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Nawab is a indicating a ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the Western title of . The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the . In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning to semi-autonomous rulers of subdivisions or in the Indian subcontinent loyal to the , for example the Nawabs of Bengal.

"Nawab" usually refers to males and literally means Viceroy; the female equivalent is "" or " Nawab Begum". The primary duty of a Nawab was to uphold the sovereignty of the Mughal emperor along with the administration of a certain province.

The title of "nawabi" was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similar to a , to persons and families who ruled a princely state for various services to the Government of . In some cases, the titles were also accompanied by grants, either in cash revenues and allowances or land-holdings. During the , some of the chiefs, or , of large or important tribes were also given the title, in addition to traditional titles already held by virtue of chieftainship.

The term "" was originally used for the (provincial governor) or viceroy of a subah (province) or regions of the Mughal Empire.

History
Nawab was a Hindustani term, used in , , , and many other North-Indian languages, borrowed via from the honorific plural of naib, or "deputy". In some areas, especially , the term is pronounced nobab. This later variation has also entered English and other foreign languages as .

The was the head of the Mughal provincial administration. He was assisted by the provincial Diwan, Bakhshi, , , , Sadr, Waqa-i-Navis, Qanungo and . As the began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became effectively independent. The term nawaab is often used to refer to any Muslim ruler in north or while the term is preferred for a senior official; it literally means "governor of region". The Nizam of Hyderabad had several nawabs under him: Nawabs of Cuddapah, Sira, Rajahmundry, Kurnool, Chicacole, et al. Nizam was his personal title, awarded by the Mughal Government and based on the term nazim as meaning "senior officer". Nazim is still used for a district collector in many parts of India. The term nawab is still technically imprecise, as the title was also awarded to Hindus and , as well, and large and not necessarily to all Muslim rulers. With the decline of that empire, the title, and the powers that went with it, became hereditary in the ruling families in the various provinces.

Under later British rule, nawabs continued to rule various of Amb, , , , , , , , , (the main city of Deccan), , Mamdot, , , , , Rampur, , Sachin, and Tonk. Other former rulers bearing the title, such as the nawabs of Bengal and , had been deprived by the British or others by the time the Mughal dynasty finally ended in 1857.

Some princes became nawab by promotion. For example, the ruler of was "diwan" until 1910, then "nawab sahib". Other nawabs were promoted are restyled to another princely style, or to and back, such as in a single rawat (rajah) went by nawab.

The style for a nawab's wife is . Most of the nawab dynasties were male , although several ruling Begums of Bhopal were a notable exception.

Before the incorporation of the Subcontinent into the , nawabs ruled the kingdoms of Awadh (or Oudh, encouraged by the British to shed the Mughal suzerainty and assume the imperial style of Badshah), Bengal, and Bhopal.

Ruling nawab families
Nawabi dynasties acceding to India
  • Nawab of Akbarpur - Asmatara Farida Begum
  • Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad
  • Nawab of Ashwath
  • Nawab Babi of
  • Nawab of Banganapalle, previously Masulipatam
  • Nawab of
  • Nawab of Basai, Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Khan
  • Nawab of styled Mirza of Berar (title held by the heir to the Nizam of Hyderabad)
  • Nawab of Bhikampur and Datawali
  • Nawab of Bhopal (female rulers were known as Nawab Begum)
  • the former Nawabs of the Carnatic, restyled Princes of Arcot
  • Nawab of Dujana
  • Nawab of Farrukhabad
  • Nawab of
  • Nawab Sahib of
  • Nawab of
  • Nawab of Muhammadgarh
  • Nawab Sahib of ( Diwan until 1910)
  • Nawab of Awadh
  • Nawab of
  • Nawab of Radhanpur
  • Nawab of Rampur
  • Nawab of Sachin
  • Nawab of Sardhana
  • Nawab of Tonk, India
  • Nawab of

Nawabi dynasties in India abolished before independence
  • Nawab of Kurwai
  • Nawab of Pataudi
  • Nawab of Savanur
  • Nawab of Mamdot
  • Nawab of
  • Nawab of Farukhnagar
  • Nawab of Jhajjar
  • Nawab of Surat
  • Nawab of Mohna

Nawabi dynasties acceding to Pakistan

Nawabi dynasties acceding to Bangladesh
  • Nawab of Bengal
  • Nawab of Dhaka
  • Nawab of Longla (Sylhet)

Former dynasties which became political pensioners
: also imperial of all Mughal India, both hereditary
  • Nawabs of Bengal, as Nawabs of Murshidabad
  • Nawab of Marauli
  • Nawab of Patna
  • Nawab of Surat
  • Nawab of Longla (Sylhet)

Rohilla Confederation
All of these states were at some point under the authority of the Nawab of Rohilkhand, later made the Nawab of Rampur. Most of these states were annexed at the close of the First Rohilla War.
  • Nawab of Badaun
  • Nawab of Moradabad
  • Nawab of Bareilly
  • Nawab of Najibabad
  • Nawab of Philibit
  • Nawab of Farrukhabad
  • Nawab of Bisollee

Miscellaneous nawabs
Personal nawabs
The title nawab was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a , to persons and families who never ruled a princely state. For the Muslim elite various Mughal-type titles were introduced, including nawab. Among the noted British creations of this type were Nawab Hashim Ali Khan (1858–1940), Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani (1813–1896), Nawab Abdul Latif (1828–1893), Nawab Faizunnesa Choudhurani (1834–1904), Nawab Ali Chowdhury (1863–1929), Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda (1862–1922), Nawab Sirajul Islam (1848–1923), Nawab Alam yar jung Bahadur, M.A, Madras, B.A., B.C.L., Barr-At-Law (1890–1974). There also were the Nawabs of Dhanbari, Nawabs of Ratanpur, Nawabs of and such others.

Nawab as a court rank
Nawab was also the rank title—again not an office—of a much lower class of nobles—in fact retainers—at the court of the Nizam of Hyderabad and State, ranking only above Khan Bahadur and Khan, but under (in ascending order) Jang, , , and ; the equivalent for Hindu courtiers was .

Related titles
Nawabzada
This style, adding the Persian suffix -zada which means son (or other male descendants; see in other cases prince), etymologically fits a nawab's sons, but in actual practice various dynasties established other customs.

For example, in Bahawalpur only the nawab's used nawabzada before his personal name, then Khan Abassi, finally Wali Ahad Bahadur (an enhancement of Wali Ehed), while the other sons of the ruling nawab used the style before the personal name and only Khan Abassi behind. "Nawabzadi" implies daughters of the reigning nawbab.

Elsewhere, there were rulers who were not styled nawbab yet awarded a title nawabzada to others.

Naib (Ottoman, Iranian, Arabic title)
The word naib () has been historically used to refer to any leader, , or in some parts of the , successive early modern kingdoms (, etc.), and in the eastern (e.g. during Caucasian Imamate). In the Sultanate of Morocco, the Naib was the Sultan's to the foreign legations in between 1848 and 1923, when the creation of the Tangier International Zone led to its replacement by the office of the .

Today, the word is used to refer to directly elected legislators in lower houses of parliament in many Arabic-speaking areas to contrast them against officers of upper houses (or ). The term Majlis al-Nuwwab (, literally council of deputies) has been adopted as the name of several legislative lower houses and unicameral legislatures.

"Naib" has also been used in the (especially of the Malaysian variant) to translate the component of "deputy" or "vice" in certain titles (e.g "Vice President" - Naib Presiden) aside from timbalan and wakil (latter predominant in the Indonesian variant).

"Nabob", derived colloquial term
In colloquial usage in English (since 1612), Origin of NABOB , Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 16 September 2010. adopted in other Western languages, the "nabob" refers to commoners: a merchant-leader of high social status and wealth. "Nabob" derives from the pronunciation of "nawab": nôbab.

During the 18th century in particular, it was widely used as a disparaging term for British merchants or administrators who, having made a fortune in India, returned to Britain and aspired to be recognised as having the higher social status that their new wealth would enable them to maintain. Jos Sedley in Thackeray's Vanity Fair is probably the best known example in fiction.

From this specific usage it came to be sometimes used for ostentatiously rich businesspeople in general.

"Nabob" can also be used metaphorically for people who have a grandiose sense of their own importance, as in the famous alliterative dismissal of the news media as " nattering nabobs of negativism" in a speech that was delivered by 's vice president and written by . "nattering nabobs of negativism" , PoliticalDictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

Gallery
File:Major-General the Hon. Arthur Wellesley being received in durbar at the Chepauk Palace Madras by Azim al-Daula Nawab of the Carnatic 18th February 1805.jpg| File:Oziashumphrey.jpg|Hyder Beg Khan of File:CheetahHunt.jpg|Nawabs hunting a with their File:Javanbakht.jpg|Nawab of Awadh (left) and and Mirza Jawan Bakht (right) File:Cheetahs nawab oudh1844.jpg|Nawabs and File:Nawab of Kalabagh Malik Amir Mohammad khan.jpeg|Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan The Nawab of Kalabagh and chief of the Awan tribe File:A Nawab of Awadh, Lucknow, India. 19th century.jpg| and a nawab File:Stinger Lawrence and Nawab Wallajah.JPG|Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah the Nawab of Carnatic File:Nawab shuja ud daulah.jpg| the Nawab of Awadh File:Shujah ud-Daulah and his sons shoberl.jpg| and his sons and relative File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|Nawabs in battle during the Battle of Panipat (1761) File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|Nawab of the Carnatic in battle File:A Nawab of Mughal dynasty, India, 17th-18th century.jpg|A nawab, during the reign of the File:Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg|Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan the Nawab of Bengal File:Muhammad Anwaruddin.jpg|Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan the Nawab of the Carnatic File:Nawab of Bengal.jpg|Nawab of Bengal

Indian states formerly ruled by Nawabs

See also

Notes
Further reading

: , , , , , , ,
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