Medrogestone, sold under the brand name Colprone among others, is a progestin medication which has been used in menopausal hormone therapy and in the treatment of gynecological disorders.
Medrogestone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone.
Medrogestone was described as early as 1963 and was introduced for medical use by at least 1966.
Medical uses
In the past, medrogestone was used in the treatment of endometrial cancer and in some regimens for
breast cancer, and, in men, for benign prostatic hyperplasia. It still finds use in the treatment of
amenorrhea and as the progestin component in certain forms of menopausal hormone therapy.
Cyclic treatment with low-dose (10 mg/day) medrogestone has been found to be effective in the treatment of fibrocystic breast changes and associated mastodynia (breast pain).
Medrogestone is used as a form of progestogen-only birth control, although it is not specifically licensed as such.
Contraindications
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (acute or in history),
vaginal bleeding of unknown origin, and severe diseases of the
liver such as
are absolute
for medrogestone, as are
thrombotic events such as
thrombophlebitis or
stroke.
Medrogestone is contraindicated during pregnancy because progestogens are associated with risks for the fetus in animals and humans.
It is not known whether medrogestone passes into breast milk, but it is to be expected given its lipophilicity and studies with structurally related progestins.
Side effects
Medrogestone seldom produces
, all of which are typical of progestogens. They include
nausea, depression.
Overdose
The
acute toxicity of the drug is low.
Overdose causes only harmless side effects such as nausea and
vaginal bleeding.
The has been found to range between 500 mg/kg in dogs and over 3000 mg/kg in rats.
Chronic toxicity has been examined in animals, but nothing but the typical adverse effects of progestogens, and reduction of
prostate gland weight in
, have been found. Accidental intake of the drug, including in children, is normally not dangerous. Intake of extremely large doses, or intake by patients with
epilepsy or
renal impairment, can result in central nervous
.
Interactions
such as
,
phenylbutazone,
phenytoin,
ampicillin or
tetracyclines are expected to reduce plasma concentrations of medrogestone, but no systematic research has been done.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Medrogestone is described as a pure progestogen similar in profile to progesterone.
In contrast to progesterone however, medrogestone is more potent and is orally active.
There is reportedly no information available on the receptor binding of medrogestone at the various steroid hormone receptors.
However, based on
animal research (e.g., the
Clauberg test and other
bioassay), medrogestone appears to be a potent progestogen, devoid of
androgenic, estrogenic, and
glucocorticoid activity, but with weak
and very weak antimineralocorticoid activity.
Accordingly, no evidence of androgenic or glucocorticoid activity, including effects on the estrogen-induced increase in
triglycerides and
HDL cholesterol and adrenal suppression, were observed in clinical studies.
However, in a very high-dosage (100 mg/day for 6 months) study of medrogestone for benign prostatic hyperplasia, a
hyperglycemic effect and changes in plasma
cortisol levels were observed and considered likely to be secondary to glucocorticoid activity, and decreased sodium levels were also observed and attributed to antimineralocorticoid activity.
In any case, under normal circumstances (i.e., at typical clinical dosages), medrogestone is described as a progestogen and
antigonadotropin and weak antiandrogen in humans without other clinically relevant activity.
Medrogestone has been found to be an enzyme inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase in vitro, preventing conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone in rat testis preparations, and inhibits the biosynthesis of testosterone in vivo in rats.
Pharmacokinetics
Upon oral administration, medrogestone is rapidly absorbed, and the
bioavailability is nearly 100%.
After ingestion of a 10 mg dose of medrogestone, peak circulating concentrations (C
max) of 10–15 ng/mL are achieved.
The distribution and elimination half-lives of medrogestone are 4 hours and 35–36 hours, respectively.
The drug is largely bound (90%) to albumin, and to only small extents to corticosteroid-binding globulin (3%) and sex hormone-binding globulin (2%).
The
metabolism of medrogestone is most importantly by
hydroxylation.
Chemistry
Medrogestone, also known as 6,17α-dimethyl-6-dehydroprogesterone or as 6,17α-dimethyl-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic
pregnane steroid and a derivative of
progesterone. It is structurally related to the 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate.
Medrogestone itself is not a 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivative and is instead a derivative of 17α-methylprogesterone.
This is because it features a
methyl group at the C17α position instead of a
hydroxy group or
acetoxy group.
In addition to its C17α methyl group, medrogestone possesses a methyl group at the C6 position and a
double bond between the C6 and C7 positions.
The only structural difference between medrogestone and megestrol acetate is the replacement of the C17α acetoxy group with a methyl group.
Synthesis
The oral activity of 17α-methylprogesterone has already been alluded to. This compound, which may well owe this property to the inhibition of metabolism in a manner analogous to synthetic androgens and estrogens, is not sufficiently potent in its own right to constitute a useful drug. Incorporation of known potentiating modifications yields the commercially available oral progestin medrogestone (
4).
The preparation of the 6-methyl-16-dehydropregnenolone acetate ( 1) precursor is covered here.
Reduction of the conjugated 16,17 double bond of 6-methyl-16-dehydropregnenolone acetate by means of lithium in liquid ammonia leads initially to the 17 enolate ion; this is alkylated in situ with methyl iodide. The now-familiar steric control asserts itself to afford the 17α-methyl compound,.
The acetate group is lost as a side reaction. In an interesting modification on the usual scheme, ( 3) is treated with aluminum isopropoxide and a ketone (Oppenauer conditions) as well as chloranil in a single reaction; the 4,6-diene, (medrogesterone), is obtained directly from this step.
History
Medrogestone was first described as early as 1963 and appears to have been marketed since at least 1966.
Society and culture
Generic names
Medrogestone is the
generic term of the drug and its , , and .
It is also known by its developmental code names
AY-62022,
NSC-123018, and
R-13615.
Brand names
Medrogestone is or has been marketed under the brand names Ayerluton,
Colpro,
Colpron,
Colprone, Etogyn, Prothil, and, in combination with conjugated estrogens,
Presomen.
Availability
Medrogestone has been marketed in the
United States and
Canada and widely throughout
Europe, as well as in
Argentina,
Hong Kong, and other countries.
However, it is no longer available in the
United States or many other countries, and is reported to remain marketed only in a few countries including
France,
Germany,
Tunisia, and
Egypt.
