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Elaeagnus ()

(1995). 9780376038500, Sunset Publishing Corporation.
is a of in the family . Some species of the genus are commonly known as silverberry or oleaster,

Description
Elaeagnus plants are or or small . The alternate and the shoots are usually covered with tiny silvery to brownish scales, giving the plants a whitish to grey-brown colour from a distance. The are small, with a four-lobed and no petals; they are often fragrant. The is a fleshy containing a single ; it is edible in many species. Several species are cultivated for their fruit, including E. angustifolia, E. umbellata, and E. multiflora (gumi). E. umbellata contains the .

Taxonomy
The genus Elaeagnus was erected in 1754 by , who attributed the name to Joseph Pitton de Tournefort. There is agreement that the name is based on 's use of the ἐλαίαγνος (, latinized to ) as the name of a shrub. The first part of the name, elae-, is from ἐλαία, 'olive'. Sources differ on the origin of the second part: it may be from ἄγνος, Vitex agnus-castus, the chaste tree, or from the Greek name for a kind of willow.
(1972). 9780900513046, Landsmans Bookshop.
In either case, the second part is derived from ἁγνός (), meaning 'pure', 'chaste'.

Species
Plants of the World Online currently (February 2025) includes:

  1. Elaeagnus angustata (China)
  2. Elaeagnus angustifolia – type species – oleaster, Russian olive, etc. (western Asia)
  3. Elaeagnus annamensis
  4. Elaeagnus arakiana
  5. (China)
  6. Elaeagnus bambusetorum (China)
  7. (China)
  9. Elaeagnus calcarea
  10. Elaeagnus caudata
  11. Elaeagnus cinnamomifolia (China)
  12. Elaeagnus commutata – American silverberry or wolf-willow (North America)
  13. Elaeagnus conferta (southern Asia)
  14. Elaeagnus courtoisii (China)
  15. Elaeagnus darenensis (China)
  16. (China)
  17. Elaeagnus delavayi
  18. Elaeagnus difficilis
  19. Elaeagnus elongatus
  20. Elaeagnus epitricha
  21. Elaeagnus fasciculata
  22. Elaeagnus formosana
  23. Elaeagnus formosensis (Taiwan)
  24. Elaeagnus geniculata
  25. (eastern Asia)
  26. Elaeagnus gonyanthes (China)
  27. Elaeagnus grandifolia (China)
  28. Elaeagnus griffithii (China)
  29. Elaeagnus grijsii
  30. Elaeagnus guizhouensis
  32. Elaeagnus heterophylla
  33. Elaeagnus hunanensis (China)
  35. Elaeagnus infundibularis
  36. Elaeagnus jiangxiensis (China)
  37. Elaeagnus jingdonensis (China)
  38. (China)
  39. Elaeagnus lanceolata (China)
  40. Elaeagnus lanpingensis (China)
  41. Elaeagnus laosensis
  42. Elaeagnus latifolia (southern Asia)
  43. Elaeagnus lipoensis
  44. Elaeagnus liukiuensis
  45. Elaeagnus liuzhouensis (China)
  46. Elaeagnus longiloba (China)
  47. Elaeagnus loureiroi (southern China)
  48. Elaeagnus luoxiangensis (China)
  49. Elaeagnus luxiensis (China)
  50. Elaeagnus macrantha (China)
  51. Elaeagnus macrophylla (eastern Asia)
  53. Elaeagnus × maritima
  54. Elaeagnus matsunoana
  55. Elaeagnus maximowiczii
  56. Elaeagnus micrantha (China)
  57. (China)
  58. Elaeagnus montana
  59. Elaeagnus multiflora – cherry silverberry or gumi (eastern Asia)
  60. Elaeagnus murakamiana
  61. Elaeagnus numajiriana
  62. Elaeagnus obovatifolia
  63. Elaeagnus oldhamii (China)
  64. (China)
  65. Elaeagnus pallidiflora (China)
  66. Elaeagnus pilostyla
  67. Elaeagnus pingnanensis
  68. Elaeagnus pungens – silverthorn (Japan)
  69. Elaeagnus pyriformis (eastern )
  70. Elaeagnus × reflexa
  71. Elaeagnus retrostyla (China)
  72. Elaeagnus rivularis
  73. Elaeagnus rotundata
  74. Elaeagnus s-stylata
  75. Elaeagnus sarmentosa (China)
  76. Elaeagnus schlechtendalii (China)
  77. Elaeagnus stellipila (China)
  78. Elaeagnus × submacrophylla
  79. Elaeagnus takeshitae
  80. Elaeagnus taliensis (China)
  81. Elaeagnus tarokoensis
  82. Elaeagnus thunbergii (China)
  83. Elaeagnus tonkinensis (southeastern Asia)
  84. Elaeagnus tricholepis
  85. Elaeagnus triflora (southeastern Asia, northeast Australia)
  86. Elaeagnus tubiflora (China)
  87. Elaeagnus tutcheri (southern China)
  88. Elaeagnus umbellata – Japanese silverberry or autumn olive (eastern Asia)
  89. Elaeagnus viridis (China)
  90. Elaeagnus wenshanensis (China)
  91. Elaeagnus xichouensis (China)
  92. Elaeagnus xingwenensis (China)
  93. Elaeagnus xizangensis (China)
  94. Elaeagnus yakusimensis
  95. Elaeagnus yoshinoi (China)
  96. Elaeagnus yunnanensis ()

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
The following species have been placed in other genera or their status has been considered unresolved:

  • Elaeagnus arakiana Koidz.
  • Elaeagnus asakawana Sa.Kurata
  • Elaeagnus attenuata Nakai
  • Elaeagnus crocea Nakai
  • Elaeagnus cyanea Aiton ex Steud.
  • Elaeagnus emarginata Colla
  • Elaeagnus fasciculata (Wall. ex Steud.) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus fragrans Nakai
  • Elaeagnus fruticosa (Lour.) A.Chev.
  • Elaeagnus fusca Pépin ex Lem.
  • Elaeagnus higoensis Nakai
  • Elaeagnus kiusiana Nakai
  • Elaeagnus laetevirens Lindb.
  • Elaeagnus latifolia Lour.
  • Elaeagnus mayeharai Nakai
  • Elaeagnus nagasakiana Nakai
  • Elaeagnus numajiriana Makino
  • Elaeagnus oleaster L.
  • Elaeagnus pauciflora C.Y. Chang (China)
  • Elaeagnus philippinensis Perrott. – lingaro berry (Philippines)
  • Elaeagnus × pyramidalis Browicz & Bugala ( E. commutata × E. multiflora)
  • Elaeagnus oxycarpa Schltdl. (China)
  • Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus rotundifolia (Parry) A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus sativa Dippel
  • Elaeagnus undulata auct.
  • Elaeagnus utilis A.Nelson
  • Elaeagnus veteris-castelli Lepage

Hybrids
The following hybrids have been described:
  • Elaeagnus × maritima Koidz.
  • Elaeagnus × reflexa E.Morren & Decne. ( E. pungens × E. glabra)
  • Elaeagnus × submacrophylla Servett. ( E. macrophylla × E. pungens)

Habitat
The vast majority of the species are to and regions of Asia. Elaeagnus triflora extends from Asia south into northeastern Australia, while E. commutata is native to North America, and Elaeagnus philippinensis is native to the Philippines. One of the Asian species, E. angustifolia, may also be native in southeasternmost Europe, though it may instead be an early human introduction there. Also, several Asiatic species of Elaeagnus have become established as introduced species in North America, with some of these species being considered , or even designated as , in portions of the United States.

Ecology
Elaeagnus species are used as food plants by the of some species including Coleophora elaeagnisella and the Gothic . The thorny shrubs can also provide good nesting sites for birds.

Nitrogen fixation
Many Elaeagnus species harbor organisms in their roots, so are able to grow well in low-nitrogen soils. This ability results in multiple ecological consequences where these Elaeagnus species are present. They can become in many locations where they are established as . Two species ( E. pungens and E. umbellata) are currently rated as category II , invasive species in many world regions and by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council.

Cultivation
Elaeagnus species are widely cultivated for their showy, often variegated, foliage, and numerous and hybrids have been developed.
(2025). 9781405332965, Dorling Kindersley.

The fruit is acidic and somewhat astringent. It makes good tarts.

Notable species and hybrids in cultivation include:-

  • Elaeagnus angustifolia
  • Elaeagnus commutata
  • Elaeagnus macrophylla
  • Elaeagnus multiflora
  • Elaeagnus pungens
  • Elaeagnus × reflexa
  • Elaeagnus × submacrophylla (syn. E. × ebbingei)
  • Elaeagnus umbellata

The hybrid Elaeagnus × submacrophylla and the cultivar 'Gilt Edge' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

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