Apparitor

 ( Ancient Roman Government ) 

In ancient Rome, an apparitorLatin language for "a servant of a public official", from apparere, "to attend in public". (also spelled apparator in English, or shortened to paritor) was a Civil service whose salary was paid from the aerarium.Purcell, N. “The Apparitores: A Study in Social Mobility.” PBSR 51 (1983): 125– 73. The apparitores assisted the Roman magistrate. There were four occupational grades ( decuriae) among them.

The highest-ranked were the scribae, the clerks or public notaries, followed by the lictores, ; viatores, messengers or summoners, that is, agents on official errands; and praecones, announcers or heralds.Marietta Horster, "Living on Religion: Professionals and Personnel," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 334; Daniel Peretz, "The Roman Interpreter and His Diplomatic and Military Roles", Historia 55 (2006), p. 452.

The term has hence referred to a beadle in a university, a pursuivant or herald; particularly, in Roman Catholic canon law, which was largely inspired by Roman law.

Apparitors (sometimes called summoners) continued to serve as officers in ecclesiastical courts. They were designated to serve the summons, to arrest a person accused, and in ecclesiastico-civil procedure, to take possession, physically or formally, of property in dispute, in order to secure the execution of the judge's sentence. This was done in countries where the ecclesiastical forum, in its substantial integrity, is recognized. Apparitor - Catholic Encyclopedia article An apparitor thus acted as constable and sheriff. His guarantee of his delivery of the summons provided evidence of a party's knowledge of his obligation to appear, either to stand trial, to give testimony, or to do whatever else might be legally enjoined by the judge; the apparitor's statement becomes the basis of a charge of contumacy against anyone refusing to obey a summons. Offenses dealt with by such courts included " of immorality, witchcraft, usury, simony, neglect of the , and withholding or offering".Clarence Griffin Child, Selections from Chaucer: Including His Earlier and Later Verse - 1912. "A summoner was an ecclesiastical officer whose duty it was to detect offenses against the ecclesiastical law and bring the offenders before the ecclesiastical ...". Maynard Mack - The Age of Chaucer 1961 -- Page 4 "A summoner was a minor church official connected with ecclesiastical courts. At this period the church was supported by tithes, or taxes levied on all parishioners and enforced by the penalty of excommunication (which involved subsequent imprisonment) — a penalty Chaucer's Parson was loath to invoke. Summonses could be issued (as the Friar's Tale implies) for other offenses, including fornication. Pardoners were traveling preachers who also sold saints' relics and indulgences."

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