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Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in . It is a bordered by to the northeast, to the east, to the south, and to the southwest, to the west, and to the northwest. It covers a land area of almost , making it the largest landlocked country in West Africa and the second-largest landlocked nation in Africa behind Chad. Over 80% of its land area lies in the . Its predominantly Muslim population of about million lives mostly in clusters in the south and west of the country. The capital is located in Niger's southwest corner along the namesake .

Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the Kanem–Bornu Empire and the before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the Sultanate of Agadez and the . It was colonized by France during the Scramble for Africa as part of French West Africa, becoming a distinct colony in 1922. Since obtaining independence in 1960, Niger has experienced five coups d'état and four periods of military rule. Niger's seventh and most recent constitution was enacted in 2010, establishing a multiparty, unitary semi-presidential system. Following the most recent coup in 2023, the country has been ruled by National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta.

The are the country's largest ethnic group, making up more than half the population. is the country's official and the most spoken language; ten indigenous languages have the status of national language. According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report of 2023, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Some non-desert portions of the country undergo periodic drought and . The economy is concentrated around subsistence agriculture, with some export agriculture in the less arid south, and the export of , including . It faces challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, low , jihadist insurgencies, and the world's highest due to not being used and the resulting rapid population growth.

Etymology
The name comes from the which flows through the west of the country. The origin of the river's name is uncertain. Alexandrian geographer wrote descriptions of the Gir (in neighbouring modern ) and the Ni-Gir to the south, possibly referring to the Niger River. The modern spelling Niger was first recorded by scholar in 1550, possibly derived from the phrase the (e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn meaning .
(2025). 9789004112070, Brill.
There is broad consensus among linguists that it does not derive from the Latin niger as was first erroneously believed. The standard pronunciation in English is , while in some Anglophone media is also used.

History
Prehistory
Stone tools, some dating as far back as 280,000 BC, have been found in , and in the northern .Geels, Jolijn, (2006) Bradt Travel Guide – Niger, pgs. 15–22 Some of these finds have been linked with the and tool cultures of the Middle Paleolithic period, which flourished in northern Africa circa 90,000 BC–20,000 BC. It is thought that these humans lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the prehistoric African humid period, the climate of the was wetter and more fertile, a phenomenon archaeologists refer to as the "Green Sahara", which provided "favourable" conditions for hunting and later agriculture and livestock herding.Gwin, Peter. "Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara" , National Geographic, September 2008. (1999), The African Experience: From Olduvai Gorge to the 21st Century (Series: History of Civilization), London: Phoenix Press, revised edition, pg 39.

The era, beginning circa 10,000 BC, saw a number of changes such as the introduction of (as evidenced at Tagalagal, Temet and Tin Ouffadene), the spread of cattle husbandry, and the burying of the dead in stone . As the climate changed in the period 4000–2800 BC the Sahara gradually began , forcing a change in settlement patterns to the south and east. Niger . Encyclopédie Larousse Agriculture spread, including the planting of and , and pottery production. Iron and copper items appear in this era, with finds including those at , , and the .Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology 1968. Iron in Africa: Revisiting the History – Unesco (2002) The (circa 8000–6000 BC) and later (circa 5000–2500 BC) cultures, centred on and where skeletons have been uncovered, flourished during this period. Ancient cemetery found in 'green' Sahara Desert . By Randolph E. Schmid. Associated Press /ABC News.

Societies continued to grow with regional differentiation in agricultural and funerary practices. A culture of this period is the (circa 200–1300 AD) named for the Bura archaeological site where a burial replete with iron and ceramic statuettes were discovered. The Neolithic era saw the flourishing of Saharan rock art, including in the Aïr Mountains, Termit Massif, Djado Plateau, Iwelene, Arakao, Tamakon, Tzerzait, , Mammanet and ; the art spans the period from 10,000 BC to 100 AD and depicts a range of subjects, from the varied fauna of the landscape to depictions of spear-carrying figures dubbed 'Libyan warriors'.Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). History of Africa, Second Edition. St. Martin's Press, New York. Page 32.

Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger
By at least the 5th century BC the territory of what is now Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. Led by tribes from the north, camels were used as a means of transportation through what is later a desert.Lewicki, T. (1994). "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South". In UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3. University of California Press, . Masonen, P: " Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World. " This mobility which would continue in waves for centuries was accompanied with further migration to the south and intermixing between sub-Saharan African and North African populations, and the spread of . It was aided by the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century, the result of three Arab invasions, which resulted in population movements to the south. Empires and kingdoms existed in the Sahel during this era.

Mali Empire (1200s–1400s)
The Mali Empire was a empire founded by (r. 1230–1255) in and existed until the 1600s. As detailed in the Epic of Sundiata, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the which itself had split from the earlier . Thereafter Mali defeated the Sosso at the Battle of Kirina in 1235 and then Ghana in 1240.
(2019). 9780190277734, Oxford Research Encyclopedias. .
From its heartland around the later Guinea-Mali border region, the empire expanded under successive kings and came to dominate the Trans-Saharan trade routes, reaching its greatest extent during the rule of (r. 1312–1337). At this point parts of what are now Niger's Tillabéri Region fell under Malian rule. A Muslim, Mansa Musa performed the in 1324–25 and encouraged the spread of in the empire, and it "appears that most ordinary citizens continued to maintain their traditional animist beliefs instead of or alongside the new religion". The empire began "declining" in the 15th century due to a combination of internecine strife over the royal succession, weak kings, the shift of European trade routes to the coast, and rebellions in the empire's periphery by , , and peoples. A rump Mali kingdom continued to exist until the 1600s.

Songhai Empire (1000s–1591)
The was named for its main ethnic group, the , and was centred on the bend of the in . Songhai began settling this region from the 7th to 9th centuries; by the 11th century (capital of the former Kingdom of Gao) had become the empire's capital.Boubou Hama and M Guilhem, "L'histoire du Niger, de l'Afrique et du Monde"; Edicef, Les royaumes Haoussa, pp. 104–112 From 1000 to 1325, the Songhai Empire managed to maintain peace with the Mali Empire, its neighbour to the west. In 1325 Songhai was conquered by Mali until regaining its independence in 1375. Under king (r. 1464–1492) Songhai adopted an expansionist policy which reached its apogee during the reign of Askia Mohammad I (r. 1493–1528); at this point the empire had expanded from its Niger-bend heartland, including to the east where most of later western Niger fell under its rule, including which was conquered in 1496. African Kingdoms African kingdoms – The Songhai Empire The empire was unable to withstand repeated attacks from the of and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591; it then collapsed into a number of smaller kingdoms.

Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906)
In in the north of what is now Niger, the Sultanate of Aïr was founded by Sultan Ilisawan, based in . Formerly a trading post inhabited by a mixture of Hausa and Tuaregs, it grew as a strategic position on the Trans-Saharan trade routes. In 1515, Aïr was conquered by Songhai, remaining a part of that empire until its collapse in 1591. In the following centuries, it "seems that the sultanate entered a decline" marked by internecine wars and clan conflicts. When Europeans began exploring the region in the 19th century, most of Agadez lay in ruins and was taken over by the French.

Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s)
To the east, the Kanem–Bornu Empire dominated the region around for a period. It was founded by the around the 8th century and based in , north-east of the lake. The kingdom gradually expanded, including during the rule of the which began in under Mai (king) . The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, partly due to the effort of Mai (r. 1210–1259), and grew "richer" from its control of some Trans-Saharan trade routes; most of eastern and south-eastern Niger, including and , was under Kanem's control in this period. Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gaining more converts over the following centuries. Attacks by the people in the 14th century forced Kanem to shift westwards of Lake Chad where it became known as the Bornu Empire ruled from its capital on what is later the Niger-Nigeria border. Bornu "prospered" during the rule of Mai (r. circa 1575–1610) and re-conquered most of the "traditional lands" of Kanem, hence the designation 'Kanem–Bornu' for the empire. By the 17th century and into the 18th the Bornu kingdom had entered a "period of decline", shrinking back to its Lake Chad heartland.

Circa 1730–40 a group of settlers led by Mallam Yunus left Kanem and founded the Sultanate of Damagaram, centred on the town of . The sultanate remained nominally subject to the until the reign of Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane in the 19th century, who declared independence and initiated a phase of expansion. The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate ( see below), and was later captured by the French in 1899.

Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)
Between the Niger River and Lake Chad lay , encompassing the cultural-linguistic area known as which straddles what later became the Niger-Nigeria border. The Hausa are thought to be a mixture of autochthonous peoples and migrant peoples from the north and east, emerging as a distinct people sometime in the 900s–1400s when the kingdoms were founded. They gradually adopted Islam from the 14th century, and sometimes this existed alongside other religions, developing into syncretic forms; some Hausa groups such as the Azna resisted Islam altogether (the area of remains an animist stronghold). The Hausa kingdoms were not a compact entity but several federations of kingdoms more or less independent of one other. Their organisation was hierarchical and somewhat democratic: the Hausa kings were elected by the notables of the country and could be removed by them. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded, according to the legend, by the six sons of Bawo. Bawo was the only son of the Hausa queen and or ( according to certain historians) who came from . The seven original Hausa states (also referred to as the 'Hausa bakwai') were: (state of queen ), Kano, , Zaria, , Katsina and . An extension of the legend states that Bawo had a further seven sons with a concubine, who went on to found the so-called 'Banza ( illegitimate) Bakwai': , , , , , and . A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was Konni, centred on Birni-N'Konni. The , a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s. During the later 18th century some Fulani were unhappy with the syncretic form of Islam practised there; exploiting also the populace's disdain with corruption amongst the Hausa elite, the Fulani scholar Usman Dan Fodio (from Gobir) declared a in 1804.H. J. Fisher. The Sahara and Central Sudan. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. Richard Gray, J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. Cambridge University Press, (1975) pp. 134–6 After conquering most of Hausaland (though not the Bornu Kingdom, which remained independent), he proclaimed the in 1809. Some of the Hausa states survived by fleeing south, such as the Katsina who moved to Maradi in the south of what later became Niger. Some of these surviving states harassed the Caliphate and a period of wars and skirmishes commenced, with some states (such as Katsina and Gobir) maintaining independence whereas elsewhere newer ones were formed (such as the Sultanate of Tessaoua). The Caliphate managed to survive until, "fatally weakened" by the invasions of Chad-based warlord , it finally fell to the British in 1903, with its lands later being partitioned between Britain and France.

Other smaller kingdoms of the period include the , a polity founded in 1750, which resisted the rule of Hausa and Sokoto states.

Colonial (1900–1958)
In the 19th century, some European explorers travelled in the area that would become known as Niger, such as Mungo Park (in 1805–1806), the -- expedition (1822–25), (1850–55 with James Richardson and ), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865–1867), (1869–1874) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890–1892).

Some European countries already possessed coastal colonies in Africa, and in the latter half of the century they began to turn their eyes towards the interior of the continent. This process, known as the 'Scramble for Africa', culminated in the 1885 Berlin conference in which the colonial powers outlined the division of Africa into spheres of influence. As a result of this, gained control of the upper valley of the (roughly equivalent to the present territory of and Niger). France then set about making a reality of their rule on the ground. In 1897, the French officer Marius Gabriel Cazemajou was sent to Niger. He reached the Sultanate of Damagaram in 1898, and stayed in at the court of Sultan Amadou Kouran Daga. He was later killed, as Daga feared he would ally with the Chad-based warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. In 1899–1900, France coordinated three expeditions—the Gentil Mission from , the Foureau-Lamy Mission from and the Voulet–Chanoine Mission from —with the aim of linking France's African possessions. The three eventually met at Kousséri (in the far north of ) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the Battle of Kousséri. The Voulet-Chanoine Mission was "marred by atrocities", and "became notorious" for pillaging, looting, raping and killing local civilians on its passage throughout southern Niger. On 8 May 1899, in retaliation for the resistance of queen , captain Voulet and his men murdered all the inhabitants of the village of Birni-N'Konni in what is regarded as "one of the worst massacres in French colonial history". The "brutal" methods of Voulet and Chanoine caused a "scandal" and Paris was forced to intervene; when Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-François Klobb caught up with the mission near to relieve them of command he was killed. Lt. , Klobb's former officer, and Lt. eventually took over the mission following a mutiny in which Voulet and Chanoine were killed. The Military Territory of Niger was subsequently created within the Upper Senegal and Niger colony (later Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger) in December 1904 with its capital at . The border with Britain's colony of Nigeria to the south was finalised in 1910, a rough delimitation having already been agreed by the two powers via treaties during the period 1898–1906. The capital of the territory was moved to Zinder in 1912 when the Niger Military Territory was split off from Upper Senegal and Niger, before being moved back to Niamey in 1922 when Niger became a fully fledged colony within French West Africa. The borders of Niger were drawn up in stages and had been fixed at their later position by the 1930s. Territorial adjustments took place in this period: the areas west of the Niger river were attached to Niger in 1926–1927, and during the dissolution of Upper Volta (modern Burkina Faso) in 1932–1947 most of the east of that territory was added to Niger; and in the east the Tibesti Mountains were transferred to Chad in 1931.

The French generally adopted a form of indirect rule, allowing existing native structures to continue to exist within the colonial framework of governance providing that they acknowledged French supremacy. The Zarma of the Dosso Kingdom in particular proved amenable to French rule, using them as allies against the encroachments of Hausa and other nearby states; over time the Zarma thus became one of the "more educated and westernised" groups in Niger. Perceived threats to French rule, such as the Kobkitanda rebellion in (1905–1906), led by the blind cleric Alfa Saibou, and the Karma revolt in the Niger valley (December 1905 – March 1906) led by Oumarou Karma were suppressed with force, as were the latter and religious movements.

(2012). 9780810870901, Scarecrow Press. .
UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VIII: Africa Since 1935. Ali A. Mazrui, Christophe Wondji, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, eds. University of California Press, (1999) pp. 70–3 While "largely successful" in subduing the "sedentary" populations of the south, the French faced "considerably more difficulty" with the Tuareg in the north (centered on the Sultanate of Aïr in Agadez), and France was unable to occupy Agadez until 1906. Tuareg resistance continued, culminating in the of 1916–1917, led by Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen, with backing from the in ; the revolt was violently suppressed and Kaocen fled to Fezzan where he was later killed. A puppet sultan was set up by the French and the "decline and marginalisation" of the north of the colony continued, exacerbated by a series of droughts. While it remained "something of a backwater", some limited economic development took place in Niger during the colonial years, such as the introduction of cultivation. Measures to improve food security following a series of devastating famines in 1913, 1920, and 1931 were introduced.

During the Second World War, during which time mainland France was occupied by , Charles de Gaulle issued the Brazzaville Declaration, declaring that the French colonial empire would be replaced post-war with a less centralised .Joseph R. De Benoist, "The Brazzaville Conference, or Involuntary Decolonization." Africana Journal 15 (1990) pp: 39–58. The French Union, which lasted from 1946 to 1958, conferred a limited form of French citizenship on the inhabitants of the colonies, with some decentralisation of power and limited participation in political life for local advisory assemblies. It was during this period that the Nigerien Progressive Party ( Parti Progressiste Nigérien, or PPN, originally a branch of the African Democratic Rally, or Rassemblement Démocratique Africain – RDA) was formed under the leadership of former teacher , as was the left-wing Mouvement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba (MSA), led by . Following the Overseas Reform Act ( Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956 and the establishment of the Fifth French Republic on 4 December 1958, Niger became an autonomous state within the . On 18 December 1958, an autonomous Republic of Niger was officially created under the leadership of Hamani Diori. MSA was banned in 1959 for its perceived excessive anti-French stance.Mamoudou Djibo. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944–1960). Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. 41–60. On 11 July 1960, Niger decided to leave the French Community and acquired full independence at midnight, local time, on 3 August 1960;Keesing's Contemporary Archives, page 17569. Diori thus became the first president of the country.

Post-colonial (1960–)
Diori years (1960–1974)
For its first 14 years as an independent state, Niger was run by a single-party civilian regime under the presidency of Hamani Diori. The 1960s saw an expansion of the education system and some limited economic development and industrialisation. Links with France remained, with Diori allowing the development of French-led mining in and supporting France in the . Relations with other African states were mostly "positive", with the exception of (Benin), owing to a border dispute. Niger remained a one-party state throughout this period, with Diori surviving a planned coup in 1963 and an assassination attempt in 1965; most of this activity was masterminded by Djibo Bakary's MSA-Sawaba group which had launched an abortive rebellion in 1964.
(2025). 9789004126244, Brill Academic Publishers. .
In the 1970s, a combination of economic difficulties, and accusations of rampant corruption and mismanagement of food supplies resulted in a coup d'état that overthrew the Diori regime.

First military regime (1974–1991)
The coup had been masterminded by Col. Seyni Kountché and a military group under the name of the Conseil Militaire Supreme, with Kountché going on to rule the country until his death in 1987. The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis. Renversement du président Hamani Diori au Niger . Perspective monde, 15 avril 1974 Whilst political prisoners of the Diori regime were released after the coup, political and individual freedoms in general deteriorated during this period. There were attempted coups (in 1975, 1976 and 1984) which were thwarted, their instigators being punished.

Kountché sought to create a 'development society', funded mostly by the uranium mines in . companies were created, infrastructure (building and new roads, schools, health centres) constructed, and there was corruption in government agencies, which Kountché did not hesitate to punish. Kountché: 30 ans après son coup d'état . Nigerdiaspora, 10 novembre 2007 (republished on 6 November 2017). In the 1980s, Kountché began cautiously loosening the grip of the military, with some relaxation of state censorship and attempts made to 'civilianise' the regime. The economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and IMF-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by some Nigeriens. In 1985, a Tuareg revolt in was suppressed. Kountché died in November 1987 from a brain tumour, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, Col. who was confirmed as Chief of the Supreme Military Council four days later.

Saibou curtailed the most repressive aspects of the Kountché era (such as the secret police and media censorship), and set about introducing a process of political reform under the overall direction of a single party (the Mouvement National pour la Société du Développement, or MNSD). A Second Republic was declared and a new constitution was drawn up, which was adopted following a referendum in 1989. General Saibou became the first president of the Second Republic after winning the presidential election on 10 December 1989.Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p685

President Saibou's efforts to control political reforms failed in the face of trade union and student demands to institute a multi-party democratic system. On 9 February 1990, a violently repressed student march in Niamey led to the death of three students, which led to increased national and international pressure for further democratic reform. The Saibou regime acquiesced to these demands by the end of 1990. Meanwhile, trouble re-emerged in Agadez Region when a group of armed Tuaregs attacked the town of Tchintabaraden (seen by some as the start of the first Tuareg Rebellion), prompting a military crackdown which led to deaths (the precise numbers are disputed, with estimates ranging from 70 to up to 1,000).

National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996)
The National Sovereign Conference of 1991 brought about multi-party democracy. From 29 July to 3 November, a national conference gathered together all elements of society to make recommendations for the future direction of the country. The conference was presided over by Prof. André Salifou and developed a plan for a transitional government; this was then installed in November 1991 to manage the affairs of state until the institutions of the Third Republic were put into place in April 1993. After the National Sovereign Conference, the transitional government drafted a constitution that eliminated the previous single-party system of the 1989 Constitution and guaranteed more freedoms. The new constitution was adopted by a referendum on 26 December 1992.Walter S. Clarke, "The National Conference Phenomenon and the Management of Political Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa, ed. Harvey Glickman. Atlanta: African Studies Assoc. Press, (1995) Following this, presidential elections were held and became the first president of the Third Republic on 27 March 1993. Ousmane's presidency saw four government changes and legislative elections in 1995, and an economic slump.

The violence in Agadez Region continued during this period, prompting the Nigerien government to sign a truce with Tuareg rebels in 1992 which was ineffective owing to internal dissension within the Tuareg ranks. Another rebellion, led by dissatisfied peoples claiming that, like the Tuareg, the Nigerien government had neglected their region, broke out in the east of the country. In April 1995 a peace deal with a Tuareg rebel group was signed, with the government agreeing to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life.

(2025). 9781433036873, Int'l Business Publications. .

Second and third military regimes (1996–1999)
The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; on 27 January 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara led a coup that deposed President Ousmane and ended the Third Republic. Niger's Elected President Ousted in Military Coup New York Times, 28 January 1996Kaye Whiteman, "Obituary: Ibrahim Bare Mainassara", The Independent (London), 12 April 1999. Maïnassara headed a Conseil de Salut National (National Salvation Council) composed of military officials which carried out a six-month transition period, during which a constitution was drafted and adopted on 12 May 1996.

Presidential campaigns were organised in the months that followed. Maïnassara entered the campaign as an independent candidate and won the election on 8 July 1996, the elections were viewed nationally and internationally by some as irregular, as the electoral commission was replaced during the campaign. Meanwhile, Maïnassara instigated an IMF and -approved privatisation programme which enriched some of his supporters and were opposed by the trade unions. Following fraudulent local elections in 1999 the opposition ceased any cooperation with the Maïnassara regime. In unknown circumstances (possibly attempting to flee the country), Maïnassara was assassinated at on 9 April 1999.

Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké then took over, establishing a transitional National Reconciliation Council to oversee the drafting of a constitution with a French-style semi-presidential system. This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative elections in October and November of the same year. Niger: A copybook coup d'etat , 9 April 1999, BBC. Military controls Niger , 10 April 1999, BBC. The elections were generally found to be free and fair by international observers. Wanké then withdrew from governmental affairs.

Fifth Republic (1999–2009)
After winning the election in November 1999, President was sworn into office on 22 December 1999 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. Mamadou brought about administrative and economic reforms that had been halted due to the military coups since the Third Republic, and helped peacefully resolve a decades-long boundary dispute with Benin.Fabio Spadi (2005) The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and 'effectivités' under the uti possidetis juris principle, Leiden Journal of International Law 18: 777–794 In August 2002, unrest within military camps occurred in , , and , and the government was able to restore order within days. On 24 July 2004, municipal elections were held to elect local representatives, previously appointed by the government. These elections were followed by presidential elections, in which Mamadou was re-elected for a second term, thus becoming the first president of the republic to win consecutive elections without being deposed by military coups. "RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D'OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004" , democratie.francophonie.org . The legislative and executive configuration remained somewhat similar to that of the first term of the president: was reappointed as prime minister and , the head of the CDS party, was re-elected as the president of the National Assembly (parliament) by his peers.

By 2007, the relationship between President Tandja Mamadou and his prime minister had "deteriorated", leading to the replacement of the latter in June 2007 by following a successful vote of no confidence at the Assembly. President Tandja Mamadou sought to extend his presidency by modifying the constitution which limited presidential terms. Proponents of the extended presidency, who rallied behind the 'Tazartche' (Hausa for 'overstay') movement, were countered by opponents ('anti-Tazartche') composed of opposition party militants and civil society activists.

The north saw the outbreak of a Second Tuareg Rebellion in 2007 led by the Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice (MNJ). With a number of kidnappings the rebellion had "largely fizzled out inconclusively" by 2009. The "poor" security situation in the region is thought to have allowed elements of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) to gain a foothold in the country.

Sixth republic and fourth military regime (2009–2010)
In 2009, President Tandja Mamadou decided to organize a constitutional referendum seeking to extend his presidency, which was opposed by other political parties, and went against the decision of the Constitutional Court which had ruled that the referendum would be unconstitutional. Mamadou then modified and adopted a new constitution by referendum, which was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court, prompting Mamadou to dissolve the Court and assume emergency powers. Niger president rules by decree after court snub . Reuters. Fri 26 June 2009 Emergency powers for Niger leader . BBC. 26 June 2009. The opposition boycotted the referendum and the constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results. The adoption of the constitution created a Sixth Republic, with a presidential system, the suspension of the 1999 Constitution, and a three-year interim government with Tandja Mamadou as president. The events generated political and social unrest.

In a coup d'état in February 2010, a military junta led by was established in response to Tandja's attempted extension of his political term. "Military coup ousts Niger president Mamadou Tandja" , British Broadcasting Corporation, 19 February 2010 The Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy, headed by Djibo, carried out a one-year transition plan, drafted a constitution and held elections in 2011.

Seventh Republic (2010–2023)
Following the adoption of a constitution in 2010 and presidential elections a year later, Mahamadou Issoufou was elected as the first president of the Seventh Republic; he was then re-elected in 2016. "Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election" , Reuters, 22 March 2016. The constitution restored the semi-presidential system which had been abolished a year earlier. An attempted coup against him in 2011 was thwarted and its ringleaders arrested. Issoufou's time in office was marked by threats to the country's security, stemming from the fallout from the Libyan Civil War and Northern Mali conflict, an insurgency in western Niger by and , the spillover of Nigeria's Boko Haram insurgency into south-eastern Niger, and the use of Niger as a transit country for migrants (often organised by ). French and American forces assisted Niger in countering these threats.

On 10 December 2019, a large group of fighters belonging to the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (IS-GS) attacked a military post in , killing over seventy soldiers and kidnapping others. The attack was the deadliest single incident Niger's military has ever experienced. On 9 January 2020, a large group of IS-GS militants assaulted a Nigerien military base at Chinagodrar, in Niger's Tillabéri Region, killing at least 89 Nigerien soldiers.

On 27 December 2020, Nigeriens went to the polls after Issoufou announced he would step down, paving the way to a peaceful transition of power. No candidate won an absolute majority in the vote: came closest with 39.33%. Per the constitution, a run-off election was held on 20 February 2021, with Bazoum taking 55.75% of the vote and opposition candidate (and former president) taking 44.25%, according to the electoral commission.

At the start of 2021 with the Tchoma Bangou and Zaroumdareye massacres, IS-GS began killing civilians en masse. On 21 March 2021, the IS-GS militants several villages around , killing 141 people, mostly civilians.

On 31 March 2021, Niger's security forces thwarted an attempted coup by a military unit in the capital, . Gunfire was heard in the presidential palace. The attack took place two days before newly elected president was due to be sworn into office. The Presidential Guard arrested some people during the incident. On 2 April 2021, Bazoum was sworn in as the President of Niger.

Fifth military regime (2023–present)
Late on 26 July 2023, a coup by the military overthrew Bazoum, putting an end to the Seventh Republic and the government of Prime Minister Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou. On 28 July, General Abdourahamane Tchiani was proclaimed as the de facto head of state of the country. Former finance minister Ali Lamine Zeine was declared the new Prime Minister of Niger.

The coup was condemned by ECOWAS, which in the 2023 Nigerien crisis threatened to use military intervention to reinstate the government of Bazoum if the coup leaders did not by 6 August. The deadline passed without military intervention, though ECOWAS imposed sanctions, including cuts of Nigerian energy exports to Niger which had previously provided 70–90% of Niger's power. In November 2023 the coup-led governments of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger formed the Alliance of Sahel States in opposition to potential military intervention. On 24 February 2024 several ECOWAS sanctions against Niger were dropped, reportedly for humanitarian and diplomatic reasons, and Nigeria agreed to resume electricity exports to Niger.

In the buildup to the August ECOWAS deadline, the junta requested help from the Russian , though Wagner mercenaries were not known to have entered the country as a result. In October the junta expelled French troops from the country, presenting the move as a step towards sovereignty from the former colonial power, and in December it suspended cooperation with the alleging its promotion of French interests. UN resident coordinator was also expelled in October after the junta alleged "underhanded maneuvers" by UN secretary-general António Guterres to prevent the country's participation in the UN General Assembly. In October the U.S. officially designated the takeover as a coup, suspending most Niger–U.S. military cooperation as well as hundreds of millions of dollars of foreign assistance programs. In April 2024, Russian military trainers and equipment began to arrive in Niger under a new military agreement, and the U.S. agreed to withdraw troops from Niger following the termination of a Niger–U.S. agreement that had allowed US personnel to be stationed in the country.

Geography
Niger is a nation in West Africa located along the border between the and Sub-Saharan regions. It borders and to the south, and to the west, and to the north and to the east.

Niger lies between latitudes 11° and 24°N, and longitudes and 16°E. Its area is of which is water. This makes it less than twice the size of , and the world's 21st-largest country.

Niger borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of . The longest border is with to the south (). This is followed by to the east, at , to the north-north-west (), and at . Niger has borders in its further south-west with at and at and to the north-north-east at .

The lowest point in Niger is the , with an elevation of . The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès in the Aïr Mountains at .

Niger's terrain is predominantly desert plains and , with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north.

Climate
The hotter and drier climate within areas causes more frequent fires in some regions. In the south, there is a tropical climate on the edges of the Niger River basin.

Biodiversity
The territory of Niger contains five terrestrial ecoregions: Sahelian Acacia savanna, West Sudanian savanna, Lake Chad flooded savanna, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, and West Saharan montane xeric woodlands.

The north is covered by deserts and semi-deserts. The typical mammal fauna consists of antelopes, scimitar-horned oryx, gazelles, and in the mountains, Barbary sheep. The Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve was founded in the northern parts to protect these species.

The southern parts are naturally dominated savannahs. The W National Park, situated in the bordering area to Burkina Faso and , belongs to "one of the most important areas" for wildlife in Western Africa, which is called the WAP (W–Arli–Pendjari) Complex. It has a population of the West African lion and one of the last populations of the Northwest African cheetah.

Other wildlife includes elephants, buffaloes, , and warthogs. The West African giraffe is found in the further north where it has its last relict population.

Environmental issues include destructive farming practices as a result of population pressure, illegal hunting, bush fires in some areas and human encroachment upon the flood plains of the Niger River for paddy cultivation. Dams constructed on the Niger River in the neighboring countries of Mali and Guinea and within Niger are cited as a reason for a reduction of water flow in the Niger River—which has a direct effect upon the environment. A "lack of adequate staff" to guard wildlife in the parks and reserves is another factor cited for loss of wildlife.

Farmer-managed natural regeneration is practiced since 1983 to increase food and timber production, and resilience to climate extremes.

Governance and politics
Niger's new constitution was approved on 31 October 2010. It restored the semi-presidential system of government of the 1999 constitution (Fifth Republic) in which the president of the republic, elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term, and a prime minister named by the president share . Since the July 2023 Nigerien coup d'état, the government has been led by Abdourahamane Tchiani.

Foreign relations
Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with the West and the Islamic world as well as non-aligned countries. It belongs to the UN and its main specialized agencies and in 1980–81 served on the UN Security Council. Niger maintains a special relationship with former colonial power France and has close relations with its West African neighbors.

Niger is a charter member of the and the West African Monetary Union and also belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (). The westernmost regions of Niger are joined with contiguous regions of Mali and Burkina Faso under the Liptako–Gourma Authority.

The border dispute with Benin, inherited from colonial times and concerning inter alia Lété Island in the , was solved by the International Court of Justice in 2005 to Niger's advantage.

Military
The Niger Armed Forces (Forces armées nigériennes) are the military and paramilitary forces of Niger, under the president as supreme commander. They consist of the Niger Army (Armée de Terre), the Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) and the auxiliary paramilitary forces, such as the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) and the National Guard (Garde nationale). Both paramilitary forces are trained in military fashion and have some military responsibilities in wartime. In peace time their duties are mostly policing duties.

The armed forces are composed of approximately 12,900 personnel, including 3,700 gendarmes, 3,200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, and 6,000 army personnel. The armed forces of Niger have been involved in several military coups over the years with the most recent in 2023. Niger's armed forces have a long history of military cooperation with France and the United States. From 2013, Niamey was home to a U.S. drone base. On 16 March 2024, Niger's government announced that it was breaking off "with immediate effect" its military cooperation agreement with the United States.

Judicial system
The current Judiciary of Niger was established with the creation of the Fourth Republic in 1999. The constitution of December 1992 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and, again, by referendum, revised to the current version on 18 July 1999. It is based on the " Inquisitorial system", established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. The High Court of Justice (HCJ) deals with cases involving senior government officials. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court. Niger:Système judiciaire . NIGER Situation institutionnelle. Sory Baldé, CEAN, IEP-Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV (2007) Accessed 13 April 2009 The military court provides the same rights as civil criminal courts; however, customary courts do not. The military court cannot try civilians. 2008 Human Rights Report: Niger in 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. (25 February 2009) As a publication of the United States Federal Government, this report is in the . Portions of it may be used here verbatim.

Law enforcement
Law enforcement in Niger is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense through the National Gendarmerie and the Ministry of the Interior through the National Police and the National Guard. The National Police is primarily responsible for law enforcement in urban areas. Outside big cities and in rural areas, this responsibility falls on the National Gendarmerie and the National Guard.

Government finance
Government finance is derived from revenue exports (mining, oil and agricultural exports) as well as various forms of taxes collected by the government. In the past, foreign aid has contributed to large percentages of the budget. In 2013, Niger's government has adopted a zero-deficit budget of 1.279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) which is claimed to balance revenues and expenditures by an 11% reduction in the budget from the previous year. Niger government adopts $2.53 bln budget for 2013 . , 22 September 2012.

The 2014 budget was 1.867 trillion CFA which is distributed as follows according to: public debt (76,703,692,000 CFA), personnel expenditures (210,979,633,960 CFA), operating expenditures (128,988,777,711 CFA); subsidies and transfers (308,379,641,366 CFA) and investment (1,142,513,658,712 CFA). Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards . Niger Express, 28 November 2013.

Foreign aid
The importance of external support for Niger's development is demonstrated by the fact that about 45% of the government's FY 2002 budget, including 80% of its capital budget, derives from donor resources. Background Notes for Niger: January 2009 Bureau of African Affairs, United States State Department. Retrieved 26 February 2009. Portions of the "Economy" section are here used verbatim, as this document is in the public domain. The most important donors in Niger are France, the , the , the International Monetary Fund, and various agencies (, , , World Food Program, and United Nations Population Fund).

Other principal donors include the United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and . While does not have an office in Niger, the United States is a major donor, contributing nearly $10 million each year to Niger's development. The U.S. also is a major partner in policy coordination in such areas as food security and HIV/AIDS.

Administrative divisions
Niger is divided into 7 Regions and one capital district. These Regions are subdivided into 36 departments. The 36 Departments are currently broken down into Communes of varying types. there were 265 communes, including communes urbaines (Urban Communes: as subdivisions of major cities), communes rurales (Rural Communes), in sparsely populated areas and postes administratifs (Administrative Posts) for largely uninhabited desert areas or military zones.

Rural communes may contain official villages and settlements, while Urban Communes are divided into quarters. Niger subvisions were renamed in 2002, in the implementation of a decentralisation project, first begun in 1998. Previously, Niger was divided into 7 Departments, 36 Arrondissements, and Communes. These subdivisions were administered by officials appointed by the national government. These offices will be replaced in the future by democratically elected councils at each level.

The pre-2002 departments (renamed as regions) and capital district are:

Largest cities and towns
Economy
The economy of Niger centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest deposits. In 2021, Niger was the main supplier of uranium to the EU, followed by Kazakhstan and Russia. Drought cycles, desertification, a 2.9% population growth rate, and the drop in world demand for uranium have undercut the economy.

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Niger:

  • the Algiers-Lagos Highway
  • the Dakar-Ndjamena Highway
Niger shares a common currency, the , and a common central bank, the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), with seven other members of the West African Monetary Union. Niger is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).

In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and concluded an agreement with the Fund for Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs geared at poverty reduction.

In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral from the , which translates into the forgiveness of approximately US$86 million in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. Nearly half of the government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. Future growth may be sustained by the exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources. Uranium prices have recovered somewhat in the last few years. A drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2.5 million Nigeriens between March and August 2005.

Niger was ranked 137th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.

On June 2025 it was reported thet Niger's military leaders plan to take control of Somaïr, a company mostly owned by France. They accuse the company of "irresponsible acts." Since taking power in 2023, Niger's leaders have wanted more control over the country's resources and have distanced themselves from France, moving closer to Russia. Niger is a major uranium producer with high-quality ores.

Demographics
, the population of Niger was . Niger's population has rapidly increased from its population of 3.4 million in 1960 and has a current growth rate of 3.3% (7.1 children per mother). Annuaires Statistiques du Niger 2007–2011. Structure de la population (Niger's National Statistics Institute Report)

This growth rate is one of the highest in the world and is a source of concern for the government and international agencies. Niger: Population explosion threatens development gains . IRIN, 11 December 2007. The population is predominantly young, with 49.2% under 15 years old and 2.7% over 65 years, and predominantly rural with only 21% living in urban areas.

A 2005 study stated that over 800,000 people (nearly 8% of the population) in Niger are enslaved." The Shackles of Slavery in Niger ". ABC News. 3 June 2005." Born to be a slave in Niger ". BBC News. 11 February 2005.

Urban settlements
+ Cities of Niger ! rowspan="2"Region

Ethnic groups
As in most West African countries, Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups. The ethnic makeup of Niger in 2001 was as follows: (55.4%), & Songhay (21%), (9.3%), (; ) (8.5%), (4.7%), (0.4%), (0.4%), (0.4%), other (0.1%). The and Songhay dominate the Dosso, Tillabéri, and Niamey regions, the dominate the Zinder, Maradi, and Tahoua regions, dominate the Diffa region, and dominate the Agadez region in Northern Niger.

Languages
French, inherited from the colonial period, was the official language until 2025, when replaced its status. It is taught in school as a second language and serves as the administrative language. Niger joined the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie in 1970, though it suspended cooperation with the group months after the 2023 coup.

Niger has ten recognized national languages, namely , , , , , , and Songhay, , and . Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated.Ethologue. Niger languages Présidence de la République du Niger. Le Niger Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages.

and are classified as "working" languages.

Religion
Niger is a and separation of state and religion is guaranteed by Articles 3 and 175 of the 2010 Constitution, which dictate that future amendments or revisions may not modify the secular nature of the republic of Niger. Religious freedom is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution. , widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. Islam is the most dominant religion, practiced by 99.3% of the population according to the 2012 census.

The other two main religions of Niger are , practiced by 0.3% of the population, and Animism (traditional indigenous religious beliefs), practiced by 0.2% of the population. Christianity was established earlier in the country by missionaries during the French colonial years. Other urban Christian communities from Europe and West Africa are also present. Religious persecution has flared in recent years in Niger; Christian charity Open Doors now lists Niger as the 37th-most difficult country in which to be a Christian on their World Watch List, 'reflecting how pressure is increasing on Christians in this ... nation.' Relations between Muslims and Christians have generally been cordial, according to the respective representatives of Christian and Muslim groups in Niger. The numbers of Animist practitioners are a point of contention. As recently as the late 19th century, much of the south center of the nation was unreached by Islam, and the conversion of some rural areas has been only partial. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the Bori religion) are practiced by Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some and pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. These include the Hausa-speaking (or Azna, the Hausa word for "pagan") community in in the south-south-west and the -speaking Manga near , both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa religion. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the south-west. Over the past decade, syncretic practices have become less common among Muslim Nigerien communities.

Islam
The majority of Muslims in Niger are , 7% are Shi'a, 5% are and 20% non-denominational. International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger . United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (14 September 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the . Islam was spread into what is now Niger beginning in the 15th century, by both the expansion of the in the west, and the influence of the Trans-Saharan trade traveling from the and . expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively practices.

Both and areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century brotherhoods, most notably the (in today's Nigeria). Modern Muslim practice in Niger is often tied to the , although there are small minority groups tied to and Sufi orders in the west, and the in the far north-east.Decalo, James. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey â€“ London, 1979. . pp. 156–7, 193–4.

A small center of followers of movement within Sunni Islam have appeared in the last thirty years, in the capital and in Maradi.Decalo (1997) p. 261–2, 158, 230. These small groups, linked to similar groups in , Nigeria, came to public prominence in the 1990s during a series of religious riots.Ben Amara, Ramzi. "The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation" . Research Summary (n.d.) Summary for Shedrack Best's Nigeria, The Islamist Challenge, the Nigerian 'Shiite' Movement, 1999 ; conflict-prevention.net.

Despite this, Niger maintains a tradition as a , protected by law. International Religious Freedom Report 2001: Niger . United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 26 October 2001. Interfaith relations are deemed very good, and the forms of Islam traditionally practiced in most of the country are marked by tolerance of other faiths and lack of restrictions on personal freedom.t'Sas, Vincent. "Islam is thriving in impoverished Niger" , Reuters, 6 December 1997. Alcohol, such as the locally produced Bière Niger, is sold openly in most of the country.

Education
The of Niger is estimated to be 35.6% (47.9% male and 25.7% female) according to the , and 38% (46% male and 30% female) according to the , both as of 2022. Primary education in Niger is compulsory for six years. "Niger" . 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the . The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls. In 1997, the gross primary enrollment rate was 29.3 percent, and in 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 24.5 percent.

About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years. Children are often forced to work rather than attend school, particularly during planting or periods. children in the north of the country often do not have access to schools.

Health
The child mortality rate in Niger (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is high (248 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. According to the organization Save the Children, Niger has the world's highest infant mortality rate. Niger also has the highest in the world (6.49 births per woman according to 2017 estimates); this has resulted in nearly half (49.7%) of the Nigerien population being under age 15 in 2020. Niger has the 11th highest maternal mortality rate in the world at 820 deaths/100,000 live births. There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.

Clean drinking water is scarce by global standards, with significant differences between urban and rural areas. Niger is located at the bottom of the UN Human Development Index. Roughly 92% of the population lives in rural areas in the Tillabéri region along the western frontier, and there is a chronic scarcity of clean water, particularly during the hot season, when temperatures regularly exceed 40 degrees Celsius.

Just 40% of the 30,000 inhabitants in Téra, a city north-west of the country's capital of Niamey and near to the Burkina Faso border, have access to a working public water infrastructure. Société de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), Niger's water authority, opened ten boreholes and built a water treatment plant in 2018 to provide potable water to Téra and the surrounding areas. The water supply ran out about a year later, and the water treatment facility was forced to close.

With the help of a donation fund from the , the European Investment Bank is collaborating with the Niger water authority to find solutions to Niger's water issues. The identified Niger as one of the 18 fragile regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. The EU bank has a history of investing in regions like these.

The European Investment Bank and the Niger Water Authority are looking at two options for dealing with Téra's water shortages. The first choice is to repair the water tank on the outskirts of town. Another choice is to treat and transport water from the Niger River, which is located more than 100 kilometres to the east. Villages between Téra and the will also have access to sewage. The European Investment Bank will also look at renewable energy as a way to save costs.

In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Niger ranks 121st out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Niger's score of 34.1 indicates a serious level of hunger.

In 2025, according to the World Health Organization, Niger became the first African country and the fifth country worldwide to eradicate .

Culture
Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which French colonialism formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. What is now Niger was created from four distinct cultural areas in the pre-colonial era: the and Songhai dominated the valley in the south-west; the northern periphery of , made mostly of those states which had resisted the , and ranged along the long southern border with Nigeria; the and in the far east, populated by farmers and pastoralists who had once been part of the ; and the nomads of the Aïr Mountains and the Sahara in the vast north.

Each of these communities, along with smaller ethnic groups, brought their own cultural traditions to the new state of Niger. While successive post-independence governments have tried to forge a shared national culture, this has been slow forming, in part because the major Nigerien communities have their own cultural histories, and in part because Nigerien ethnic groups such as the , Tuareg and Kanuri are but part of larger ethnic communities which cross borders introduced under colonialism.

Until the 1990s, government and politics was inordinately dominated by and the of the surrounding region. At the same time the plurality of the population, in the Hausa borderlands between Birni-N'Konni and , have often looked culturally more to Hausaland in Nigeria than Niamey. Between 1996 and 2003, primary school attendance was around 30%, including 36% of males and only 25% of females. Additional education occurs through .

Festivals and cultural events
Guérewol festival
The Guérewol festival is a traditional Wodaabe cultural event that takes place in in or in . It is an annual traditional courtship ritual practiced by the Wodaabe (Fula) people of Niger. During this ceremony, young men dressed in elaborate ornamentation and made up in traditional face painting gather in lines to dance and sing, vying for the attention of marriageable young women. The Guérewol festival is an international attraction and was featured in films and magazines as prominent as the National Geographic.

Cure Salée festival
"La Cure salée" (English: Salt Cure) is a yearly festival of Tuareg and Wodaabe nomads in in traditionally to celebrate the end of the rainy season. For three days, the festival features a parade of camel riders followed with camel and horse races, songs, dances, and storytelling.

Media
Niger began developing diverse media in the late 1990s. Prior to the Third Republic, Nigeriens only had access to tightly controlled state media. SEMINAIRE-ATELIER DE FORMATION ET DE SENSIBILISATION "Mission de service public dans les entreprises de presse d'Etat et privée" . Historical introduction to Press Laws, in conference proceedings, Organised by FIJ/SAINFO/LO-TCO CCOG. NIAMEY, June 2002. Now Niamey contains scores of newspapers and magazines; some, like Le Sahel, are government operated, while many are critical of the government. Medias Status Report: Niger . Summary document written for the African Media Partners Network. Guy-Michel Boluvi, Les Echos du Sahel Niamey, January 2001. Radio is the most important medium, as television sets are beyond the buying power of many of the rural poor, and illiteracy prevents print media from becoming a mass medium.Geels, Jolijn. Niger. Bradt UK/Globe Pequot Press USA, 2006.

In addition to the national and regional radio services of the state broadcaster ORTN, there are four privately owned radio networks which total more than 100 stations. Three of them—the , Sarounia and Tenere—are urban-based commercial-format networks in the major towns.U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices â€“ Niger. 1993–1995 to 2006 . There is also a network of over 80 community radio stations spread across all seven regions of the country, governed by the Comité de Pilotage de Radios de Proximité (CPRP), a civil society organisation. The independent-sector radio networks are collectively estimated by CPRP officials to cover some 7.6 million people, or about 73% of the population (2005).

Aside from Nigerien radio stations, the 's Hausa service is listened to on FM repeaters across wide parts of the country, particularly in the south, close to the border with Nigeria. Radio France Internationale also rebroadcasts in French through some of the commercial stations, via satellite. Tenere FM also runs a national independent television station of the same name.

Despite relative freedom at the national level, Nigerien say they are often pressured by local authorities. Niger : Conseil de presse. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle . Ousseini Issa. Médi@ctions n°37, Institut PANOS Afrique de l'Ouest. March 2004. The state ORTN network depends financially on the government, partly through a surcharge on electricity bills, and partly through direct subsidy. The sector is governed by the Conseil Supérieur de Communications, established as an independent body in the early 1990s, since 2007 headed by . International human rights groups have criticised the government since at least 1996 as using regulation and police to punish criticism of the state. Attacks on the press: Niger 2006 . Committee to Protect Journalists (2007). Retrieved 23 February 2009. Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights . AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Public Statement. AI Index: AFR 43/001/2007 (Public Document) Press Service Number: 181/07. 21 September 2007.

See also
  • Outline of Niger

Notes
Sources

External links

Government

History
  • "History" – Nigerien History at Embassy of the Republic of Niger in Copenhagen

Tourism

Maps
: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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