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In biology, a population of Organism is a group of individuals of the same species, defined by a discontinuity or from other groups of individuals in certain characteristics, such as living area, genetic attributes, demographic structure. Among biologists, the term definition varies, in some cases significantly, and sometimes those variations can be confusing. There are also plenty of other terms to describe groups of individuals if no clear is present. Commonly, a population can be described by what individuals constitute the population, its size, a geographical area it occupies, and the time within which the population is examined. In terms, it is usually defined like "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time".
The two main approaches to define a population are ecological and evolutionary. From the ecological perspective, individuals are considered interacting and competing in a certain geographic area. From the evolutionary (genetic) perspective, genes and reproduction are considered the driving forces of a population. Since each population has its own gene pool that changes and adapts to the environment over time, the population is considered to be the main organizational unit in biology.
Also, there are at least 30 other terms to describe a group of individuals. Some of these terms were introduced because the definitions of the population term were not clear. If individuals of a group are semi-isolated from other groups, or they are more genetically similar, then the term deme can be used. Groups that are not disjunct from other individuals can simply be called groups, or they also can be called subpopulations or local populations. For individuals that are spatially closer to each other than to other individuals, the terms aggregation and cluster can be used. Spatially separated populations of the same species can be called a metapopulation. And all the populations or metapopulations of a species can be called a species population.
In biology (particularly, in evolutionary biology), a population is sometimes defined as a set of individuals that interbreed or that are able to interbreed. In this context, interbreeding individuals are those individuals that can produce an offspring with combined genetic material from both parents. Different populations of the same species are also able to interbreed. But if there are some barriers that prevent interbreeding between different populations, such barriers are called reproductive isolation. In context of these terms, a species can be defined as a group of one or more interbreeding populations when such a group is reproductively isolated.
In ecology, the population of a certain species in a certain area can be estimated using the Lincoln index to calculate the total population of an area based on the number of individuals observed.
Census, being defined as a complete count of individuals, is rarely possible to conduct in large populations, but it can be useful in small population that are easy to count, particularly, in applied ecology.
This seldom occurs in nature: localization of gamete exchange – through dispersal limitations, preferential mating, cataclysm, or other cause – may lead to small actual gamodemes which exchange gametes reasonably uniformly within themselves but are virtually separated from their neighboring gamodemes. However, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbors. This may be viewed as the breaking up of a large sexual population (panmictic) into smaller overlapping sexual populations. This failure of panmixia leads to two important changes in overall population structure: (1) the component gamodemes vary (through gamete sampling) in their allele frequencies when compared with each other and with the theoretical panmictic original (this is known as dispersion, and its details can be estimated using expansion of an appropriate binomial equation); and (2) the level of homozygosity rises in the entire collection of gamodemes. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient (f or φ). All homozygotes are increased in frequency – both the deleterious and the desirable. The mean phenotype of the gamodemes collection is lower than that of the panmictic original – which is known as inbreeding depression. It is most important to note, however, that some dispersion lines will be superior to the panmictic original, while some will be about the same, and some will be inferior. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations. In plant breeding and animal breeding, procedures have been developed which deliberately utilize the effects of dispersion (such as line breeding, pure-line breeding, backcrossing). Dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance (ΔG=change in the phenotypic mean), and is much more powerful than selection acting without attendant dispersion. This is so for both allogamous (random fertilization) and autogamous (self-fertilization) gamodemes.
According to papers published by the United States Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.5 billion on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which world population reached six billion. This was about 12 years after the world population reached five billion in 1987, and six years after the world population reached 5.5 billion in 1993. The population of countries such as Nigeria is not even known to the nearest million, so there is a considerable margin of error in such estimates.
Researcher Carl Haub calculated that a total of over 100 billion people have probably been born in the last 2000 years.Haub, C. 1995/2004. "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" Population Today,
In the future, the world's population is expected to peak at some point, World Population Development Statistics: Forecast, United Nations, 2011. after which it will decline due to economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion and environmental hazards. According to one report, it is very likely that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the 21st century. Further, there is some likelihood that population will actually decline before 2100. Population has already declined in the last decade or two in Eastern Europe, the Baltics and in the former Commonwealth of Independent States.
The population pattern of less-developed regions of the world in recent years has been marked by gradually declining birth rates. These followed an earlier sharp reduction in death rates. This transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates is often referred to as the demographic transition.
In the 1970s, tension grew between population control advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's reproductive rights as part of a human rights-based approach. Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant change in population control policies in the early 1980s.
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