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A hobo is a in the United States. "Hoboes" from the Encyclopedia of Chicago Hobos, , and bums are generally regarded as related, but distinct: a hobo travels and is willing to work; a tramp travels, but avoids work if possible; a bum neither travels nor works.

Etymology
The origin of the term is unknown. According to etymologist , the only certain detail about its origin is the word was first noticed in circa 1890. The term has also been dated to 1889 in the Western—probably Northwestern—, and to 1888. Hobo Merriam-Webster. Retrieved November 16, 2021. Liberman points out that many fail to answer the question: "Why did the word become widely known in California (just there) by the early Nineties (just then)?" Author mentions possible derivations from "hoe-boy", meaning "farmhand", or a greeting "Ho, boy", but that he does not find these convincing. Interview with Todd DePastino, author of Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America from the University of Chicago Press website suggests in Made in America (1998) that it might come from the greeting, "Ho, beau!" or a syllabic abbreviation of "homeward bound".
(1998). 9780380713813, Transworld Publishers Limited.
It could also come from the words "homeless boy" or "homeless ". H. L. Mencken, in his The American Language (4th ed., 1937), wrote:

Tramps and hobos are commonly lumped together, but in their own sight they are sharply differentiated. A hobo or bo is simply a migratory laborer; he may take some longish holidays, but soon or late he returns to work. A tramp never works if it can be avoided; he simply travels. Lower than either is the bum, who neither works nor travels, save when impelled to motion by the police.
(2026). 9780394400754, Knopf. .

History
While there have been drifters in every society, the term became common only after the broad adoption of railroads provided free, though illegal, travel by hopping aboard train cars (so-called ""). With the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, many discharged veterans returning home began to hop freight trains. Others looking for work on the American frontier followed the railways west aboard freight trains in the late 19th century.

In 1906, Professor Layal Shafee, after an exhaustive study, put the number of tramps in the United States at about 500,000 (about 0.6% of the US population at the time). His article "What Tramps Cost Nation" was published by The New York Telegraph in 1911, when he estimated the number had surged to 700,000. The New York Telegraph: "What Tramps Cost Nation", page D2. The Washington Post, June 18, 1911.

The number of hobos increased greatly during the era of the 1930s. With no work and no prospects at home, many decided to try their luck elsewhere by freight train.

Hobo life was dangerous. Itinerant, poor, far from home and support, hobos also faced the hostility of many train crews and the , nicknamed "bulls", who often dealt violently with trespassers.

(1973). 9780876450789, Gambit. .
British poet W. H. Davies, author of The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp, lost a foot when he fell under the wheels trying to jump aboard a train. It was easy to get trapped between cars, and one could freeze to death in cold weather. When freezer cars were loaded at an ice factory, any hobo inside was likely to be killed.

Around the end of World War II, railroads began to move from steam to locomotives, making jumping freight trains more difficult due to higher speeds and less frequent stops. This, along with postwar prosperity, led to a decline in the number of hobos. In the 1970s and 1980s hobo numbers were augmented by returning veterans, many of whom were disillusioned with settled society. Overall, the national economic demand for a mobile surplus labor force has declined over time, leading to fewer hobos.

Culture
Expressions used through the 1940s
Hobos were noted for, among other things, the distinctive lingo that arose among them. Some examples follow:
Accommodation carthe of a train
Angellinaa young inexperienced child
Bad roada train line rendered useless by some hobo's bad action or crime
Banjo(1) a small portable ; (2) a short, "D"-handled , generally used for shoveling coal
Barnaclea person who sticks to one job a year or more
Beachcombera hobo who hangs around docks or
Big house
Bindle sticka collection of belongings wrapped in cloth and tied around a stick
Bindlestiffa hobo who carries a bindle
Blowed-in-the-glassa genuine, trustworthy individual
'Bothe common way one hobo referred to another: "I met that 'bo on the way to Bangor last spring."
Boil upspecifically, to boil one's clothes to kill lice and their eggs; generally, to get oneself as clean as possible
Bone polishera mean
Bone orcharda
Bulla railroad officer
Bullets
Bucka Catholic , good for a dollar
Burgertoday's lunch
C, H, and Dindicates an individual is "Cold, Hungry, and Dry" (thirsty)
California blankets, intended to be used for bedding on a park bench
Calling inusing another's to warm up or cook
Cannonballa fast train
Carrying the bannerkeeping in constant motion so as to avoid being picked up for loitering or to keep from freezing
Catch the westboundto die
Chuck a dummypretend to faint
Cootiesbody
Cover with the moonsleep out in the open
Cow cratea railroad stock car
Crumbslice
Docandoberryanything edible that grows on a riverbank
Doggin' ittraveling by , especially on the line
Easy marka hobo sign or mark that identifies a person or place where one can get food and a place to stay overnight
Elevatedunder the influence of drugs or alcohol
Flipto board a moving train
Flopa place to sleep, by extension, "", a cheap hotel
Glad ragsone's best clothes
Graybackslice
Grease the trackto be run over by a train
Gumpa chicken
(1980). 041600721X, Methuen Inc.. . 041600721X
Honey dippingworking with a shovel in the sewer
Hot(1) a hobo; (2) a hot or decent meal: "I could use a hot and a flop"
Hot shota train with priority freight, stops rarely, goes faster; synonym for "Cannonball"
Junglean area off a railroad where hobos camp and congregate
Jungle buzzarda hobo or who preys on his own
Knowledge busa used for shelter
Maevea young hobo, usually a girl
Main dragthe busiest road in a town
Moniker / Monicaa
Mulligan stewa type of , created by several hobos combining whatever food they have or can collect
Nickel notea five-dollar bill
On the flyjumping a moving train
Padding the hoofto travel by foot
Possum bellyto ride on the roof of a passenger car (one must lie flat, on his/her stomach, to avoid being blown off)
Pullmana railroad sleeper car; most were once made by the company
Punkany young kid
Reefera compression or ""
Road kida young hobo who apprentices himself to an older hobo in order to learn the ways of the road
Road stakethe small reserve amount of money a hobo may keep in case of an emergency
Rum duma drunkard
Sky pilota preacher or minister
Soup bowla place to get soup, bread and drinks
Snipescigarette butts "sniped" (e.g., from ashtrays or sidewalks)
Spare biscuitslooking for food in a garbage can
Stemmingpanhandling or begging along the streets
blanketdrinking alcohol to stay warm
Yegga traveling professional thief, or burglar

Many hobo terms have become part of common language, such as "big house", "glad rags", "main drag", and others.

Hobo signs and graffiti
Almost from the beginning of the existence of hobos, as early as the 1870s, it was reported that they communicated with each other by way of a system of cryptic "hobo signs", which would be chalked in prominent or relevant places to clandestinely alert future hobos about important local information. Many listings of these symbols have been made. A few symbols include:
  • A triangle with hands, signifying that the homeowner has a gun.Moon, Gypsy: "Done and Been", p. 198. Indiana University Press, 1996.
  • A horizontal zigzag signifying a barking dog.Moon, Gypsy: "Done and Been", p. 24. Indiana University Press, 1996.
  • A circle with two parallel arrows meaning "Get out fast," as hobos are not welcome in the area.
  • A cat signifying that a kind lady lives here.

Reports of hobos using these symbols appeared in newspapers and popular books straight through the Depression, and continue to turn up in American popular culture; for example, 's book The Areas of My Expertise features a section on hobo signs listing signs found in newspapers of the day as well as several whimsical ones invented by Hodgman,

(2026). 9781594482229, Riverhead. .
and the Free Art and Technology Lab released a Hobo Code, with a QR stenciler, in July 2011. Displays on hobo signs have been exhibited in the Steamtown National Historic Site at Scranton, Pennsylvania, operated by the National Park Service, and in the National Cryptologic Museum in Annapolis Junction, Maryland, and Webster's Third New International Dictionary supplies a listing of hobo signs under the entry for "hobo".
(1993). 9780877792017, Merriam-Webster. .

Despite an apparently strong record of authentication, however, there is doubt as to whether hobo signs were ever actually in practical use by hobos. They may simply have been invented early on by a writer or writers seeking to add to the folklore surrounding hobos soon after they acquired the name, an invention perpetuated and embellished by others over the years, aided occasionally by amenable hobos themselves. Several hobos during the days that the signs were reportedly most in use asserted that they were in fact a "popular fancy" or "a fabrication". , who both hoboed himself and studied hobos extensively for a University of Chicago master's thesis, wrote in 1932,

Another merit of the book Godfrey is that the author has not subscribed to the fiction that American tramps have a sign language, as so many professors are wont to believe.
Though newspapers in the early and peak days of hoboing (1870s through the ) printed photos and drawings of hobos leaving these signs, these may have been staged in order to add color to the story.

Nonetheless, it is certain that hobos have used some graffiti to communicate, in the form of 'monikers' (sometimes 'monicas'). These generally consisted simply of a road name (moniker), a date, and the direction the hobo was heading then. This would be written in a prominent location where other hobos would see it. , in recounting his hobo days, wrote,

Water-tanks are tramp directories. Not all in idle wantonness do tramps carve their monicas, dates, and courses. Often and often have I met hoboes earnestly inquiring if I had seen anywhere such and such a "stiff" or his monica. And more than once I have been able to give the monica of recent date, the water-tank, and the direction in which he was then bound. And promptly the hobo to whom I gave the information lit out after his pal. I have met hoboes who, in trying to catch a pal, had pursued clear across the continent and back again, and were still going.
The use of monikers persists to this day, although since the rise of cell phones a moniker is more often used simply to "tag" a train car or location. Some moniker writers have tagged train cars extensively; one who tagged under the name Bozo Texino during the 1970s and ’80s estimated that in one year ("where I went overboard") he marked over 30,000 train cars.Daniel, Bill. Who Is Bozo Texino? (documentary). Self-published: billdaniel.net, 2005. However, not all moniker writers (or "boxcar artists") are hobos; Bozo Texino in fact worked for the railroad, though others such as "A No. 1" and "Palm Tree Herby" rode trains as tramps or hobos.

Ethical code
Hobo culture—though it has always had many points of contact with the mainstream American culture of its day—has also always been somewhat separate and distinct, with different cultural norms. Hobo culture's ethics have always been subject to disapproval from the mainstream culture; for example, hopping freight trains, an integral part of hobo life, has always been illegal in the U.S. Nonetheless, the ethics of hobo culture can be regarded as fairly coherent and internally consistent, at least to the extent that any culture's various individual people maintain the same ethical standards. That is to say, any attempt at an exhaustive enumeration of hobo ethics is bound to be foiled at least to some extent by the diversity of hobos and their ideas of the world. This difficulty has not kept hobos themselves from attempting the exercise. An ethical code was created by Tourist Union #63 (a hobo union created in the mid-1800s to dodge anti-vagrancy laws, which did not apply to union members) during its 1889 National Hobo Convention:

  1. Decide your own life; don't let another person run or rule you.
  2. When in town, always respect the local law and officials, and try to be a gentleman at all times.
  3. Don't take advantage of someone who is in a vulnerable situation, locals or other hobos.
  4. Always try to find work, even if temporary, and always seek out jobs nobody wants. By doing so you not only help a business along, but ensure employment should you return to that town again.
  5. When no employment is available, make your own work by using your added talents at crafts.
  6. Do not allow yourself to become a stupid drunk and set a bad example for locals' treatment of other hobos.
  7. When jungling in town, respect handouts and do not wear them out; another hobo will be coming along who will need them as badly, if not worse than you.
  8. Always respect nature; do not leave garbage where you are jungling.
  9. If in a community jungle, always pitch in and help.
  10. Try to stay clean, and boil up wherever possible.
  11. When traveling, ride your train respectfully. Take no personal chances. Cause no problems with operating crew or host railroad. Act like an extra crew member.
  12. Do not cause problems in a train yard; another hobo will be coming along who will need passage through that yard.
  13. Do not allow other hobos to molest children; expose all molesters to authorities – they are the worst garbage to infest any society.
  14. Help all runaway children, and try to induce them to return home.
  15. Help your fellow hobos whenever and wherever needed; you may need their help someday.
  16. If present at a hobo court and you have testimony, give it. Whether for or against the accused, your voice counts!

Conventions
General
There are numerous hobo conventions throughout the United States each year. The ephemeral ways of hobo conventions are mostly dependent on the resources of their hosts. Some conventions are part of railroad conventions or "railroad days"; others quasi-private affairs hosted by long-time hobos; still others surreptitious affairs on private land, as in abandoned quarries along major rivers.

Most non-mainstream conventions are held at current or historical . The most notable is the National Hobo Convention held in Britt, Iowa. The town first hosted the Convention in 1900, but there followed a hiatus of thirty-three years. Since 1934 the convention has been held annually in Britt, on the second weekend in August.

Notable persons
Notable hobos
  • Jack Black, author of You Can't Win (1926)
  • Maurice W. Graham, a.k.a. "Steam Train Maury"
  • Joe Hill
  • Leon Ray Livingston, a.k.a. "A No.1"
  • Robert Joseph Silveria Jr., a.k.a. "Sidetrack", serial killer with 34 victims.
  • Bertha Thompson, a.k.a. "Boxcar Bertha", was widely believed to be a real person. Sister of the Road was penned by and presented as an autobiography.
  • , an author who penned several pulp fiction books, 1928 through 1945.
  • Steven Gene Wold, a.k.a. ""

Notable persons who have hoboed

In mainstream culture
Books
  • All the Strange Hours: The Excavation of a Life, by , 1975.
  • American Travels of a Dutch Hobo 1923–1926, by , 1984, .
    (1984). 9780813808888, Iowa State University Press. .
  • A Period of Juvenile Prosperity (2013) by ,
  • The Areas of My Expertise by - Humor book which features a lengthy section on hobos, including a list of 700 hobo names which spawned an online effort to illustrate the complete list.
  • The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp, by W. H. Davies, 1908
  • Bottom Dogs, by
  • Beggars of Life, (1924), by
  • Evasion by Anonymous
  • From Coast to Coast with Jack London by "A-No.-1" (Leon Ray Livingston)
  • Hobo, by Eddy Joe Cotton, 2002.
  • The Hobo - The Sociology of the Homeless Man, by , 1923.
  • Ironweed by William Kennedy, 1983. A Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, also adapted for a 1987 film (see below).
  • by contains a section in which the main character, , abandons his family in Chicago and becomes a hobo for a while.
  • Lonesome Traveler, by ("The Vanishing American Hobo")
  • The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane by
  • Muzzlers, Guzzlers, and Good Yeggs by Joe Coleman
  • Of Mice and Men, by
  • On the Road, by Jack Kerouac
  • One More Train to Ride: The Underground World of Modern American Hobos by Clifford Williams.
  • Ramblin' Boy: The Letters of Steve Hoyt edited and with commentary by Daniel Leen, ISBN 0-9632912-9-7, publisher Ecodesigns Northwest Publishers
  • Riding the Rails: Teenagers on the Move During the Great Depression by Errol Lincoln Uys, (Routledge, 2003)
  • Riding Toward Everywhere by William T. Vollmann, 2008.
  • The Road (1907), by
  • Rolling Nowhere: Riding the Rails with America's Hoboes by - Paperback: 304 pages, Publisher: Vintage (2001),
  • Sister of The Road: The Autobiography of - (as told to) Dr.
  • , By Carol Gorman and Ron J. Finley
  • Tramping on Life (1922) and More Miles (1926), by
  • Tramping with Tramps (1899) by
  • Waiting for Nothing,
  • Wild Honey (1927), by
  • You Can't Win, by Jack Black
  • Yankee Hobo in the Orient, (1943), by
  • Down and Out in Paris and London, by

Comics
  • Kings in Disguise (1988), by James Vance and
  • Laugh-Out-Loud Cats, by , featuring two anthropomorphic cats as hobos.
  • The Avenger and master archer in , Hawkeye, is aware of, and can read hobo code in and 's 2012 run on the character.
  • USA Comics #2 (1941) introduced Vagabond, a police officer named Pat Murphy who created an alter ego, Chauncey Throttlebottom III, a well-spoken hobo, to fight crime.
  • USA Comics #5 (1941) had a character, Butch Brogan, alias Fighting Hobo, that helps save a kidnapped puppy in "The Dog-Nappers".
  • The comic The Long Flight Home reveals was once a hobo prior to working for .

Documentaries
  • Hobo (1992), a documentary by John T. Davis, following the life of a hobo on his travels through the United States.
  • American Experience, "Riding the Rails" (1999), a PBS documentary by Lexy Lovell and Michael Uys, narrated by Richard Thomas, detailing the hobos of the , with interviews of those who rode the rails during those years.
  • The American Hobo (2003), a documentary narrated by featuring interviews with and .
  • The Human Experience, (2008), a documentary by Charles Kinnane. The first experience follows Jeffrey and his brother Clifford to the streets of New York City where the boys live with the homeless for a week in one of the coldest winters on record. The boys look for hope and camaraderie among their homeless companions, learning how to survive on the streets.

Fictional characters
Examples of characters based on hobos include:

Films
  • The Circus (1928), directed by Charlie Chaplin.
  • Beggars of Life (1928), directed by William A. Wellman
  • (1931), directed by Charlie Chaplin.
  • (1932), directed by .
  • Wild Boys of the Road (1933), directed by William A. Wellman.
  • City Limits (1934), directed by .
  • Modern Times (1936), directed by Charlie Chaplin.
  • Father Steps Out (1941), directed by .
  • Sullivan's Travels (1941), directed by .
  • Jack London (1943), biopic directed by .
  • It Happened on Fifth Avenue (1947), directed by Roy Del Ruth.
  • Joe Hill (1971), directed by
  • (1972), directed by and starring as a sexy hobo girl during the .
  • Emperor of the North Pole a.k.a. Emperor of the North (1973), directed by Robert Aldrich. Loosely based on 's The Road.
  • Hard Times a.k.a. The Streetfighter (1975), directed by Walter Hill (his directorial debut), and starring (as a hobo turned ).
  • The Billion Dollar Hobo (1977), starring and .
  • Pee-Wee's Big Adventure (1985), starring , directed by . Pee-wee meets Hobo Jack when he hops a freight train on his way to the Alamo.
  • Vagabond (1985) (French title: Sans Toit Ni Loi), directed by Agnès Varda, tells the story of a traveling woman's untimely death through flashbacks and interviews with the people who met her.
  • The Journey of Natty Gann (1985), starring Meredith Salenger as a young girl riding the rails to find her father.
  • Ironweed (1987), directed by Héctor Babenco and based on the -winning by William Kennedy, who also wrote the screenplay.
  • (1991), directed by and starring .
  • (2003), an directed by .
  • Into the Wild (2007), directed by , based on 's non-fiction book about Christopher McCandless.
  • Resurrecting the Champ (2007), starring Samuel L. Jackson and , directed by .
  • (2008).
  • Hobo with a Shotgun (2011), an exploitation film directed by Jason Eisener and written by John Davies, starring as a hobo.
  • The Muppets (2011), the film features a character named Hobo Joe (played by Zach Galifianakis) and some Whatnot hobos. They later appeared in the sequel Muppets Most Wanted (2014).
  • Man of Steel (2013) depicts living as a homeless itinerant worker before ultimately taking the mantle of and finding work as a reporter at the .
  • Nomadland (2020), directed by Chloé Zhao.
  • Many animated cartoons depict hobos as main or secondary characters, hobo-related activities such as traveling by train, with a , or in the company of hobos. For example, ' Box Car Blues (1930) with , Hobo Gadget Band (1939), 's Henpecked Hoboes (1946) with George and Junior in their first appearance, Mouse Wreckers (1948), 8 Ball Bunny (1950) with , and The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town (1977).

Music
Artists
Musicians known for hobo songs include: , , , , Ramblin' Jack Elliott, , Jimmie Rodgers, , and .

Songs
Examples of hobo songs include:
  • "Ain’t Gonna Hobo No More" by
  • "Be a Hobo" by
  • "The Big Rock Candy Mountains" by , recorded by various artists including , , , , and Harry Dean Stanton
  • "Driver Pull" by
  • "Hallelujah, I'm a Bum," recorded by Harry McClintock, , and others
  • "Hard Travelin'" by
  • "Here Comes Your Man" by the Pixies, about hobos travelling on trains in California and dying because of earthquakes
  • "Here I Go Again" by , featuring the lyric, "Like a hobo I was born to walk alone," later changed to "like a drifter"
  • "Hobo" by The Hackensaw Boys
  • "Hobo Bill", "I Ain't Got No Home," and "Mysteries of a Hobo's Life," performed by
  • "Hobo Bill's Last Ride" by Jimmy Rogers, also recorded by Manfred Mann's Earth Band
  • "Hobo Blues" and "The Hobo" by John Lee Hooker
  • "Hobo Chang Ba" by Captain Beefheart
  • "Hobo Flats" by
  • "Hobo Flats" by
  • "Hobo Jungle" by
  • "Hobo Humpin' Slobo Babe" by Whale (band)
  • "Hobo Kinda Man" by
  • "Hobo, You Can't Ride This Train" by
  • "The Hobo" by
  • "The Hobo Song" by , also covered by
  • "The Hobo Song" by , also recorded by 's bluegrass group, Old & In the Way
  • "The Hobo Song" by , from the Shining Time Station's Christmas special, 'Tis a Gift
  • "Hobo's Lullaby" (a.k.a. "Weary Hobo") by , recorded by various artists, including , , , , The Kingston Trio, and Ramblin' Jack Eliot
  • "Hobo's Meditation" by Jimmie Rodgers, recorded by on the album Trio
  • "Hobos on Parade" by
  • "Homeless Brother" by
  • "Hopscotch Willie" by
  • "I Am a Lonesome Hobo", "Only a Hobo," and "Ramblin' Gamblin' Willie" by
  • "I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am" by
  • "Jack Straw" by Robert Hunter and
  • "Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet" a recording by composer of a hobo singing on a London street
  • "King of the Road" by
  • "Kulkurin Valssi" (Hobo Waltz) by
  • "Lännen lokari" (Western Logger) by
  • "Last of the Hobo Kings" by
  • "Like a Hobo" by
  • "Mary Lane" by
  • "Morning Glory" by , lyrics by
  • "My Traveling Star" by
  • "Never Tire of the Road" by Andy Irvine
  • "Orange Claw Hammer" by Captain Beefheart, which contains the lyric, "I'm on the bum where the hobos run, the air breaks with filthy chatter."
  • "Papa Hobo" and "Hobo's Blues" by
  • "Ramblin' Man" by Hank Williams Sr.
  • "Sergeant Small" by Andy Irvine
  • "Streets of London" by
  • "Waiting for a Train" by Jimmie Rodgers
  • "Way Out There" by Bob Nolan, recorded by the Sons of the Pioneers
  • "Western Hobo" by The Carter Family

Stage
  • King of the Hobos (2014), a one-man musical that premiered at Emerging Artists Theatre in New York City, is centered around the death of James Eads How, known during his lifetime as the "Millionaire Hobo".

Television
  • (season 1), episode 8, "The Hobo Code" (2007)
  • The Magic School Bus special, A Magic School Bus Halloween, features 's character "Archibald Dauntless"
  • The Littlest Hobo: long-running -esque franchise about a roving dog that lives the hobo lifestyle
  • In episode "The Old Man and the Key", explains hobo symbols to . In another episode, the Simpsons meet a hobo who tells them American in exchange for a spongebath.
  • Shameless (Season 9), Episode 10 and 11. Frank Gallagher becomes part of a hobo competition, a competition looking for the best hobo in Chicago.
  • Reacher (Season 1), Episode 2. Reacher insists he is not a , but a hobo.
  • Murdoch Mysteries (Season 16), Episode 17 "The Ballad of Gentleman Jones" (2023). Murdoch investigates a series of murders of hobos in 1910 . Crabtree and Watts pose as hobos in an effort to find the killer.

See also
  • Freight Train Riders of America, a gang of rogue freight train riders originally formed by Vietnam veterans
  • Hobo (typeface), designed by Morris Fuller Benton for American Type Founders in 1910
  • , an art form associated with hobos
  • Kirby, , the "hobo capital of Texas"
  • , roughly the equivalent in Australia
  • , the jargon of the Industrial Workers of the World

Further reading
  • Brady, Jonann (2005). "Hobos Elect New King and Queen". ABC Good Morning America, includes Todd "Ad Man" Waters' last ride as reigning Hobo King plus hobo slide show with Adman's photo's taken on the road.
  • Bannister, Matthew (2006). "Maurice W Graham 'Steam Train', Grand Patriarch of America's Hobos who has died aged 89". Last Word. BBC Radio. Matthew Bannister talks to fellow King of the Hobos "Ad Man" Waters and to obituary editor of The New York Times, Bill McDonald.
  • Davis, Jason (2007). "The Hobo", On The Road 30 minute special. KSTP television. Covers "Ad Man" Waters taking his daughter out on her first freight ride.
  • (2026). 9781580464956, University of Rochester Press. .
  • Harper, Douglas (2006) 1986. "Waiting for a Train", Excerpt from Good Company: A Tramp Life
  • Johnson, L. Anderson. "Riding the Rails for the Homeless." The New York Times. July 12, 1983, p. B3, col 3. Story on "Ad Man" Waters the Penny Route.
  • Oats. "Around the Jungle Fire I, II & III". 1994, 1997, 2000. Interviews with several hoboes: How they got their start, and travels and travails.
  • "Hoboes" from the Encyclopedia of Chicago

External links
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