E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is e (pronounced ); plural es, Es, or E's.
It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech language, Danish language, Dutch language, English language, French language, German language, Hungarian, Latin language, Latvian language, Norwegian, Spanish language, and Swedish language.
Name
In English, the name of the letter is the "long E" sound, pronounced . In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in
.
History
The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek alphabet letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic alphabet letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure ( hillul, 'jubilation'), and was most likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation.
In Semitic, the letter represented (and in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent . The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
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English
Although
Middle English spelling used to represent long and short , the Great Vowel Shift changed long (as in
me or
bee) to while short (as in
met or
bed) remained a
mid vowel. In unstressed syllables, this letter is usually pronounced either as or . In other cases, the letter is
Silent e, generally at the end of words like
queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages, it represents either , , , or some variation (such as a
Nasal vowel version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or
Saanich dialect, represents a mid-central vowel . Digraphs with are common to indicate either
or
, such as or for or in English, for in
German language, and for in
French language or in German.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.
Frequency
E is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language alphabet and several other European languages,
which has implications in both
cryptography and
data compression. This makes it a harder letter to use when writing
.
Other uses
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In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, "E" corresponds to the number 14 in decimal (base 10) counting.
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"e" is also commonly used to denote Euler's number.
Related characters
Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet
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E with : Breve Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Caron Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ
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ⱸ: E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet
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Æ æ: Latin AE ligature
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Œ œ: Latin OE ligature
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The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
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Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
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Ɛ ɛ: Latin letter epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
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ᶓ: Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook
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Ɜ ɜ: Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
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ɝ: Latin small letter reversed epsilon / open e with hook, which represents a R-colored vowel in the IPA
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ᶔ: Reversed epsilon / open e with retroflex hook
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ᶟ: Modifier letter small reversed epsilon / open e
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ɞ: Latin small letter closed reversed open e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
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𐞏: Modifier letter small closed reversed open e, which is a superscript IPA letter
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Ə ə: Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
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Ǝ ǝ: Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
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ɘ: Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
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𐞎: Modifier letter small reversed e, which is a superscript IPA letter
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The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of e and epsilon / open e:
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e: Subscript small e is used in Indo-European studies
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Teuthonista phonetic transcription system symbols related to E:
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
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𐤄: Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive:
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Ε ε: Greek alphabet letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive:
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
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€: Euro sign.
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℮: estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
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e: the symbol for the elementary charge (the electric charge carried by a single proton).
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∃: existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
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∈: the symbol for set membership in set theory.
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𝑒: the base of the natural logarithm.
Other representations
Computing
Other
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.
See also
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E notation: used by scientific calculators to indicate a power of ten multiplier
Notes
External links
