Luciferin () is a generic term for the light-emitting compound found in organisms that generate bioluminescence. Luciferins typically undergo an enzyme-catalyzed reaction with Oxygen. The resulting transformation, which usually involves breaking off a molecular fragment, produces an excited state intermediate that emits light upon decaying to its ground state. The term may refer to molecules that are substrates for both and .
Types
Luciferins are a class of small-molecule substrates that react with oxygen in the presence of a
luciferase (an enzyme) to release
energy in the form of
light. It is not known just how many types of luciferins there are, but some of the better-studied compounds are listed below.
Because of the chemical diversity of luciferins, there is no clear unifying mechanism of action, except that all require molecular oxygen, The variety of luciferins and luciferases, their diverse reaction mechanisms and the scattered phylogenetic distribution indicate that many of them have arisen independently in the course of evolution.[
]
Firefly
Firefly luciferin is the luciferin found in many
Lampyridae species, such as
Photinus pyralis. It is the substrate of beetle luciferases (EC 1.13.12.7) responsible for the characteristic yellow light emission from fireflies, though can cross-react to produce light with related enzymes from non-luminous species.
The chemistry is unusual, as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for light emission, in addition to molecular
oxygen.
Snail
Latia luciferin is, in terms of chemistry, (
E)-2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohex-1-yl)-1-buten-1-ol formate and is from the freshwater snail
Latia neritoides.
[ EC 1.14.99.21. ORENZA: a database of ORphan ENZyme Activities, accessed 27 November 2009.]
Bacterial
Bacterial luciferin is two-component system consisting of flavin mononucleotide and a
fatty aldehyde found in bioluminescent bacteria.
Coelenterazine
Coelenterazine is found in
,
,
,
squid,
,
,
, fish, and shrimp. It is the prosthetic group in the protein
aequorin responsible for the blue light emission.
Dinoflagellate
Dinoflagellate luciferin is a
chlorophyll derivative (i. e. a
tetrapyrrole) and is found in some
, which are often responsible for the phenomenon of nighttime
bioluminescence (historically this was called
phosphorescence, but is a misleading term). A very similar type of luciferin is found in some types of
krill.
Vargulin
Vargulin is found in certain
and
deep-sea fish, to be specific,
midshipman fish. Like the compound coelenterazine, it is an imidazopyrazinone and emits primarily blue light in the animals.
Fungi
Foxfire is the bioluminescence created by some species of fungi present in decaying wood. While there may be multiple different luciferins within the kingdom of
fungi, 3-hydroxy
hispidin was determined to be the luciferin in the
fruiting bodies of several species of fungi, including
Neonothopanus nambi,
Omphalotus olearius,
Omphalotus nidiformis, and
Panellus stipticus.
Usage in science
Luciferin is widely used in science and medicine as a method of
in vivo imaging, using living organisms to non-invasively detect images and in molecular imaging. The reaction between luciferin substrate paired with the receptor enzyme luciferase produces a catalytic reaction, generating bioluminescence.
This reaction and the luminescence produced is useful for imaging such as detecting tumors from cancer or capable of measuring
gene expression.
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