A tuberculoma is a clinical manifestation of tuberculosis which conglomerates into a firm lump, and so can mimic cancer of many types in medical imaging studies.
When tuberculomas arise intracranially, they represent a manifestation of CNS tuberculosis.
With the passage of time, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can transform into crystals of calcium. These can affect any organ such as the brain,
Mechanism
The exact mechanism of tuberculoma development has not been determined, although multiple theories have been proposed. It is possible that, following an initial tuberculosis infection resulting in bacteremia, a foci of
Granuloma may coalesce into a
Caseous necrosis tuberculoma.
Pulmonary tuberculomas may arise due to repeated cycles of necrosis and re-encapsulation of foci, or, alternatively, the shrinkage and fusion of encapsulated densities.
In regards to CNS tuberculoma, it is thought that mycobacterium tuberculosis is capable of penetrating the blood brain barrier after bacterial bacilli induce the release of Cytokine by various immunologic cells, leading to an increase in barrier permeability.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms are based on the location of the tuberculoma. Small, scattered lesions may be asymptomatic. Intracranial tuberculomas in children are often infratentorial, occurring near the
cerebellum and base of the brain. In this population, symptoms such as headache, fever, focal neurologic findings and seizures have been seen
in addition to
papilledema with or without
meningitis.
When the size of a brainstem tuberculoma grows to the point of narrowing the
fourth ventricle,
Hydrocephalus and its related symptoms can arise.
Rupture of tuberculomas adjacent to the arachnoid can lead to
arachnoiditis,
while rupture near the subarachnoid space or ventricular system can cause meningitis.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of tuberculoma can be challenging, as invasive testing may be required and, occasionally, concomitant malignancy may be present.
In children with tuberculoma, CXR is often normal despite a positive TST/IGRA.
Diagnosis of brain tuberculoma can be aided with PCR of cerebrospinal fluid, but is of less utility for quickly diagnosing and treating lesions.
Definitive diagnosis can be made through stereotactic, CT-guided biopsy, with excision required in rare cases. Biopsy is chosen when non-invasive testing has failed to produce a diagnosis, when patients fail to respond to a treatment regimen, in cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis, and in non-compliant patients.
Imaging
The appearance of a tuberculoma on imaging can vary according to the composition and age of the mass. They may appear as either non-caseating or solidly
caseating lesions.
Initially, tuberculomas appear
hypodense on computed tomography (CT) scans with significant surrounding edema.
The "target sign" is
pathognomonic for tuberculoma on CT, with a nodular ring-enhancing mass and central calcification.
The characteristic ring-enhanced appearance is due to lack of blood supply in the central necrotic core that is visualized with
Contrast agent.
Sometimes a hypodense central area is seen instead of calcification.
When considering other potential intracranial masses in a differential diagnosis, such as
cysticercosis,
pyogenic abscess, and
neoplastic lesions, tuberculoma can be identified by its larger size (>2 cm), edema, and irregular border.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is another useful imaging modality for diagnosing and characterizing of tuberculomas, especially solid caseous necrosis in which 3 zones of varying intensity are seen.
Treatment
Tuberculoma is commonly treated through the HRZE drug combination (
Isoniazid,
Rifampin,
Pyrazinamide,
Ethambutol) followed by maintenance therapy.
Per international guidelines, 9–12 months of medical management is standard.
While the majority of tuberculomas resolve in 12–24 months, in patients with multiple or larger lesions prolonged treatment extending beyond two years may be required. In some patients, the release of inflammatory mediators during treatment can cause a paradoxical worsening of symptoms that is treated with anti-inflammatory medications in addition to the standard anti-tuberculosis regimen.
Exceptionally large tuberculomas, those exerting a mass effect on the brain, and those which fail to respond to medical management required surgical excision. In some cases, surgical excision is necessary for diagnosis as well as treatment.
Prognosis
Of patients with a brain tuberculoma treated with an appropriate medication regimen, almost half recover completely. Approximately 10% of those treated fail to recover and succumb to the tuberculoma.
Reports issued before the advent of effective anti-tuberculosis therapy showed that, when untreated, 30-50% of tuberculomas enter and remain in a stationary course.
Epidemiology
Tuberculomas are most commonly seen in areas where tuberculosis is endemic. In these areas, tuberculomas can account for between 30%-50% of intracranial masses.
India and parts of Asia are two areas where tuberculomas have been noted to be particularly prevalent.
They occur most often as solitary, infratentorial lesions in young children.
In contrast, lesions are most often supratentorial in adults.
Pulmonary tuberculomas are among the most common benign nodules, with 5%-24% of all resected nodules being of tuberculous origin.
