Yantra (यन्त्र; 'machine'/'contraption'
Representations of the yantra in India have been considered to date back to 11,000–10,000 BCE.
Mantras, the Sanskrit syllables inscribed on yantras, are essentially "thought forms" representing divinities or cosmic powers that exert their influence by means of sound-vibrations.[Khanna, Madhu (2003). Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity, page 21. Inner Traditions. & ]
Etymology
In Rigvedic Sanskrit, yantra meant an instrument for restraining or fastening, a prop, support, or barrier, etymologically deriving from the root
yam, "to sustain, support" and the
-tra suffix, expressing instrumentation. The literal meaning is still evident in the medical terminology of
Sushruta, where the term refers to blunt surgical instruments such as tweezers or a vice. The meaning of "mystical or occult diagram" arises in the medieval period (
Kathasaritsagara,
Pancharatra).
[
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See also
]
- "1) that which restrains or fastens, any prop or support; 2) "a fetter", 4) any instrument or machine", ... 7) "an amulet, a mystical or astronomical diagram used as an amulet";
Usage and meaning
Yantras are usually associated with a particular deity and are used for specific benefits, such as: for meditation; protection from harmful influences; development of particular powers; attraction of wealth or success, etc.
For instance, the Sivali yantra, used mainly in Southeast Asian Buddhism, is used for the attraction of wealth and good luck. They are often used in daily ritual worship at home or in temples, and sometimes worn as a talisman.
(2025). 002865997X, Thomson Gale. 002865997X
As an aid to meditation (meditative painting), yantras represent the deity that is the object of meditation. These yantras emanate from the central point, the bindu. A yantra typically has several geometric shapes radiating concentrically from the center, including triangles, circles, hexagons, octagons, and symbolic lotus petals. The outside often includes a square representing the four cardinal directions, with doors to each. A popular form is the Sri Chakra, or Sri Yantra, which represents the goddess in her form as Tripura Sundari. Sri Chakra also includes a representation of Shiva, and is designed to show the totality of creation and existence, along with the user's own unity with the cosmos.
Yantras can be on a flat surface or three-dimensional. They can be drawn or painted on paper, engraved on metal, or any flat surface. They tend to be smaller in size than the similar mandala, traditionally with less color.
Occult yantras are used as good luck charms, to ward off evil, as preventative medicine, in exorcism, etc., by virtue of magical power. When used as talismans, yantras are viewed as representing a deity who can be called on at will by the user. They are traditionally consecrated and energized by a priest, including the use of mantras closely associated with the specific deity and yantra. Practitioners believe that a yantra that is not energized with a mantra is lifeless.
Gudrun Bühnemann classifies three general types of yantras based on their usage:
-
Yantras that are used as foundation for ritual implements such as lamps or vessels. These are typically simple geometric shapes upon which the implements are placed.
-
Yantras used in regular worship, such as the Sri Yantra. These include geometric diagrams energized with mantras to the deity, and sometimes include written mantras in the design.
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Yantras used in specific desire-oriented rites. These are often made on birch bark or paper, and can include special materials such as flowers, rice paste, or ashes.
Structural elements and symbolism
A yantra comprises geometric shapes, images, and written mantra. Triangles and hexagrams are common, as are circles and lotuses of 4 to 1,000 petals. Saiva and Shakti yantras often feature the prongs of a
trishula.
- Mantra
- Yantras frequently include mantras written in Sanskrit.
- Use of colors in traditional yantra is entirely symbolic, and not merely decorative or artistic. Each color is used to denote ideas and inner states of consciousness. White/Red/Black is one of the most significant color combinations, representing the three qualities or gunas of nature ( prakriti). White represents sattwa or purity; red represents rajas or the activating quality; black represents tamas or the quality of inertia. Specific colors also represent certain aspects of the goddess. Not all texts give the same colors for yantras. Aesthetics and artistry are meaningless in a yantra if they are not based on the symbolism of the colors and geometric shapes.
[Khanna, Madhu (2003). Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity. pp. 132–133. Inner Traditions. & ]
- Bindu
- The central point of traditional yantras have a bindu or point, which represents the main deity associated with the yantra. The retinue of the deity is often represented in the geometric parts around the center. The bindu in a yantra may be represented by a dot or small circle, or may remain invisible. It represents the point from which all of creation emanates. Sometimes, as in the case of the Linga Bhairavi yantra, the bindu may be presented in the form of a linga.
- Trikonā
- Most Hindu yantras include trikonā (triangles). Downward-pointing triangles represent the feminine aspect of God or Shakti, while upward-pointing triangles represent God's masculine aspect, as in Shiva.
- Satkonā
- Satkonās or Hexagrams as shown in yantras are two equilateral triangles intertwined, representing the union of male and female aspects of divinity, or Shiva and Shakti.
- Lotus (Kamal)
- Mandalas and yantras both frequently include lotus petals, which represent purity and transcendence. Eight-petaled lotuses are common, but lotuses in yantras can include 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 32, 100, 1000 or more petals.
- Circle (Gola)
- Many mandalas have three concentric circles in the center, representing manifestation.
- Outer square
- Many mandalas have an outer square or nested squares, representing the earth and the four cardinal directions. Often they include sacred doorways on each side of the square or Chakorā.
- Panchkonā
- Yantras infrequently use a Panchkonā (pentagram). Some yantras of Guhyakali have a pentagram, due to the number five being associated with Kali.
- Ashtakonā
- Ashtakonās or octagons are also infrequent in yantras, where they represent the eight directions.
Yantra designs in modern times have deviated from the traditional patterns given in ancient texts and traditions. Designers in the west may copy design elements from Nepali/tantric imitations of yantras.
Yantra tattooing
Yantra Tattooing or
Sak Yuant is a form of
using yantra designs in Buddhism. It consists of sacred geometrical, animal and deity designs accompanied by
Pali phrases that are said to offer power, protection, fortune, charisma and other benefits for the bearer. Sak yant designs are normally tattooed by
ruesi,
wicha practitioners, and Buddhist monks or Brahmin priests, traditionally with a metal rod sharpened to a point (called a
khem sak).
Yantra drawing
The world’s largest
Shri Yantra, measuring 67,400 sq ft was drawn on ground in Cranbury, New Jersey under the guidance of Guru Karunamaya.
Gallery
Image:Yant_Paed_Tidt.jpg|Yan Paet-thit, a Thai yantra tattoo
File:Sri_Yantra_copper2.jpg|Traditional engraved copper Sri Yantra
File:Trident_Yantra_of_Parama_Siva.jpg|Yantra of Parashiva, with trident
File:SriYantra construct.svg|The Sri Yantra diagram
File:Ashtamatrika yantra.jpg|Matrikas yantra diagram
File:Tripura-bhairavi yantra color.jpg|Bhairavi yantra diagram
See also
Further reading
-
Madhu Khanna (2003). Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity. Inner Traditions. &
External links
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