ago. It is known from a single partial specimen that was found in Provence in 1992, after a forest fire. The animal was named Pyroraptor olympius by Allain and Philippe Taquet in 2000.
The holotype specimen, MNHN BO001, consists of the second toe claw of the left foot. The assigned Paratype include the equivalent claw of the right foot; the left second Metatarsal bones; another, more complete second toe claw; a right ulna (long forearm bone); and two teeth. Additional material was referred to Pyroraptor, including five pedal digits, one manual digit, a piece of a Metacarpal bones, a right radius, a dorsal vertebra, and a tail vertebra.
Some teeth from the Iberian peninsula of North Eastern Spain have been compared to those referred to Pyroraptor, suggesting that Pyroraptor may have also inhabited Spain; however, a 2022 reevaluation of these teeth states that they cannot be confidently assigned to Pyroraptor and may belong to a whole different variety of European dromaeosaurids.
In a 2009 description of new dromaeosaurid remains assigned to Variraptor mechinorum, Phornphen Chanthasit and Eric Buffetaut addressed the claims of Allain & Taquet by mentioning that the original description of Variraptor mechinorum very clearly distinguished the holotype from any referred material and argue that some of the material very clearly belongs to the same individual while also elucidating that the situation with Pyroraptor is quite similar. However, due to the disarticulated nature of Pyroraptor remains, it's unknown if they belong to the same individual. This suspicion is affirmed by a 2012 study that states the known Pyroraptor material to belong to at least two different individuals.
The other criticism of Allain and Taquet, that there are not enough diagnostic features to support the validity of Variraptor, is also addressed by the description of new and overlapping Variraptor remains from the same locality as the holotype Variraptor specimen, some of which are stated to undeniably belong to the holotype individual, thus adding new diagnostic traits and establishing the validity of Variraptor mechinorum. The authors also bring light to the fact that Allain and Taquet did not provide enough diagnosable traits to establish the holotype of Pyroraptor as a valid species, noting that most features stated for diagnosis are not unique to Pyroraptor but are simply widespread traits of dromaeosaurids. A 2012 study also agrees that Pyroraptor's "unique" traits are widespread features of dromaeosaurids, while also ruling out some of the other "unique traits" as results of preservation deformation.
Since the two existed at the same time and place, the possibility of a synonymy between Pyroraptor and Variraptor is raised but it is concluded that due to the current lack of overlap in material, this possible synonymy cannot yet be tested and more remains are needed.
As a dromaeosaurid, Pyroraptor likely had well-developed forelimbs with curved claws, and probably balanced the body with a long, thin tail. Pyroraptor was also covered in feathers, as many of its relatives, like Microraptor and Sinornithosaurus, also had plumage.Scott Sampson in Discovery Channel's 2003 documentary series Dinosaur Planet, ep. 2: "Pod's Travels".
Pyroraptor was included in a 2014 phylogeny of Microraptor, as with most trees including Pyroraptor, this caused a polytomy as seen in the cladogram below. This polytomy was also repeated in a phylogeny of Archaeopteryx from the same year.
In the 2019 description of Hesperornithoides, a phylogeny tree found Pyroraptor to be an Unenlagiinae. The study noted that this is Stratigraphy and geographically consistent with Cretaceous Europe showing a trend of hosting typically Gondwana species.
This is also consistent with some previous studies, such as a 2005 study where it was suggested that some Laurasia dromaeoaurids like Pyroraptor could be considered part of Gondwana lineages, but scant material from European forms prevented this idea from being tested at the time. A 2012 phylogeny study noted that despite being an unstable taxon, Pyroraptor never fell within any of the Laurasia dromaeosaur groups. The 2022 description of Vectiraptor noted that the foot morphology of Pyroraptor olympius had more similarities with unenlagiines than with Eudromaeosauria, lending support to the idea that European raptors were closely related to Southern forms from Africa and South America. Another subsequent 2022 study that describes a newly discovered dromaeosaurid sickle claw from the same geologic formation as Pyroraptor, compared the sickle claws with those of Pyroraptor and other dromaeosaurids, and more similarities between Pyroraptor and other unenlagiines were found, this time in the anatomy of the claws.
Two separate studies from 2011 regarding unenlagiines, where the teeth of Pyroraptor were compared to those of South American unenlagiines, found that although not significant, some similarities in cross section were noticeable. But unenlagiine teeth do not have any serrations on their edges and are usually fluted, a trait that is in direct contradiction with what is seen in Pyroraptor teeth which are serrated, typical of dromaeosaurs. The 2021 description of Ypupiara rules out Pyroraptor as being an unenlagiine due to this dissimilarity. However, a 2022 study points out that if Pyroraptor is an unenlagiine, then this would mean that not all unenlagiines would have fluted, unserrated teeth.
During the initial description of Pyroraptor olympius, the suggested model of Dromaeosauridae evolution proposed that the family originated from North America or Euro-America, and then dispersed into Asia. On the basis of newly discovered Early Cretaceous material from China, this dispersal model has since lost support, so Allain and Taquet postulated that perhaps European dromaeosaurids such as Pyroraptor olympius were the remnants of Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous fauna that evolved separately during the late Cretaceous isolation of Southern Europe.
However, recent studies show that Pyroraptor along with other European dromaeosaurs, likely originated from the Southern continent of Gondwana, as its anatomy is more consistent with the Gondwana Unenlagiinae than with Eudromaeosauria. This is congruent with other Late Cretaceous European fauna, which are typically Gondwana lineages.
At that time, Pyroraptor would have coexisted alongside a variety of species such as Zalmoxes, Rhabdodon priscus, Ampelosaurus atacis, Lirainosaurus, Atsinganosaurus, some undescribed Titanosaurid, Arcovenator, Tarascosaurus, Struthiosaurus, Variraptor mechanorum, Gargantuavis, Martinaves cruzyensis, and non-dinosaurs such as the pterosaurs Azhdarcho lancicollis and Hatzegopteryx thambema, the crocodylomorphs Musturzabalsuchus buffetauti, Massaliasuchus, and Allodaposuchus, the turtles Dortoka, and Solemydidae turtles, Zhelestidae eutherians, palaeobatrachid anurans, batrachosauroidid urodeles, Amphisbaenia and/or anguid squamates, and derived Alethinophidia snakes.
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