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Hexadecimal (also known as base-16 or simply hex) is a positional numeral system that represents numbers using a (base) of sixteen. Unlike the system representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" to represent values from ten to fifteen.

Software developers and system designers widely use hexadecimal numbers because they provide a convenient representation of values. Each hexadecimal digit represents four (binary digits), also known as a (or nybble). For example, an 8-bit is two hexadecimal digits and its value can be written as to in hexadecimal.

In mathematics, a subscript is typically used to specify the base. For example, the decimal value would be expressed in hexadecimal as . In programming, several notations denote hexadecimal numbers, usually involving a prefix. The prefix 0x is used in C, which would denote this value as 0x{{hexadecimal|711|no}}.

Hexadecimal is used in the transfer encoding Base 16, in which each byte of the is broken into two 4-bit values and represented by two hexadecimal digits.


Representation

Written representation
In most current use cases, the letters A–F or a–f represent the values 10–15, while the 0–9 are used to represent their decimal values.

There is no universal convention to use lowercase or uppercase, so each is prevalent or preferred in particular environments by community standards or convention; even mixed case is used. Some seven-segment displays use mixed-case 'A b C d E F' to distinguish the digits A–F from one another and from 0–9.

There is some standardization of using spaces (rather than commas or another punctuation mark) to separate hex values in a long list. For instance, in the following , each 8-bit is a 2-digit hex number, with spaces between them, while the 32-bit offset at the start is an 8-digit hex number.

00000000 57 69 6B 69 70 65 64 69 61 2C 20 74 68 65 20 66 00000010 72 65 65 20 65 6E 63 79 63 6C 6F 70 65 64 69 61 00000020 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 6E 79 6F 6E 65 20 63 61 6E 00000030 20 65 64 69 74 2C 20 69 6E 63 6C 75 64 69 6E 67 00000040 20 79 6F 75 20 28 61 6E 64 20 6D 65 29 21


Distinguishing from decimal
In contexts where the is not clear, hexadecimal numbers can be ambiguous and confused with numbers expressed in other bases. There are several conventions for expressing values unambiguously. A numerical subscript (itself written in decimal) can give the base explicitly: 15910 is decimal 159; 15916 is hexadecimal 159, which equals 34510. Some authors prefer a text subscript, such as 159decimal and 159hex, or 159d and 159h.

introduced the use of a particular typeface to represent a particular radix in his book The TeXbook.

(1986). 9780201134476 .
Hexadecimal representations are written there in a : ,

In linear text systems, such as those used in most computer programming environments, a variety of methods have arisen:

  • Although best known from the C programming language (and the many languages influenced by C), the prefix 0x to indicate a hex constant may have had origins in the systems. It is derived from the 0 prefix already in use for constants. Byte values can be expressed in hexadecimal with the prefix \x followed by two hex digits: '\x1B' represents the control character; "\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H" is a string containing 11 characters with two embedded Esc characters.The string "\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H" specifies the character sequence . These are the escape sequences used on an ANSI terminal that reset the character set and color, and then move the cursor to line 25. To output an integer as hexadecimal with the function family, the format conversion code %X or %x is used.
  • In and , characters can be expressed as hexadecimal numeric character references using the notation &#x''code'';, for instance T represents the character U+0054 (the uppercase letter "T"). If there is no the number is decimal (thus T is the same character).
  • In Intel-derived assembly languages and Modula-2, hexadecimal is denoted with a suffixed or : FFh or 05A3H. Some implementations require a leading zero when the first hexadecimal digit character is not a decimal digit, so one would write 0FFh instead of FFh. Some other implementations (such as NASM) allow C-style numbers (0x42).
  • Other assembly languages (6502, ), Pascal, Delphi, some versions of (), , Godot and Forth use $ as a prefix: $5A3, $C1F27ED.
  • Some assembly languages (Microchip) use the notation H'ABCD' (for ABCD16). Similarly, Fortran 95 uses Z'ABCD'.
  • Ada and enclose hexadecimal numerals in based "numeric quotes": 16#5A3#, 16#C1F27ED#. For bit vector constants uses the notation x"5A3", x"C1F27ED".
  • represents hexadecimal constants in the form 8'hFF, where 8 is the number of bits in the value and FF is the hexadecimal constant.
  • The Icon and languages use the prefix 16r: 16r5A3
  • and the and its derivatives denote hex with prefix 16#: 16#5A3, 16#C1F27ED.
  • uses the prefixes #x and #16r. Setting the variables *read-base* and *print-base* to 16 can also be used to switch the reader and printer of a Common Lisp system to Hexadecimal number representation for reading and printing numbers. Thus Hexadecimal numbers can be represented without the #x or #16r prefix code, when the input or output base has been changed to 16.
  • , MSX is Coming — Part 2: Inside MSX Compute!, issue 56, January 1985, p. 52 , and prefix hexadecimal numbers with &H: &H5A3
  • and use & for hex.BBC BASIC programs are not fully portable to (without modification) since the latter takes & to prefix values. (Microsoft BASIC primarily uses &O to prefix octal, and it uses &H to prefix hexadecimal, but the ampersand alone yields a default interpretation as an octal prefix.
  • TI-89 and 92 series uses a 0h prefix: 0h5A3, 0hC1F27ED
  • ALGOL 68 uses the prefix 16r to denote hexadecimal numbers: 16r5a3, 16rC1F27ED. Binary, quaternary (base-4), and octal numbers can be specified similarly.
  • The most common format for hexadecimal on IBM mainframes () and midrange computers () running the traditional OS's (zOS, zVSE, zVM, TPF, ) is X'5A3' or X'C1F27ED', and is used in Assembler, PL/I, , JCL, scripts, commands and other places. This format was common on other (and now obsolete) IBM systems as well. Occasionally quotation marks were used instead of apostrophes.


Syntax that is always Hex
Sometimes the numbers are known to be Hex.
  • In (including ), character codes are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with : where is the code for the space (blank) character, code point 20 in hex, 32 in decimal.
  • In the standard, a character value is represented with followed by the hex value, e.g. is the inverted exclamation point (¡).
  • in HTML, CSS and X Window can be expressed with six hexadecimal digits (two each for the red, green and blue components, in that order) prefixed with : magenta, for example, is represented as . CSS also allows 3-hexdigit abbreviations with one hexdigit per component: abbreviates (a golden orange: ).
  • In (e-mail extensions) encoding, character codes are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with : is "España" (F1 is the code for ñ in the ISO/IEC 8859-1 character set).)
  • PostScript binary data (such as image ) can be expressed as unprefixed consecutive hexadecimal pairs:  ...
  • Any IPv6 address can be written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits (sometimes called hextets), where each group is separated by a colon (). This, for example, is a valid IPv6 address: or abbreviated by removing leading zeros as (IPv4 addresses are usually written in decimal).
  • Globally unique identifiers are written as thirty-two hexadecimal digits, often in unequal hyphen-separated groupings, for example .


Other symbols for 10–15 and mostly different symbol sets
The use of the letters A through F to represent the digits above 9 was not universal in the early history of computers.
  • During the 1950s, some installations, such as Bendix-14, favored using the digits 0 through 5 with an to denote the values as , , , , and .
  • The SWAC (1950) and Bendix G-15 (1956) computers used the lowercase letters u, v, w, x, y and z for the values 10 to 15.
  • The and (1952) computers (and some derived designs, e.g. ) used the uppercase letters K, S, N, J, F and L for the values 10 to 15.
  • The Librascope LGP-30 (1956) used the letters F, G, J, K, Q and W for the values 10 to 15.
  • On the PERM (1956) computer, hexadecimal numbers were written as letters O for zero, A to N and P for 1 to 15. Many machine instructions had mnemonic hex-codes ( A=add, M=multiply, L=load, F=fixed-point etc.); programs were written without instruction names.
  • The Datamatic D-1000 (1957) used the lowercase letters b, c, d, e, f, and g whereas the  100 (1967) used the uppercase letters B, C, D, E, F and G for the values 10 to 15.
  • The (1960) used the letters S, T, U, V, W and X for the values 10 to 15.
  • The computer NEAC 1103 (1960) used the letters D, G, H, J, K (and possibly V) for values 10–15.
  • The Pacific Data Systems 1020 (1964) used the letters L, C, A, S, M and D for the values 10 to 15.

  • Bruce Alan Martin of Brookhaven National Laboratory considered the choice of A–F "ridiculous". In a 1968 letter to the editor of the CACM, he proposed an entirely new set of symbols based on the bit locations.

  • In 1972, Ronald O. Whitaker of Rowco Engineering Co. proposed a triangular font that allows "direct binary reading" to "permit both input and output from computers without respect to encoding matrices." (1 page) (7 pages)
  • Some seven-segment display decoder chips (i.e., 74LS47) show unexpected output due to logic designed only to produce 0–9 correctly. (29 pages)


Verbal and digital representations
Since there were no traditional numerals to represent the quantities from ten to fifteen, alphabetic letters were re-employed as a substitute. Most European languages lack non-decimal-based words for some of the numerals eleven to fifteen. Some people read hexadecimal numbers digit by digit, like a phone number, or using the NATO phonetic alphabet, the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, or a similar ad-hoc system. In the wake of the adoption of hexadecimal among IBM System/360 programmers, Magnuson (1968) suggested a pronunciation guide that gave short names to the letters of hexadecimal – for instance, "A" was pronounced "ann", B "bet", C "chris", etc. Another naming-system was published online by Rogers (2007) that tries to make the verbal representation distinguishable in any case, even when the actual number does not contain numbers A–F. Examples are listed in the tables below. Yet another naming system was elaborated by Babb (2015), based on a joke in Silicon Valley. The system proposed by Babb was further improved by Atkins-Bittner in 2015-2016.

Others have proposed using the verbal Morse Code conventions to express four-bit hexadecimal digits, with "dit" and "dah" representing zero and one, respectively, so that "0000" is voiced as "dit-dit-dit-dit" (....), dah-dit-dit-dah (-..-) voices the digit with a value of nine, and "dah-dah-dah-dah" (----) voices the hexadecimal digit for decimal 15.

Systems of counting on digits have been devised for both binary and hexadecimal. Arthur C. Clarke suggested using each finger as an on/off bit, allowing finger counting from zero to 102310 on ten fingers.

(2025). 9780007289981, Ballantine. .
Another system for counting up to FF16 (25510) is illustrated on the right.

+ Magnuson (1968)
naming method ! Number !! Pronunciation !! Decimal Value
10
11
12
13
14
15
26
160
91
40,990
6,864
14,973
+ Rogers (2007)
naming method ! Number !! Pronunciation !! Decimal Value
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
31
80
192
256
4,096
62
225
3,146
5,955

+ Atkins-Bittner (2015)
naming method
Aae10
Bbee11
Ccee12
Ddee13
Eee14
Feff15
A0atta160
B0bitta176
C0citta192
D0dickety208
E0eckity224
F0fleventy240
1Aabteen26
1Bbibteen27
1Ccibteen28
1Ddibbleteen29
1Eebbleteen30
1Ffleventeen31
100one bitey256
10,000one millby65,536
100,000,000one billby4,294,967,296


Signs
The hexadecimal system can express negative numbers the same way as in decimal: −2A to represent −4210, −B01D9 to represent −72136910 and so on.

Hexadecimal can also be used to express the exact bit patterns used in the processor, so a sequence of hexadecimal digits may represent a or even a floating-point value. This way, the negative number −4210 can be written as FFFF FFD6 in a 32-bit CPU register (in two's complement), as C228 0000 in a 32-bit FPU register or C045 0000 0000 0000 in a 64-bit FPU register (in the IEEE floating-point standard).


Hexadecimal exponential notation
Just as decimal numbers can be represented in exponential notation, so too can hexadecimal numbers. uses the letter P (or p, for "power"), whereas E (or e) serves a similar purpose in decimal . The number after the P is decimal and represents the binary exponent. Increasing the exponent by 1 multiplies by 2, not 16: . Usually, the number is normalized so that the hexadecimal digits start with (zero is usually with no P).

Example: represents .

P notation is required by the IEEE 754-2008 binary floating-point standard and can be used for floating-point literals in the C99 edition of the C programming language. Using the %a or %A conversion specifiers, this notation can be produced by implementations of the family of functions following the C99 specification and Single Unix Specification (IEEE Std 1003.1) standard.


Conversion

Binary conversion
Most computers manipulate binary data, but it is difficult for humans to work with a large number of digits for even a relatively small binary number. Although most humans are familiar with the base 10 system, it is much easier to map binary to hexadecimal than to decimal because each hexadecimal digit maps to a whole number of bits (410). This example converts 11112 to base ten. Since each position in a binary numeral can contain either a 1 or a 0, its value may be easily determined by its position from the right:
  • 00012 = 110
  • 00102 = 210
  • 01002 = 410
  • 10002 = 810

Therefore:

= 810 + 410 + 210 + 110
= 1510

With little practice, mapping 11112 to F16 in one step becomes easy (see table in written representation). The advantage of using hexadecimal rather than decimal increases rapidly with the size of the number. When the number becomes large, conversion to decimal is very tedious. However, when mapping to hexadecimal, it is trivial to regard the binary string as 4-digit groups and map each to a single hexadecimal digit.

This example shows the conversion of a binary number to decimal, mapping each digit to the decimal value, and adding the results.

= 51210 + 6410 + 1610 + 810 + 410
= 60410

Compare this to the conversion to hexadecimal, where each group of four digits can be considered independently and converted directly:

11002
C16
25C16

The conversion from hexadecimal to binary is equally direct.

(2025). 9780132774208, Pearson Education.


Other simple conversions
Although quaternary (base 4) is little used, it can easily be converted to and from hexadecimal or binary. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to a pair of quaternary digits, and each quaternary digit corresponds to a pair of binary digits. In the above example 2 5 C16 = 02 11 304.

The (base 8) system can also be converted with relative ease, although not quite as trivially as with bases 2 and 4. Each octal digit corresponds to three binary digits, rather than four. Therefore, we can convert between octal and hexadecimal via an intermediate conversion to binary followed by regrouping the binary digits in groups of either three or four.


Division-remainder in source base
As with all bases there is a simple for converting a representation of a number to hexadecimal by doing integer division and remainder operations in the source base. In theory, this is possible from any base, but for most humans, only decimal and for most computers, only binary (which can be converted by far more efficient methods) can be easily handled with this method.

Let d be the number to represent in hexadecimal, and the series hihi−1...h2h1 be the hexadecimal digits representing the number.

  1. i ← 1
  2. hi ← d mod 16
  3. d ← (d − hi) / 16
  4. If d = 0 (return series hi) else increment i and go to step 2

"16" may be replaced with any other base that may be desired.

The following is a implementation of the above algorithm for converting any number to a hexadecimal in String representation. Its purpose is to illustrate the above algorithm. To work with data seriously, however, it is much more advisable to work with bitwise operators.

function toHex(d) {

 var r = d % 16;
 if (d - r == 0) {
   return toChar(r);
 }
 return toHex((d - r) / 16) + toChar(r);
     
}

function toChar(n) {

 const alpha = "0123456789ABCDEF";
 return alpha.charAt(n);
     
}


Conversion through addition and multiplication
It is also possible to make the conversion by assigning each place in the source base the hexadecimal representation of its place value — before carrying out multiplication and addition to get the final representation. For example, to convert the number B3AD to decimal, one can split the hexadecimal number into its digits: B (1110), 3 (310), A (1010) and D (1310), and then get the final result by multiplying each decimal representation by 16 p ( p being the corresponding hex digit position, counting from right to left, beginning with 0). In this case, we have that:

which is 45997 in base 10.


Tools for conversion
Many computer systems provide a calculator utility capable of performing conversions between the various radices frequently including hexadecimal.

In Microsoft Windows, the Calculator, on its Programmer mode, allows conversions between hexadecimal and other common programming bases.


Elementary arithmetic
Elementary operations such as division can be carried out indirectly through conversion to an alternate , such as the commonly used decimal system or the binary system where each hex digit corresponds to four binary digits.

Alternatively, one can also perform elementary operations directly within the hex system itself — by relying on its addition/multiplication tables and its corresponding standard algorithms such as and the traditional subtraction algorithm.


Real numbers

Rational numbers
As with other numeral systems, the hexadecimal system can be used to represent , although repeating expansions are common since sixteen (1016) has only a single prime factor: two.

For any base, 0.1 (or "1/10") is always equivalent to one divided by the representation of that base value in its own number system. Thus, whether dividing one by two for binary or dividing one by sixteen for hexadecimal, both of these fractions are written as 0.1. Because the radix 16 is a (42), fractions expressed in hexadecimal have an odd period much more often than decimal ones, and there are no (other than trivial single digits). Recurring digits are exhibited when the denominator in lowest terms has a not found in the radix; thus, when using hexadecimal notation, all fractions with denominators that are not a power of two result in an infinite string of recurring digits (such as thirds and fifths). This makes hexadecimal (and binary) less convenient than for representing rational numbers since a larger proportion lies outside its range of finite representation.

All rational numbers finitely representable in hexadecimal are also finitely representable in decimal, and : that is, any hexadecimal number with a finite number of digits also has a finite number of digits when expressed in those other bases. Conversely, only a fraction of those finitely representable in the latter bases are finitely representable in hexadecimal. For example, decimal 0.1 corresponds to the infinite recurring representation 0.1 in hexadecimal. However, hexadecimal is more efficient than duodecimal and sexagesimal for representing fractions with powers of two in the denominator. For example, 0.062510 (one-sixteenth) is equivalent to 0.116, 0.0912, and 0;3,4560.

21/2 0.50.8 1/2
31/3 0.3333... = 0.0.5555... = 0. 1/3
41/4 0.250.4 1/4
51/5 0.20. 1/5
61/6,0.10.2,1/6
71/770.0.71/7
81/8 0.1250.2 1/8
91/9 0.0. 1/9
101/10,0.10.1,1/A
111/11 0.0.B1/B
121/12,0.080.1,1/C
131/13130.0.D1/D
141/14, 70.00.1, 71/E
151/15,0.00.,1/F
161/16 0.06250.1 1/10
171/17170.0. 1/11
181/18,0.00.0,1/12
191/19190.0.131/13
201/20,0.050.0,1/14
211/21, 70.0., 71/15
221/22,0.00.0, B1/16
231/23230.0.171/17
241/24,0.0410.0,1/18
251/25 0.040. 1/19
261/26, 130.00.0, D1/1A
271/27 0.0. 1/1B
281/28, 70.030.0, 71/1C
291/29290.0.1D1/1D
301/30, ,0.00.0, ,1/1E
311/31310.0.1F1/1F
321/32 0.031250.08 1/20
331/33,0.0., B1/21
341/34, 170.00.0,1/22
351/35, 70.00., 71/23
361/36,0.020.0,1/24
371/37370.0.251/25
381/38, 190.00.0, 131/26
391/39, 130.00.0, D1/27
401/40,0.0250.0,1/28
411/41410.00.0291/29
421/42, , 70.00.0, , 71/2A
431/43430.00.02B1/2B
441/44,0.020.05, B1/2C
451/45,0.00.0, 51/2D
461/46, 230.00.0, 171/2E
471/47470.00.02F1/2F
481/48,0.02080.0,1/30


Irrational numbers
The table below gives the expansions of some common irrational numbers in decimal and hexadecimal.
(the length of the of a unit square)...1.6A09E667F3BCD...
(the length of the diagonal of a unit )...1.BB67AE8584CAA...
(the length of the of a 1×2 )...2.3C6EF372FE95...
(phi, the = )...1.9E3779B97F4A...
(pi, the ratio of to of a circle)
...
3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E0
3707344A4093822299F31D008...
(the base of the natural logarithm)...2.B7E151628AED2A6B...
(the Thue–Morse constant)...0.6996 9669 9669 6996...
(the limiting difference between the harmonic series and the natural logarithm)...0.93C467E37DB0C7A4D1B...


Powers
Powers of two have very simple expansions in hexadecimal. The first sixteen powers of two are shown below.
1
2
4
8
16dec
32dec
64dec
128dec
256dec
512dec
1,024dec
2,048dec
4,096dec
8,192dec
16,384dec
32,768dec
65,536dec


Cultural history
The traditional Chinese units of measurement were base-16. For example, one jīn (斤) in the old system equals sixteen . The (Chinese ) can be used to perform hexadecimal calculations such as additions and subtractions.

As with the system, there have been occasional attempts to promote hexadecimal as the preferred numeral system. These attempts often propose specific pronunciation and symbols for the individual numerals. Some proposals unify standard measures so that they are multiples of 16. An early such proposal was put forward by John W. Nystrom in Project of a New System of Arithmetic, Weight, Measure and Coins: Proposed to be called the Tonal System, with Sixteen to the Base, published in 1862. Nystrom among other things suggested , which subdivides a day by 16, so that there are 16 "hours" (or "10 tims", pronounced tontim) in a day.Nystrom (1862), p. 33: "In expressing time, angle of a circle, or points on the compass, the unit tim should be noted as integer, and parts thereof as tonal fractions, as 5·86 tims is five times and metonby *"sutim ]."

The word hexadecimal is first recorded in 1952.C. E. Fröberg, Hexadecimal Conversion Tables, Lund (1952). It is in the sense that it combines ἕξ (hex) "six" with -decimal. The all-Latin alternative (compare the word for base 60) is older, and sees at least occasional use from the late 19th century. The Century Dictionary of 1895 has sexadecimal in the more general sense of "relating to sixteen". An early explicit use of sexadecimal in the sense of "using base 16" is found also in 1895, in the Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York, vols. 27–28, p. 197. It is still in use in the 1950s in Bendix documentation. Schwartzman (1994) argues that use of sexadecimal may have been avoided because of its suggestive abbreviation to sex.

(1994). 9780883855119, The Mathematical Association of America.
s.v. hexadecimal Many western languages since the 1960s have adopted terms equivalent in formation to hexadecimal (e.g. French hexadécimal, Italian esadecimale, Romanian hexazecimal, Serbian хексадецимални, etc.) but others have introduced terms which substitute native words for "sixteen" (e.g. Greek δεκαεξαδικός, Icelandic sextándakerfi, Russian шестнадцатеричной etc.)

Terminology and notation did not become settled until the end of the 1960s. In 1969, argued that the etymologically correct term would be senidenary, or possibly sedenary, a Latinate term intended to convey "grouped by 16" modelled on binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. According to Knuth's argument, the correct terms for decimal and octal arithmetic would be denary and octonary, respectively.Knuth, Donald. (1969). The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2. . (Chapter 17.) Alfred B. Taylor used senidenary in his mid-1800s work on alternative number bases, although he rejected base 16 because of its "incommodious number of digits".Alfred B. Taylor, Report on Weights and Measures, Pharmaceutical Association, 8th Annual Session, Boston, 15 September 1859. See pages and 33 and 41.Alfred B. Taylor, "Octonary numeration and its application to a system of weights and measures", Proc Amer. Phil. Soc. Vol XXIV , Philadelphia, 1887; pages 296–366. See pages 317 and 322.

The now-current notation using the letters A to F establishes itself as the de facto standard beginning in 1966, in the wake of the publication of the manual for IBM System/360, which (unlike earlier variants of Fortran) recognizes a standard for entering hexadecimal constants. IBM System/360 FORTRAN IV Language (1966), p. 13. As noted above, alternative notations were used by (1960) and The Pacific Data Systems 1020 (1964). The standard adopted by IBM seems to have become widely adopted by 1968, when Bruce Alan Martin in his letter to the editor of the CACM complains that

Martin's argument was that use of numerals 0 to 9 in nondecimal numbers "imply to us a base-ten place-value scheme": "Why not use entirely new symbols (and names) for the seven or fifteen nonzero digits needed in octal or hex. Even use of the letters A through P would be an improvement, but entirely new symbols could reflect the binary nature of the system". He also argued that "re-using alphabetic letters for numerical digits represents a gigantic backward step from the invention of distinct, non-alphabetic glyphs for numerals sixteen centuries ago" (as , and later in a Hindu–Arabic numeral system), and that the recent standards (ASA X3.4-1963 and USAS X3.4-1968) "should have preserved six code table positions following the ten decimal digits -- rather than needlessly filling these with punctuation characters" (":;<=>?") that might have been placed elsewhere among the 128 available positions.


Base16 (transfer encoding)
Base16 (as a proper name without a space) can also refer to a binary to text encoding belonging to the same family as Base32, Base58, and Base64.

In this case, data is broken into 4-bit sequences, and each value (between 0 and 15 inclusively) is encoded using one of 16 symbols from the character set. Although any 16 symbols from the ASCII character set can be used, in practice, the ASCII digits "0"–"9" and the letters "A"–"F" (or the lowercase "a"–"f") are always chosen in order to align with standard written notation for hexadecimal numbers.

There are several advantages of Base16 encoding:

  • Most programming languages already have facilities to parse ASCII-encoded hexadecimal
  • Being exactly half a byte, 4-bits is easier to process than the 5 or 6 bits of Base32 and Base64 respectively
  • The symbols 0–9 and A–F are universal in hexadecimal notation, so it is easily understood at a glance without needing to rely on a symbol lookup table.
  • Many CPU architectures have dedicated instructions that allow access to a half-byte (otherwise known as a ""), making it more efficient in hardware than Base32 and Base64

The main disadvantages of Base16 encoding are:

  • Space efficiency is only 50%, since each 4-bit value from the original data will be encoded as an 8-bit byte. In contrast, Base32 and Base64 encodings have a space efficiency of 63% and 75% respectively.
  • Possible added complexity of having to accept both uppercase and lowercase letters

Support for Base16 encoding is ubiquitous in modern computing. It is the basis for the W3C standard for , where a character is replaced with a percent sign "%" and its Base16-encoded form. Most modern programming languages directly include support for formatting and parsing Base16-encoded numbers.


See also

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