The Ashtamangala () is the sacred set of Eight Auspicious Signs (八吉祥, bajixiang) featured in a number of Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. The symbols or "symbolic attributes" () are yidam and teaching tools. Not only do these attributes (or energetic signatures) point to qualities of enlightened mindstream, but they are the investiture that ornaments these enlightened "qualities" (Sanskrit: guṇa; ). Many cultural enumerations and variations of the Ashtamangala are extant.
Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism make use of a particular set of eight auspicious symbols,
ashtamangala, in household and public art. Some common interpretations are given along with each symbol although different teachers may give different interpretations:
Conch
The right-turning white
conch shell (Sanskrit:
shankha; ) represents the beautiful, deep, melodious, interpenetrating and pervasive sound of the
dharma, which awakens disciples from the deep slumber of ignorance and urges them to accomplish their own welfare for the welfare of others.
Endless knot
The
endless knot (Sanskrit:
Srivatsa; )
[Source: Dpal be'u] denotes "the auspicious mark represented by a curled noose emblematic of love".
[Sarat Chandra Das (1902). Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms. Calcutta, India: mainly used in buddhismBengal Secretariat Book Depot, p.69] It is a symbol of the ultimate unity of everything.
Moreover, it represents the intertwining of wisdom and compassion, the mutual dependence of religious doctrine and secular affairs, the union of wisdom and method, the inseparability of śūnyatā "emptiness" and pratītyasamutpāda "interdependent origination", and the union of wisdom and compassion in enlightenment (see:
namkha). This knot, net or web metaphor also conveys the Buddhist teaching of interpenetration.. It is also an attribute of the god
Vishnu, which is said to be engraved on his chest. A similar engraving of the
Shrivatsa on the historical
Gautama Buddha's chest is mentioned in some lists of the Physical characteristics of the Buddha.
Pair of golden fish
The two golden fish (Sanskrit:
matsya;
[Source: gser nya]) symbolise the auspiciousness of all sentient beings in a state of fearlessness without danger of drowning in saṃsāra. The two golden fishes are linked with the
Ganges and
Yamuna nadi,
prana and
carp:
Lotus
The
sacred lotus (Sanskrit:
padma; ) represents the primordial purity of
trikaya, floating above the muddy waters of attachment and desire. The lotus symbolizes purity and renunciation. Although the lotus has its roots in the mud at the bottom of a pond, its flower lies immaculate above the water. The Buddhist lotus bloom has 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 64, 100, or 1,000 petals. The same figures can refer to the body's 'internal lotuses', that is to say, its energy centres (
chakra).
Parasol
The jewelled parasol (Sanskrit:
Chhatra;
), which is similar in ritual function to the
baldachin or : represents the protection of beings from harmful forces and illness. It represents the canopy or
firmament of the sky and therefore the expansiveness and unfolding of
space and the element æther. It represents the expansiveness, unfolding and protective quality of the
sahasrara: all take refuge in the dharma under the auspiciousness of the parasol.
Vase
The
Bumpa () represents health, longevity, wealth, prosperity, wisdom and the phenomenon of space. The treasure vase, or pot, symbolizes the Buddha's infinite quality of teaching the dharma: no matter how many teachings he shared, the treasure never lessened.
The iconography representation of the treasure vase is often very similar to the kumbha, one of the few possessions permitted a bhikkhu or bhikkhuni in Theravada. The wisdom urn or treasure vase is used in many empowerment (Vajrayana) and initiations.
Dharmachakra
The
Dharmachakra or
Dharma Wheel (Sanskrit; ) represents
Gautama Buddha and the Dharma teaching. This symbol is commonly used by Tibetan Buddhists, where it sometimes also includes an inner wheel of the
Gankyil (Tibetan). Nepalese Buddhists do not use the Wheel of Law in the eight auspicious symbols.
Instead of the Dharmachakra, a fly-whisk may be used as one of the Ashtamangala to symbolize Tantric manifestations. It is made of a yak's tail attached to a silver staff, and used in ritual recitation and during fanning the deities in pujas. take the form of a Dharmachakra guise.
Victory banner
The
dhvaja (Sanskrit; ) "banner, flag" was a military standard of ancient Indian warfare. The symbol represents the Buddha's victory over the four māras, or hindrances in the path of enlightenment. These hindrances are pride, desire, disturbing emotions, and the fear of death. Within the Tibetan tradition, a list of eleven different forms of the victory banner is given to represent eleven specific methods for overcoming defilement. Many variations of the dhvaja's design can be seen on the roofs of Tibetan monasteries to symbolise the Buddha's victory over four māras. Banners are placed at the four corners of monastery and temple roofs. The cylindrical banners placed on monastery roofs are often made of beaten copper.
Sequences of symbols
Different traditions order the eight symbols differently.
Here is the sequential order of the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Nepali Buddhism:
-
Endless knot
-
Lotus flower
-
Dhvaja
-
Dharmachakra (fly-whisk in Nepali Buddhism)
-
Bumpa
-
Golden Fish
-
Parasol
-
Conch
The sequential order for Chinese Buddhism was defined[Zhou Lili. "A Summary of Porcelains' Religious and Auspicious Designs." The Bulletin of the Shanghai Museum 7 (1996), p.133] in the Qing dynasty as:
-
Dharmachakra
-
Conch
-
Dhvaja
-
Parasol
-
Lotus flower
-
Bumpa
-
Golden Fish
-
Endless knot
Hinduism
In
and Hindu tradition,
[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola] the Ashtamangala may be used during certain occasions including: pujas,
(of Hindus), and
. The ashtamangala finds wide mention in the texts associated with
Hinduism,
Buddhism, and
Jainism. They have been depicted in decorative motifs and cultural artifacts.
-
The Hindu tradition lists them as:
-
The Hindu tradition lists them as:
-
The list also differs depending on the place, region, and the social groups.
Jainism
M.72.53.22
(from left) :
Swastika, Vardhmanaka (food vessel), Pair of fish,
Kalasha (pot), Bhadrasana (seat),
Srivatsa,
Nandavarta, Darpan (mirror)
]]
In
Jainism, the
Ashtamangala are a set of eight auspicious symbols. There is some variation among different traditions concerning the eight symbols.
In the Digambara tradition, the eight symbols are:
-
Parasol
-
Dhvaja
-
Kalasha
-
Chamara
-
Mirror
-
Chair
-
Hand fan
-
Vessel
In the Śvētāmbara tradition, the eight symbols are:
-
Swastika
-
Srivatsa
-
Nandavarta
-
Vardhmanaka (food vessel)
-
Bhadrasana (seat)
-
Kalasha (pot)
-
Darpana (mirror)
-
Pair of fish
See also
Citations
Sources
-
Robert Beer (1999). The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs, (Hardcover). Shambhala Publications. ,
-
Robert Beer (2003). The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, Shambhala Publications.
