Raoellidae () is a family of extinct semiaquatic Artiodactyl from the middle Eocene (early Lutetian) closely related to Cetacea. They are known primarily from northern India and Pakistan, especially in the Subathu Group of India, although potential remains of the raoellid Khirtharia have been found in northern China. They are relatively small animals; on average, raoellids were the size of a red fox. However, Khirtharia major, at about twice the size of an average-sized raoellid, would have been approximately the size of a coyote. Meanwhile, the smallest raoellid, Metkatius, was roughly the size of a Cat.
Raoellidae is of particular importance to the understanding of cetacean evolution due to representing a transitional form between fully-aquatic artiodactyls and the semi-aquatic Pakicetidae. The close relation to Cetacea was found when one of the technicians working for Hans Thewissen accidentally broke a fossilized skull of Indohyus. Thewissen noticed the prominent auditory bulla which were very similar to cetaceans. Then, he took the cross section of one of the bones of Indohyus and noticed it was much thicker than terrestrial mammals, hinting at an aquatic lifestyle and confirming their close relation to whales.
Raoellidae was named by Sahni et al. (1981) as the clade including the last common ancestor of Khirtharia, Kunmunella, and Raoella and all of its descendants. In 1985, the new species Metkatius was added to Raoellidae. The same study ruled that Raoella was a junior synonym of Indohyus and subsequently replaced Raoella with Indohyus as a member of Raoellidae. In 1987, Thewissen, Gingerich, and Russel merged Kunmunella into Indohyus and seperated Bunodentus from Khirtharia but kept it within Raoellidae. They also noted that Haqueina could possibly be a raoellid. In 2001, Thewissen, Williams, and Hussain reverted all of the changes made to Raoellidae by Thewissen, Gingerich, and Russel (1987) and included Haqueina as a raoellid. Orliac and Ducrocq (2012) recovered the same result except for not including Haqueina. Rajouria was added to Raoellidae in the paper describing it.
Raoellidae was initially defined based off relatively few characteristics. They were thought to be basal artiodactyls with moderately long that were distinguished from other mammals primarily by bunolophodont molars and other dental features. It was also noted that the raoellids appeared similar to the of the same region. This was interpreted as raoellids having immigrated to the region, although they also said that Raoellidae was not very similar to Asian artiodactyls which could be interpreted that raoellids were, indeed, native to the Indian subcontinent. Theodor, Erfert, and Métias revised the definition of Raoellidae. Instead of having bunolophodont teeth, they believed raoellids to be very bunodont animals that have a variation in how lophodont they are. Raoellids were defined as having non-molariform premolars and molars that lack the paraconid/paraconule. The definition of Raoellidae was again modified by Orliac and Ducrocq (2012). According to them, raoellids are distinguished as a family by absence of a paraconid along with the reduction of the hypoconulid and parastyle. The teeth contain a large basin and are specialized for shearing. The first to third premolars lost the paracone completely along with one of their roots. The fourth premolar, in contrast, is double rooted and has endocristae that form a transverse loph.
Thewissen et al. (2007), found well-preserved remains of the raoellid Indohyus which allowed for a phylogenetic analysis of Raoellidae within Artiodactyla. The only raoellids they included in the analysis were Indohyus and Khirtharia.
They found that Raoellidae was the sister group to Cetacea. Raoellidae and Cetacea were observed to be the only members of Cetaceamorpha (all Whippomorpha more closely related to Cetaceans than to Hippopotamuses). This result was due to the auditory bulla found in Indohyus
Orliac and Ducrocq (2012), when investigating the remains of a possible raoellid from China, did a phylogenetic analysis of Raoellidae in relation to early artiodactyls and cetaceans. They included Kunmunella, Indohyus, Metkatius, and Khirtharia in the analysis. The only cetacean they included was Pakicetus.
This study also found that Raoellidae was the sister group to Cetacea, even when using a more complete data set of raoellids. They also found Diacodexeidae to be Paraphyly, although this result is not very meaningful due to the small sample size of Diacodexids.
It found that Raoellidae is Monophyly. Kunmunella is the most basal member of Raoellidae, followed by Indohyus, and then Metkatius and Khirtharia.
Rana et al. (2021), in their description of Rajouria, completed a phylogenetic analysis of Raoellidae. They used a near identical method as the previous Orliac and Ducrocq, although added in the material for Rajouria and added two extra characters related to the teeth. This study also placed Haqueina outside of Raoellidae. However, they noted that H. haquei was much more similar to raoellids than H. haichinensis, which was the species included in their phylogenetic analysis.
This study reaffirmed the monophyly of Raoellidae. Rajouria is the most basal member of the family. Kunmunella and Indohyus are both equally basal members of Raoellidae, and the exact relationship between them is uncertain. Metkatius and Khirtharia are most closely related to each other and are the most derived members of Raoellidae.
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