Nebraska ( ) is a landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It borders South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. Nebraska is the 16th-largest state by land area, with just over . With a population of over 2 million as of 2024, it is the 38th-most populous state and the eighth-least densely populated. Its capital is Lincoln, and its most populous city is Omaha, which is on the Missouri River. Nebraska was admitted into the United States in 1867, two years after the end of the American Civil War. The Nebraska Legislature is unlike any other American legislature in that it is unicameral, and its members are elected without any official reference to political party affiliation. Nebraska is one of only two states that divide electoral college votes by district, and is not winner-take-all.
Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The Dissected Till Plains region consists of gently rolling hills and contains the state's largest cities, Omaha and Lincoln. The Great Plains region, occupying most of western Nebraska, is characterized by treeless prairie. Eastern Nebraska has a humid continental climate while western Nebraska is primarily semi-arid. The state has wide variations between winter and summer temperatures; the variations decrease in southern Nebraska. Violent and occur primarily during spring and summer, and sometimes in autumn. The Chinook wind tends to warm the state significantly in the winter and early spring.
Indigenous peoples, including Omaha people, Missouria, Ponca, Pawnee people, Otoe tribe, and various branches of the Lakota people (Sioux) tribes, lived in the region for thousands of years before European discovery and exploration. The state is crossed by many historic trails, including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad through Nebraska and passage of the Homestead Acts led to rapid growth in the population of American pioneer in the 1870s and 1880s and the development of a large agriculture sector for which the state is known to this day.
In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, France ceded the Louisiana Territory to Spain. This left Britain and Spain competing for dominance along the Mississippi River; by 1773, the British were trading with the native peoples of Nebraska. Spain dispatched two trading expeditions up the Missouri River in 1794 and 1795; the second, under James Mackay, established the first European settlement in Nebraska near the mouth of the Platte River. Later that year, Mackay's party built a trading post, dubbed Fort Carlos IV (Fort Charles), near present-day Homer. "Louisiana: European explorations and the Louisiana Purchase". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 4, 2015.Wood, W. Raymond. Nebraska History 76 (Spring 1995), pp. 2–9. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
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Late 19th century
In the 1860s, after the U.S. government forced many of the American Indian tribes to cede their lands and settle on reservations, it opened large tracts of land to agricultural development by European immigrants and American pioneer. Under the Homestead Act, thousands of settlers migrated into Nebraska to claim free land granted by the federal government. Because so few trees grew on the prairies, many of the first farming settlers built their Sod house, as had Native Americans such as the Omaha. The first wave of settlement gave the territory a sufficient population to apply for statehood.Marsha Hoffman and Dwight A. Radford, "Nebraska", Redbook: American State, County, and Town Sources, 3rd ed. (Provo: Ancestry, 2004), 408. Nebraska became the 37th state on March 1, 1867, and the capital was moved from Omaha to the center at Lancaster, later renamed Lincoln after the recently assassinated President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. The battle of Massacre Canyon, on August 5, 1873, was the last major battle between the Pawnee people and the Sioux. The Nebraska Indian Wars Reader, 1865–1877 By R. Eli Paul p. 88 Publisher: University of Nebraska Press (April 1, 1998)
During the 1870s to the 1880s, Nebraska experienced a large growth in population. Several factors contributed to attracting new residents. The first was that the vast prairie land was perfect for cattle grazing. This helped settlers to learn the unfamiliar geography of the area. The second factor was the invention of several farming technologies. New agricultural innovations such as barbed wire, windmills, and the steel plow, combined with fair weather, enabled settlers to transform Nebraska into prime farming land. By the 1880s, Nebraska's population had soared to more than 450,000 people. Redbook The Arbor Day holiday was founded in Nebraska City by territorial governor J. Sterling Morton. The National Arbor Day Foundation is still headquartered in Nebraska City, with some offices in Lincoln.
In the late 19th century, African Americans migrated from the South to Nebraska as part of the Great Migration. Eventually, they moved primarily to Omaha which offered working-class jobs in meat packing, the railroads and other industries. Omaha has a long history of civil rights activism. Blacks encountered discrimination from other Americans in Omaha and especially from recent European immigrants who were also competing for the same jobs as well.
The first Constitution of Nebraska in 1866 described Nebraska's boundaries as follows (The description of the Northern border is no longer accurate, since the Keya Paha River and the Niobrara River no longer form the boundary of the state of Nebraska. Instead, Nebraska's Northern border now extends east along the forty-third degree of north latitude until it meets the Missouri River directly.):
Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains. The easternmost portion of the state was scoured by Ice age ; the Dissected Till Plains were left after the glaciers retreated. The Dissected Till Plains is a region of gently rolling hills; Omaha and Lincoln are in this region. The Great Plains occupy most of western Nebraska, with the region consisting of several smaller, diverse land regions, including the Sandhills, the Pine Ridge, the Rainwater Basin, the High Plains and the Wildcat Hills. Panorama Point, at , is Nebraska's highest point; though despite its name and elevation, it is a relatively low rise near the Colorado and Wyoming borders. A past tourism slogan for the state of Nebraska was "Where the West Begins" (it has since been changed to "Honestly, it's not for everyone"). Locations given for the beginning of the "West" in Nebraska include the Missouri River, the intersection of 13th and O Streets in Lincoln (where it is marked by a red brick star), the 100th meridian, and Chimney Rock.
Areas under the management of the National Forest Service include:
Average annual precipitation decreases east to west from about in the southeast corner of the state to about in the Panhandle. Humidity also decreases significantly from east to west. Snowfall across the state is fairly even, with most of Nebraska receiving between of snow each year.[5] Nebraska's highest-recorded temperature was in Minden on July 24, 1936. The state's lowest-recorded temperature was in Camp Clarke on February 12, 1899.
Nebraska is located in Tornado Alley. are common during both the spring and the summer. Violent thunderstorms and happen primarily during those two seasons, although they also can occur occasionally during the autumn.
Fifty-three of Nebraska's 93 counties reported declining populations between 1990 and 2000, ranging from a 0.06% loss (Frontier County) to a 17.04% loss (Hitchcock County).
More urbanized areas of the state have experienced substantial growth. In 2000, the city of Omaha had a population of 390,007; in 2005, the city's estimated population was 414,521 (427,872 including the recently annexed city of Elkhorn), a 6.3% increase over five years. The 2010 census showed that Omaha has a population of 408,958. The city of Lincoln had a 2000 population of 225,581 and a 2010 population of 258,379, a 14.5% increase.
As of the 2010 census, there were 530 cities and villages in the state of Nebraska. There are five classifications of cities and villages in Nebraska, which are based upon population. All population figures are 2017 Census Bureau estimates unless flagged by a reference number.
Metropolitan Class City (300,000 or more)
Primary Class City (100,000–299,999)
First Class City (5,000–99,999)
Second Class Cities (800–4,999) and Villages (100–800) make up the rest of the communities in Nebraska. There are 116 second-class cities and 382 villages in the state.
Metropolitan areas 2017 estimate data
Micropolitan areas 2012 estimate data
Other areas
According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,246 homeless people in Nebraska.
The table below shows the racial composition of Nebraska's population as of 2022.
According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 10.2% of Nebraska's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican American (7.8%), Puerto Ricans (0.2%), Cuban American (0.2%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (2.0%). The largest ancestry groups were: German American (36.1%), Irish American (13.1%), English American (7.8%), Czech American (4.7%), Swedish American (4.3%), and Polish American (3.5%).
Nebraska has the largest Czech Americans and non-Mormon Danish Americans population (as a percentage of the total population) in the nation. Nebraska is also home to the largest Polish American population in the Great Plains. German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most of the state, particularly in the eastern counties. Thurston County (made up entirely of the Omaha and Winnebago reservations) has an American Indian majority, and Butler County is one of only two counties in the nation with a Czech-American plurality.
In recent years, Nebraska has become home to many refugee communities. In 2016, it welcomed more refugees per capita than any other state. Nebraska, and in particular Lincoln, is the largest home of Yazidis refugees and Yazidi Americans in the United States.
Notably, Nebraska was the last of all 50 states to maintain a ban on the issuance of driver's licenses to adults who had entered the United States illegally as children (also known as Dreamers). The state legislature lifted the ban in December 2016.
Mexico, India, China, Guatemala, and El Salvador are top countries of origin for Nebraska's immigrants.
Note: For 2013–2015, births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
The largest single denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Catholic Church (372,838), the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (112,585), the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (110,110) and the United Methodist Church (109,283).
Nebraska has a state sales and use tax of 5.5%. In addition to the state tax, some Nebraska cities assess a city sales and use tax, in 0.5% increments, up to a maximum of 1.5%. Dakota County levies an additional 0.5% county sales tax. "Frequently Asked Questions about Nebraska Sales and Use Tax". Nebraska Department of Revenue. Retrieved August 27, 2012. Food and ingredients that are generally for home preparation and consumption are not taxable. All real property within the state of Nebraska is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. Since 1992, only depreciable personal property is subject to tax and all other personal property is exempt from tax. Inheritance tax is collected at the county level.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates of Nebraska's gross state product in 2010 was $89.8 billion. Per capita personal income in 2004 was $31,339, 25th in the nation. Nebraska has a large agriculture sector, and is a major producer of beef, pork, wheat, maize, soybeans, and Sorghum bicolor. Other important economic sectors include freight transport (by rail and truck), manufacturing, telecommunications, information technology, and insurance.
In October 2021, Nebraska recorded an unemployment rate of 1.9%, the lowest ever recorded for any state.
Omaha is home to Berkshire Hathaway, whose chief executive officer (CEO), Warren Buffett, was ranked in March 2009 by Forbes magazine as the second-richest person in the world. The city is also home to Mutual of Omaha, InfoUSA, West Corporation, Valmont Industries, Woodmen of the World, Kiewit Corporation, Union Pacific Railroad, and Gallup. Ameritas Life Insurance Corp., Nelnet, Sandhills Publishing Company, Duncan Aviation, and Hudl are based in Lincoln. The Buckle is based in Kearney. Sidney is the national headquarters for Cabela's, a specialty retailer of outdoor goods now owned by Bass Pro Shops. Grand Island is the headquarters of Hornady, a manufacturer of ammunition.
The world's largest Rail yard, Union Pacific's Bailey Yard, is in North Platte. The Locking pliers was invented by William Petersen in 1924, and was manufactured in De Witt until the plant was closed and moved to China in late 2008.Jirovsky, Kristin. "Owner of Nail Jack Tools wants to share former Vise-Grip plant" , Lincoln Journal-Star. January 8, 2009.
Lincoln's Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing is the only Kawasaki plant in the world to produce the Jet Ski, all-terrain vehicle (ATV), and Kawasaki MULE product lines. The facility employs more than 1,200 people.
The Spade Ranch, in the Sandhills, is one of Nebraska's oldest and largest beef cattle operations.
Nebraska is the only state in the US where all Electric utility are publicly owned. Half of its electricity is generated from coal and the fastest-growing source in recent years has been wind. Nebraska has no renewable portfolio standard while supporting net metering.
Other major railroads with operations in the state are Amtrak; BNSF; Canadian National Railway; and Iowa Interstate Railroad.
When Nebraska became a state in 1867, its legislature consisted of two houses: a House of Representatives and a Senate. For years, U.S. Senator George Norris (Senator 1913–1943) and other Nebraskans encouraged the idea of a unicameral legislature and demanded the issue be decided in a referendum. Norris argued:
The Legislature meets in the third Nebraska State Capitol building, built between 1922 and 1932. It was designed by Bertram Goodhue. Built from Indiana Limestone, the capitol's base is a cross within a square. A 400-foot (122 m) domed tower rises from this base. The Sower, a 19-foot (5.8 m) bronze statue representing agriculture, crowns the building.
Nebraska has three representative seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Until the next election, Nebraska's representatives are Mike Flood (R) of the 1st district, Don Bacon (R) of the 2nd district, and Adrian Smith (R) of the 3rd district.
Nebraska is one of two states (Maine is the other) that allow for a split in the state's allocation of electoral votes in presidential elections. Under a 1991 law, two of Nebraska's five votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide popular vote, while the other three go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's three congressional districts.
Despite the current Republican domination of Nebraska politics, the state has a long tradition of electing Centrism members of both parties to state and federal office; examples include George W. Norris (who served a few years in the Senate as an independent), J. James Exon, Bob Kerrey, and Chuck Hagel. Voters have tilted to the right in recent years, a trend evidenced when Hagel retired from the Senate in 2008 and was succeeded by conservative Republican Mike Johanns to the U.S. Senate, as well as with the 2006 re-election of Ben Nelson, who was considered the most conservative Democrat in the Senate until his retirement in 2013. Johanns retired in 2015 and was succeeded by Ben Sasse, while Nelson retired in 2013 and was succeeded by Deb Fischer, both conservative Republicans.
Though its politics are generally conservative, the state also has a history of progressive reform. Nebraska was the first U.S. state to outlaw sexual assault within a marriage, in 1975. In 1980 it became the first U.S. state to divest from South Africa to protest the racist system of apartheid.
Former President Gerald Ford was born in Nebraska but moved away shortly after birth. Illinois native William Jennings Bryan represented Nebraska in Congress, served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson, and unsuccessfully ran for president three times. Former Vice President Dick Cheney was born in Lincoln but moved to Casper.
Community Colleges
Private colleges/universities
Performing arts
The College World Series has been held in Omaha since 1950. It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010, and has been domiciled at Charles Schwab Field Omaha since 2011.
American settlement and statehood
20th century
Geography
Federal land management
Climate
+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Nebraska 1/−10 2/−10 2/−10 2/−11 4/−11 0/−11
Settlements
Demographics
Population
+ Nebraska racial composition of population 100% 78.4% 4.7% 1.0% 2.5% 0.1% 4.4% 8.9% + Nebraska historical racial composition 78.4% 4.9% 2.7% 1.2% 0.1% 5.4% 7.3%
Birth data
+ Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother White 19,237 (73.7%) 19,471 (72.6%) 19,201 (72.0%) 18,729 (70.4%) 17,827 (69.0%) 17,645 (69.2%) 16,930 (68.4%) 16,433 (67.7%) 16,767 (68.1%) 16,120 (66.2%) 15,656 (64.9%) Black 1,979 (7.6%) 2,015 (7.5%) 2,009 (7.5%) 1,685 (6.3%) 1,688 (6.5%) 1,739 (6.8%) 1,654 (6.7%) 1,631 (6.7%) 1,533 (6.2%) 1,597 (6.6%) 1,506 (6.2%) Asian Americans 854 (3.3%) 1,048 (3.9%) 987 (3.7%) 894 (3.4%) 861 (3.3%) 925 (3.6%) 857 (3.5%) 870 (3.6%) 861 (3.5%) 816 (3.4%) 823 (3.4%) American Indian 592 (2.3%) 553 (2.1%) 557 (2.1%) 353 (1.3%) 399 (1.5%) 342 (1.3%) 341 (1.4%) 284 (1.2%) 248 (1.0%) 261 (1.1%) 297 (1.2%) Hispanic (any race) 3,895 (14.9%) 4,143 (15.6%) 4,249 (15.9%) 4,282 (16.1%) 4,382 (17.0%) 4,155 (16.3%) 4,345 (17.6%) 4,393 (18.1%) 4,440 (18.0%) 4,815 (19.8%) 5,010 (20.8%) Total 26,095 (100%) 26,794 (100%) 26,679 (100%) 26,589 (100%) 25,821 (100%) 25,488 (100%) 24,755 (100%) 24,291 (100%) 24,609 (100%) 24,345 (100%) 24,111 (100%)
Religion
Taxation
Economy
Industry
Energy
Transportation
Railroads
Roads and highways
Public transit
Intercity bus service
Law and government
Executive branch
Legislative branch
Unicameral supporters also argued that a [[bicameral|bicameralism]] legislature had a significant undemocratic feature in the committees that reconciled House and Senate legislation. Votes in these committees were secretive, and would sometimes add provisions to bills that neither house had approved. Nebraska's unicameral legislature today has rules that bills can contain only one subject, and must be given at least five days of consideration. In 1934, due in part to the budgetary pressure of the [[Great Depression]], Nebraska citizens ran a state initiative to vote on a constitutional amendment creating a unicameral legislature, which was approved, which, in effect, abolished the House of Representatives (the lower house).
Judicial branch
Federal representation
Politics
Republican 623,503 49.54% Democratic 330,728 26.28% Nonpartisan 276,992 22.01% Libertarian 17,694 1.40% Other/minor parties 9,671 0.77%
Education
Colleges and universities
Nebraska State College System
Culture
Arts
Sports
Professional sports
Omaha Supernovas Omaha January 24, 2024 Volleyball Pro Volleyball Federation Union Omaha Omaha July 25, 2020 Soccer USL League One Omaha Storm Chasers Omaha Baseball (minor league) (Triple-A) International League Nebraska Stampede Ralston Football (women's) Women's Football Alliance Lincoln Saltdogs Lincoln Baseball (independent) American Association Omaha Beef Omaha Football (indoor) Champions Indoor Football
Junior-level sports
Lincoln Stars Ice hockey United States Hockey League 1996 Omaha Lancers 1986 Tri-City Storm 2000 No Coast Derby Girls Roller derby Women's Flat Track Derby Association 2005 Omaha Rollergirls 2006
College sports
See also
Notes
Bibliography
Surveys
Scholarly special studies
External links
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