The term carp (: carp) is a generic common name for numerous species of freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large clade of ray-finned fish mostly native to Eurasia. While carp are prized game fish and are valued (even pisciculture) as both food fish and ornamental fish in many parts of the Old World,
Biology
The cypriniformes (family Cyprinidae) are traditionally grouped with the
Characiformes,
Siluriformes, and
Gymnotiformes to create the superorder
Ostariophysi, since these groups share some common features. These features include being found predominantly in fresh water and possessing Weberian ossicles, an anatomical structure derived from the first five anterior-most vertebrae, and their corresponding ribs and neural crests.
The third anterior-most pair of ribs is in contact with the extension of the bony labyrinth and the posterior with the swim bladder. The function is poorly understood, but this structure is presumed to take part in the transmission of vibrations from the swim bladder to the labyrinth and in the perception of sound, which would explain why the Ostariophysi have such a great capacity for hearing.[Billard R. (Ed.) (1995). Carp – Biology and Culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture and Fisheries, Chichester, UK.]
Most cypriniformes have scales and teeth on the inferior pharyngeal bones which may be modified in relation to the diet. Tribolodon is the only cyprinid genus which tolerates salt water. Several species move into brackish water but return to fresh water to spawn. All of the other cypriniformes live in continental waters and have a wide geographical range.
In colloquial use, carp usually refers only to several larger cyprinid species such as Cyprinus carpio (common carp), Carassius carassius (crucian carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp), and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead carp). Common carp are native to both Eastern Europe and Western Asia,[Balon, E. 1995. Origin and domestication of the wild carp, Cyprinus carpio: from Roman gourmets to the swimming flowers. Aquaculture 129(1-4):3–48] so they are sometimes called a "Eurasian" carp.
Carp have long been an important food fish to humans. Several species such as the various goldfish ( Carassius auratus) breeds and the domesticated common carp variety known as koi ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus var. "koi") have been popular ornamental fishes. As a result, carp have been introduced to various locations, though with mixed results. Several species of carp are considered invasive species in the United States,
At least some species of carp are able to survive for months with practically no oxygen (for example under ice or in stagnant, scummy water) by metabolizing glycogen to form lactic acid which is then converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol diffuses into the surrounding water through the gills.
Species
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| Silver carp | Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) | 105 | 18 | 50 | | 2.0 | | [ Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved May 2012.] | | Near threatened |
| Common carp (European carp) | Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) | 110 | 31 | 40.1 | 38 | 3.0 | | [ Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved May 2012.] | | Vulnerable |
| Grass carp | Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) | 150 | 10.7 | 45.0 | 21 | 2.0 | | | | Not assessed |
| Bighead carp | Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) | 146 | 60 | 40.0 | 20 | 2.3 | | | | Data deficient |
| Crucian carp | Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) | 64 | 15 | 3.0 | 10 | 3.1 | | | | Least concern |
| Catla (Indian carp) | Cyprinus catla (Hamilton, 1822) | 182 | | 38.6 | | 2.8 | | | | Not assessed |
| Mrigal | Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch, 1795) | 100 | 40 | 12.7 | | 2.5 | | | | Vulnerable |
| Black carp | Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson, 1846) | 122 | 12.2 | 35 | 13 | 3.2 | | | | Not assessed |
| Mud carp | Cirrhinus molitorella (Valenciennes, 1844) | 55.0 | 15.2 | 0.50 | | 2.0 | | | | Near threatened |
| Caspian roach | Rutilus caspicus (Yakovlev, 1870) | 45 | 32.5 | 2 | | | | | | Least concern |
Recreational fishing
In 1653
Izaak Walton wrote in
The Compleat Angler, "The Carp is the queen of rivers; a stately, a good, and a very subtle fish; that was not at first bred, nor hath been long in
England, but is now naturalised."
Carp are variable in terms of angling value.
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In Europe, even when not fished for food, they are eagerly sought by anglers, being considered highly prized coarse fish that are difficult to hook.
[A. F. Magri MacMahon (1946). Fishlore, pp 149–152. Pelican Books.] The UK has a thriving carp angling market, with the British record carp standing at 68lb 1oz.
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In the United States, carp are also classified as a rough fish, as well as a damaging naturalized exotic species, but with sporting qualities. Carp have long suffered from a poor reputation in the United States as undesirable for angling or for the table, especially since they are typically an invasive species out-competing more desirable local game fish. Nonetheless, many states' departments of natural resources are beginning to view the carp as an angling fish instead of a maligned pest. Groups such as Wild Carp Companies,
The common carp is one of the most abundant species of carp found in most rivers, creeks, lakes, and ponds throughout the Midwest region of the United States. Common carp are a particularly strong fish that fight hard on the end of anglers' lines, making them an appealing target for recreational fisherman.
Aquaculture
Various species of carp have been
domesticated and
fish farming as
food fish across Europe and Asia for thousands of years. These various species appear to have been domesticated independently, as the various domesticated carp species are native to different parts of
Eurasia.
Aquaculture has been pursued in
China for at least 2,400 years. A tract by
Fan Li in the fifth century BC details many of the ways carp were raised in
Fish pond.
[ National Aquaculture Sector Overview: China FAO, Rome. Retrieved 26 July 2011.] The common carp (
Cyprinus carpio) is originally from
Central Europe.
[
]
Several carp species (collectively known as
Asian carp) were domesticated in
East Asia. Carp that are originally from
South Asia, for example
catla (
Gibelion catla),
rohu (
Labeo rohita) and
mrigal (
Cirrhinus cirrhosus), are known as
Catla catla. Their hardiness and adaptability have allowed domesticated species to be propagated all around the world.
Although the carp was an important aquatic food item, as more fish species have become readily available for the table, the importance of carp culture in Western Europe has diminished. Demand has declined, partly due to the appearance of more desirable table fish such as trout and salmon through intensive farming, and environmental constraints. However, fish production in ponds is still a major form of aquaculture in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation, where most of the production comes from low or intermediate-intensity ponds. In Asia, the farming of carp continues to surpass the total amount of farmed fish volume of intensively sea-farmed species, such as salmon and tuna.[Váradi, L. (2001). Review of trends in the development of European inland aquaculture linkages with fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8: 453–462.]
Breeding
Selective breeding programs for the common carp include improvement in growth, shape, and resistance to disease. Experiments carried out in the
USSR used crossings of
to increase genetic diversity, and then selected the species for traits such as growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions such as variations in temperature.
[Babouchkine, Y.P., 1987. La sélection d’une carpe résistant à l’hiver. In: Tiews, K. (Ed.), Proceedings ofWorld Symposium on Selection, Hybridization, and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture, Bordeaux 27–30 May 1986, vol. 1. HeenemannVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, pp. 447–454.] Selected carp for fast growth and tolerance to cold, the Ropsha carp. The results showed a 30 to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance, but did not provide any data for growth rate. An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in
Vietnam,
Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth.
[
] Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality (11.5%) compared to unselected (57%).
[Schäperclaus, W. 1962. Traité de pisciculture en étang. Vigot Frères, Paris]
The major carp species used traditionally in Chinese aquaculture are the Black carp, Grass carp, Silver carp and bighead carp. In the 1950s, the Pearl River Fishery Research Institute in China made a technological breakthrough in the induced Animal breeding of these carps, which has resulted in a rapid expansion of freshwater aquaculture in China.[ CAFS research achievement CAFS. Accessed 26 July 2011.] In the late 1990s, scientists at the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences developed a new variant of the common carp called the Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). This fish grows rapidly and has a high feed conversion rate. Over 50% of the total aquaculture production of carp in China has now converted to Jian carp.[Jian, Zhu; Jianxin, Wang; Yongsheng, Gong and Jiaxin, Chen (2005) "Carp Genetic Resources of China" pp. 26–38. In: David J Penman, Modadugu V Gupta and Madan M Dey (Eds.) Carp genetic resources for aquaculture in Asia, WorldFish Center, Technical report: 65(1727). .]
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File:Mylopharyngodon piceus.jpg | File:Hal - Ctenopharyngodon idella - 1.jpg | File:Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.jpg | File:Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Bighead carp).jpg | |
As ornamental fish
Carp, along with many of their
cyprinid relatives, are popular ornamental aquarium and pond fish.
Ornamental goldfish were originally domesticated from their wild form, a dark greyish-brown carp native to Asia, but may have been influenced by Carassius carassius and Carassius gibelio. They were first bred for color in China over a thousand years ago. Due to selective breeding, goldfish have been developed into many distinct breeds, and are found in various colors, color patterns, forms and sizes far different from those of the original carp. Goldfish were kept as ornamental fish in China for thousands of years before being introduced to Japan in 1603, and to Europe in 1611.
Nishikigoi, better known simply as koi, are a domesticated varieties of common carp and Amur carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus) that have been selectively bred for color. The common carp was introduced from China to Japan, where selective breeding in the 1820s in the Niigata region resulted in koi.
As food
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Bighead carp is enjoyed in many parts of the world, but it has not become a popular foodfish in North America. Acceptance there has been hindered in part by the name "carp", and its association with the common carp which is not a generally favored foodfish in North America. The flesh of the bighead carp is white and firm, different from that of the common carp, which is darker and richer. Bighead carp flesh shares one similarity with common carp flesh – both have intramuscular bones within the filet. However, bighead carp captured from the wild in the United States tend to be much larger than common carp, so the intramuscular bones are also larger and thus less problematic.
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Common carp, breaded and fried, is part of traditional Christmas Eve dinner in Slovakia, Poland, eastern part of Croatia and in the Czech Republic. In pond based water agriculture it is treated as most prominent food fish. Some recipes are specifically for carp such as the "sweet-and-sour carp" () and "thick miso soup with carp" ().
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Crucian carp is considered the best-tasting pan fish in Poland. It is known as karaś, and is served traditionally with sour cream (karasie w śmietanie).
[, p. 384] In Russia, this particular species is called Золотой карась, meaning "golden crucian", and is one of the fish used in a borscht recipe called
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Mud carp, due to the low cost of production, is mainly consumed by the poor, locally; it is mostly sold alive, but can be dried and salted.
[
]
"cultured-aquatic-species-mud-carp"> An important food fish in Guangdong Province, it is also cultured in this area and
Taiwan. Mud carp is sometimes canned or processed as
,
fish balls,
or
dumplings,
as used in Cantonese and
Shunde cuisines. It can be combined with or Chinese fermented black beans in a dish called fried dace with salted black beans. It can be served cooked with vegetables such as
Chinese cabbage.
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Fisherman's soup
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Kuai
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Taramosalata
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Masgouf, a popular Iraqi cuisine dish consisting of seasoned, grilled carp.
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Gefilte fish, an Ashkenazi Jewish dish made from a poached mixture of ground deboned fish, primarily carp, whitefish, and pike.
Gallery
File:Catla fish kalia in a rich creamy gravy - Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg|alt=Catla kalia – a popular fish curry preparation from West Bengal, India|Catla kalia – a popular fish curry preparation from West Bengal, India
File:Carp Curry - Kolkata 2011-02-10 0974.JPG|Carp curry, India
File:Kroder Karpfen.JPG|Fried carp from Franconia, Germany
File:Pan-Fried Carassius carassius.JPG|Pan-fried Crucian carp, Russia
File:Stedrovecerni smazeny kapr s bramborovym salatem.jpg|Traditional Christmas dinner – fried carp with potato salad, Czech Republic
File:Funameshi.JPG|Stir-fried Crucian carp with rice, Japan
File:Pepes ikan emas (pais lauk mas) Sunda.jpg|Carp fish in spices and herbs cooked in a banana leaf package, Sundanese people
File:Barbonymus gonionotus-Pla som861.jpg|Deep-fried chunk of pickled () silver barb ()
File:Šarani na rašljama u Koprivnici.jpg|Barbecued carp, northern Croatia
File:Koikoku_at_Saku_city.jpg|Koikoku (thick miso soup with carp), Japan
Common carp in culture
In Chinese literature
A long tradition of common carp exists in Chinese culture and literature. A popular lyric circulating as early as 2,000 years ago in the late
Han period includes an anecdote which relates how a man far away from home sent back to his wife a pair of carp (), in which, when the wife opened the fish to cook, she found a silk strip that carried a love note of just two lines: "Eat well to keep fit, missing you and forget me not".
Jumping carp the Chinese folk tale
At the
Yellow River at
Henan () is a waterfall called the Dragon Gate. It is said that if certain carp called
yulong can climb the cataract, they will transform into dragons. Every year in the third month of spring, they swim up from the sea and gather in vast numbers in the pool at the foot of the falls. It used to be said that only 71 could make the climb in any year. When the first succeeded, then the rains would begin to fall. This Dragon Gate was said to have been created after the flood by the god-emperor Yu, who split a mountain blocking the path of the Yellow River. It was so famous that throughout China was a common saying, "a student facing his examinations is like a carp attempting to leap the Dragon Gate."
Henan is not the only place where this happens. Many other waterfalls in China also have the name Dragon Gate and much the same is said about them. Other famous Dragon Gates are on the Wei River where it passes through the Lung Sheu Mountains and at Tsin in Shanxi Province.
The fish's jumping feature is set in such a proverbial idiom as " Liyu (Carp) jumps over the Dragon Gate ()," an idiom that conveys a vivid image symbolizing a sudden uplifting in one's social status, as when one ascends into the upper society or has found favor with the royal or a noble family, perhaps through marriage, but in particular through success in the imperial examination. It is therefore an idiom often used to encourage students or children to achieve success through hard work and perseverance. This symbolic image, as well as the image of the carp itself, has been one of the most popular themes in Chinese paintings, especially those of popular styles. The fish is usually colored in gold or pink, shimmering with an unmistakably auspicious tone.
In Japanese culture
The modern Japanese
Koi fish are a brightly colored species of the Amur carp that have been bred by rice farmers in Japan since the early 19th century.
This subspecies of carp plays a significant role in Japanese art, often being depicted as symbols of luck, strength, and tenacity.
For this reason, Koi fish are also presented as gifts in Japanese culture as symbols of love, gratitude, and peace. Their bright colors and unique patterns present a high degree of eloquence to the Japanese people, thus creating a level of respect and appreciation for the Koi.
With Koi fish being at the forefront of a lot of Japanese art, it is common to find modern depictions of Koi in paintings, home art, murals, and even tattoos.
To many people, Koi fish strongly represent Samurai warriors, as they are able to be seen swimming upwards against a rivers current, symbolizing a Samurai's bravery. One typical saying is the phrase "koi no taki-nobori", translating to "Carp climbing the waterfalls", a phrase that is used to describe a persons strength and perseverance.
See also
Further reading
External links
