Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiont nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants.
The bacteria colonize plant cells to form , where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase. The ammonia is shared with the host plant in the form of organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or .
History
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate and cultivate a
microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888.
He named it
Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in
Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus
Rhizobium.
Research
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants, such as legumes, fixing nitrogen from the air into
ammonia, which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. The Agricultural Research Service is conducting research involving the
genetic mapping of various rhizobial species with their respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants' productivity without using fertilizers.
In molecular biology, Rhizobium has been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.
Species
The genus
Rhizobium comprises the following species:-
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Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016
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Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2016
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Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017
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Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
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Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
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Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015
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Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019
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" Rhizobium arachis" Wang et al. 2001
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Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017
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Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020
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Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
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Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015
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Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015
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Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
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Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
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Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
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Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
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Rhizobium changzhiense Zhang et al. 2021
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Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019
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" Rhizobium cremeum" Yang et al. 2022
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" Rhizobium croatiense" Rajnovic et al. 2022
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" Rhizobium deserti" Liu et al. 2020
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Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020
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Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
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Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2010
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Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017
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Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993
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Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016
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" Rhizobium flavescens" Su et al. 2021
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Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013
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Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
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Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016
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" Rhizobium glycinendophyticum" Wang et al. 2020
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Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2011
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Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
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Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
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" Rhizobium halotolerans" Diange and Lee 2013
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" Rhizobium hedysari" Casella et al. 1986
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" Rhizobium hedysari" Xu et al. 2017
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" Rhizobium hedysarum" Casella et al. 1984
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Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015
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Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020
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" Rhizobium indicum" Rahi et al. 2020
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Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
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Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
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" Rhizobium kunmingense" Shen et al. 2010
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Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
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Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980)
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Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014
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Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015
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Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011
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Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
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" Candidatus Rhizobium massiliense" Greub et al. 2004.
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Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
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Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011
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Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
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Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
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Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
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Rhizobium mongolense van Berkum et al. 1998
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Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
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Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015
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" Rhizobium oryzihabitans" Zhao et al. 2020
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Rhizobium pakistanense corrig. Khalid et al. 2015
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" Rhizobium panacihumi" Kang et al. 2019
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Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
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Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980)
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" Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum" Wen et al. 2011
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Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
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" Rhizobium pongamiae" Kesari et al. 2013
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Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014
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" Rhizobium populisoli" Shen et al. 2021
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Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016
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" Rhizobium qilianshanense" Xu et al. 2013
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" Rhizobium quercicola" Wang et al. 2022
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" Rhizobium redzepovicii" Rajnovic et al. 2022
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Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
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" Rhizobium rhizolycopersici" Thin et al. 2021
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Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
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Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020
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Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2014
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Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
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Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2014
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Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2014
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Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
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Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
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Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
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Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
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Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019
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Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017
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Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017
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Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001
Species in "double quotes" have been described, but not validated according to the Bacteriological Code.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).
The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.
Notes
External links
