Arbutus is a genus of 12 accepted species[Act. Bot. Mex no.99 Pátzcuaro abr. 2012. Arbutus bicolor] of in the family Ericaceae,[
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Description
Arbutus are small trees or shrubs with red flaking bark and edible red berries.
[Mabberley, D. J. 1997. The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.] Fruit development is delayed for about five months after pollination, so that flowers appear while the previous year's fruit are ripening.
[ Peak flowering for the genus is in April with peak fruiting in October.]
History
The smooth wood of the tree is mentioned by Theophrastus in his Enquiry into Plants ( Historia Plantarum) as formerly being used to make weaving spindles. An article on Arbutus tree cultivation in al-Andalus (in ) is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.[ (pp. 233–234 (Article VIII)]
Common names
Members of the genus are called madrones or madronas in the United States, from the Spanish name madroño (Arbutus unedo). On the south coast of British Columbia, Canada, where the species is common, arbutus is commonly used or, rarely and locally, "tick tree".
Systematics
A study published in 2001 which analyzed ribosomal DNA from Arbutus and related genera suggests that Arbutus is paraphyletic and the Mediterranean Basin species of Arbutus are more closely related to Arctostaphylos, Arctous, Comarostaphylis, Ornithostaphylos and Xylococcus than to the western North American species of Arbutus, and that the split between the two groups of species occurred at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.
Afro-Eurasia
Americas
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Arbutus arizonica (A.Gray) Sarg. – Arizona madrone (New Mexico, Arizona and western Mexico south to Jalisco)
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Arbutus bicolor S. González, M. González et P. D. Sørensen (Mexico)
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Arbutus madrensis M. González – western Mexico
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Arbutus menziesii Pursh – Pacific madrone (West coast of North America from southern British Columbia to central (less frequently southern) California, on the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Pacific Coast Range mountains)
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Arbutus mollis Kunth (Mexico)
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Arbutus occidentalis McVaugh & Rosatti - western Mexico
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Arbutus tessellata (Mexico)
[Paul D. Sørensen 1987. Arbutus tessellata (Ericaceae), new from Mexico Brittonia, 39(2):263–267.]
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Arbutus xalapensis Kunth (syn. A. texana, A. glandulosa, A. peninsularis) – Texas madrone (Texas, New Mexico and northeastern Mexico)
Hybrids
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Arbutus × andrachnoides Link ( A. andrachne × A. unedo):
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Arbutus × androsterilis ( A. canariensis × A. unedo) in Canary Islands
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Arbutus × thuretiana Demoly ( A. andrachne × A. canariensis)
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Arbutus × reyorum
Formerly placed here
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Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. (as A. tomentosa Pursh)
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Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (as A. uva-ursi L.)
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Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs (as A. discolor Hook.)
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Gaultheria phillyreifolia (Pers.) Sleumer (as A. phillyreifolia Pers.)
Natural history
Arbutus species are used as food plants by some Lepidoptera species including emperor moth, Pavonia pavonia and the madrone butterfly.
Uses and symbolism
Several species are widely cultivated as outside of their natural ranges, though cultivation is often difficult due to their intolerance of root disturbance. The hybrid Arbutus 'Marina' is much more adaptable and thrives under garden conditions.
The Arbutus unedo tree makes up part of the coat of arms (El oso y el madroño, The Bear and the Strawberry Tree) of the city of Madrid, Spain. A statue of a bear eating the fruit of the madroño tree stands in the center of the city (Puerta del Sol). The image appears on city crests, taxi cabs, man-hole covers, and other city infrastructure.
The Arbutus is important to the Straits Salish people of Vancouver Island, who used arbutus bark and leaves to create medicines for colds, stomach problems, and tuberculosis, and as the basis for contraceptives. The tree also figures in myths of the Straits Salish.[Pojar and MacKinnon, 49]
The fruit is edible but has minimal flavour and is not widely eaten. In Portugal, the fruit is sometimes Distillation (legally or not) into a potent brandy known as medronho. In Madrid, the fruit is distilled into madroño, a sweet, fruity liqueur.
Arbutus is a good fuelwood tree since it burns hot and long. Many Pacific Northwest states in the United States use the wood of A. menziesii primarily as a heat source, as the wood holds no value in the production of homes since it does not grow in straight timbers.
The Saanich people of British Columbia have a prohibition against burning arbutus, due to its salvific role in their creation myths; an arbutus anchored their to the world during the Flood myth.
"My love's an arbutus" is the title of a poem by the Irish writer Alfred Perceval Graves (1846–1931), set to music by his compatriot Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924).
The Canadian songwriter, singer and painter Joni Mitchell (born 1943) includes a reference to the "arbutus rustling" in her song, "For The Roses". It sounded like applause. She calls the arbutus tree her "favorite all-time tree". She had one outside her door in a house she built.
"I love arbutuses," celebrated French chef Alain Ducasse, recipient of 20 Michelin stars, has said(24:50). "Yes, I love arbutus honey. It's sweet honey that's also bitter. I'm obsessed with the bitterness."
Cultural significance
According to the Straits Salish, an anthropomorphic form of pitch would go fishing, but return to shore before it got too hot. One day he was too late getting back to shore and melted from the heat and several anthropomorphic trees rushed to get him – the first was Douglas fir, who took most of the pitch, the grand fir received a small portion, and the madrone received none – which is why they say it still has no pitch.
Also, according to the Great Flood legends of several bands in the northwest, the madrone helped people survive by providing an anchor on top of a mountain for their canoes. Because of this the Saanich people do not burn madrone out of thanks for saving them.[ Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska, Paul Alaback, ]
==Gallery==
See also
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Myrica rubra, a different plant bearing a similar fruit, whose name is sometimes inaccurately translated from Chinese as Arbutus
External links
