A facsimile (from Latin fac simile, "to make alike") is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print, or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from other forms of reproduction by attempting to replicate the source as accurately as possible in scale, color, condition, and other material qualities. For books and manuscripts, this also entails a complete copy of all pages; hence, an incomplete copy is a "partial facsimile". Facsimiles are sometimes used by scholars to research a source that they do not have access to otherwise, and by museums and archives for media preservation and conservation. Many are sold commercially, often accompanied by a volume of commentary.
The term "fax" is a shortened form of "facsimile", though most faxes are not reproductions of the quality expected in a true facsimile.
Facsimiles in the age of mechanical reproduction
Advances in the art of facsimile are closely related to advances in
printmaking. Maps, for instance, were the focus of early explorations in making facsimiles, although these examples often lack the rigidity to the original source that is now expected.
[C. Koeman, "An Increase in Facsimile Reprints", Imago Mundi, vol. 18 (1964), pp. 87-88.] An early example is the
Abraham Ortelius map (1598).
Innovations during the 18th century, especially in the realms of
lithography and
aquatint, facilitated an explosion in the number of facsimiles of
old master drawings that could be studied from afar.
[Craig Hartley, "Aquatint", The Oxford Companion to Western Art, ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001; Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2005. accessed.]
In the past, techniques and devices such as the philograph (tracing an original through a transparent plane),
photostat,
hectograph, or
lithograph were used to create facsimiles. More recently, facsimiles have been made by the use of some form of
photographic technique. For documents, a facsimile most often refers to document reproduction by a
photocopy machine. In the digital age, an
image scanner, a personal computer, and a
desktop printer can be used to make a facsimile.
A separate category consists of the so-called digital facsimiles, which are meant to be stored, viewed, and sometimes edited or annotated on a computer. These are often available online in repositories that consist of manuscripts from a particular location or collection.
Facsimiles and conservation
Important illuminated manuscripts like Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry are not only on display to the public as facsimiles, but available in high quality to scholars.
[ Paul Lewis, "Preservation takes rare manuscripts from the public", New York Times - 25 January 1987 accessed.] However, unlike normal book reproductions, facsimiles remain truer to the original colors—which is especially important for illuminated manuscripts—and preserve defects.
[ Bronwyn Stocks, "The Facsimile and the Manuscript", - an exhibition in the Leigh Scott Gallery, University of Melbourne (on-line catalogue with additional images).]
Facsimiles are best suited to printed or hand-written documents, and not to items such as three-dimensional objects or oil paintings with unique surface texture.[Richard Godfrey, "Reproduction reproductive prints", The Oxford Companion to Western Art, ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001; Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2005. accessed.] Reproductions of those latter objects are often referred to as .
See also
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Record type, a family of typefaces designed to allow the publication of medieval manuscripts in semi-facsimile
