In Persian language, Turkic languages, Hindustani and Punjabi language, the word takhallus (from Arabic تخلّص, ;[ A Brief History of Persian Literature, by the Iran Chamber Society.] ; ; ; , ) means a pen name. Pen names were widely adopted by Persian, Turkic, Urdu and Punjabi poets.
The takhallus is often included in the maqta', the last couplet ( bayt) of a ghazal.
History
While the
ghazal originated in
Arabic poetry, evolving from the
qasida, some of the common features of the contemporary
ghazal developed later, among
Persian poetry and
Persianate authors. These features include the
maqta rhyming couplet which concludes the
ghazal, and with it, the
takhallus. That said, it is likely related to the Arabic convention of the
laqab (epithet), which were earned by a poet's reputation and renown.
Examples of takhallus
(Note that many of the following poets wrote in multiple languages, and not exclusively in the language they are categorised under.)
Examples of takhallus and laqab used by some notable Arabic poets:
Examples of takhallus used by some notable Persian and Azeri poets:
Examples of takhallus used by some notable Urdu poets:
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Faiz – Faiz Ahmed Faiz
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Fani — Fani Badayuni, Shaukat Ali Khan
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Ghalib – Ghalib
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Hali – Altaf Hussain Hali, Altaf Hussain
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Jigar - Jigar Moradabadi, Sikander Ali Moradabadi
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Raskhan
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Kaki - Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar
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Mir - Mir Taqi Mir, Mir Muhammad Taqi
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Zafar - Bahadur Shah Zafar, Bahadur Shah II
Among Hindustani and Urdu poetry poets, "Hasrat" is a particularly common takhallus. In Hindi and Urdu, the word Hasrat meaning "wish" or "desire,", deriving from the Arabic hasra ( حسرة). It is also the Persian and Hindustani pronunciation of the Islamic honorific hadra (Arabic: حضرة).
See also
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List of pseudonyms
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Kunya, Laqab, and Nisba
External links