Amflora (also known as EH92-527-1) is a genetically modified potato cultivar developed by BASF Plant Science. "Amflora" potato plants produce pure amylopectin starch that is processed to waxy potato starch. It was approved for industrial applications in the European Union on 2 March 2010 by the European Commission.
History
Originally registered on 5 August 1996, Amflora was developed by
geneticist Lennart Erjefält and
agronomist Jüri Känno of Svalöf Weibull AB.
After the European Commission's approval of the potato, BASF announced it was going to produce Amflora seed starting in April 2010 in Germany's Western Pomerania (20 ha) and Sweden (80 ha). It also announced it was planting 150 ha in the Czech Republic "for commercial aims with an unnamed partner."
Due to lack of acceptance of GM crops in Europe, BASF Plant Science decided in January 2012 to stop its commercialization activities in Europe and would no longer sell Amflora there, but it would continue seeking regulatory approval for its products in the Americas and Asia.[James Kanter for The New York Times. January 16, 2012. BASF to Stop Selling Genetically Modified Products in Europe]
In 2013, an EU court annulled the approval of BASF's Amflora, saying that the EU Commission broke rules when it approved the potato in 2010.
Biology
Waxy potato varieties produce two main kinds of potato starch,
amylose and
amylopectin, the latter of which is most industrially useful. The Amflora potato has been modified to contain
antisense RNA against the enzyme that drives synthesis of amylose, namely granule bound starch synthase.
This resulting potato almost exclusively produces
amylopectin, and thus is more useful for the starch industry.
Industrial applications
Regular potato starch contains two constituent types of molecules: amylopectin (80 percent), which is more useful as a
polymer for industry, and
amylose (20 percent) which often creates problems as starch retrogradation, so must be
modified starch with chemical reactions which can be costly.
[http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/function/conversions:/publish/content/products-and-industries/biotechnology/plant-biotechnology/images/BASF_Plant_Science_Amflora.pdf ]
After two decades of research efforts,
Amflora potatoes would be processed and sold as starch to industries that prefer waxy potato starch with only amylopectin. Amflora is intended only for industrial applications such as papermaking and other technical applications.
Other possible uses
According to
The New York Times, BASF has a second application pending for use of Amflora's
potato pulp as
compound feed.
Political disagreements
Various environmental organizations, such as
Greenpeace, disagreed with the introduction of the Amflora genetically modified potato into the market. The lengthy approval process frustrated some supporters of the potato. A BASF scientist said to
The New York Times, "it's hard when you see an innovative product go through the loops again and again. These decisions are not about science but about politics".
After the potato was approved, the
European Greens political party and the then Italian agricultural minister
Luca Zaia criticized the approval.
The International Peasant Movement La Via Campesina issued a press release on 8 March 2010 also criticizing the decision.
Reactions by Greek politicians
After Amflora's licensing by the European Commission on 2 March 2010, the Coalition of the Radical Left's Member of Parliament for the
A Thessalonikis prefecture,
Tasos Kouvelis, asked the Greek Minister of Agriculture on 3 March 2010 to declare the production of the potato illegal in
Greece.
On 4 March 2010 Panhellenic Socialist Movement's European Member of Parliament
Kriton Arsenis submitted a question at
Europarl asking about the consequences of Amflora.
PASOK's MP Maria Damanaki accepted the decision of the European Commission, while Greek Agriculture Minister Katerina Batzeli said the production of Amflora will not be allowed in Greece.
Licensing procedure
Amflora could not be sold within the European Union without approval, and its licence could only be issued after voting at the Council of Ministers of the European Union with a 74 percent threshold of support. Two rounds of voting were held, first by experts in December 2006 and then by the agricultural ministers in July 2007, but both failed to reach the 74 percent threshold. Although the voting was by
secret ballot,
The New York Times reported that Amflora was supported by the agricultural ministers of
Germany and
Belgium, and was opposed by the agricultural ministers of
Italy,
Ireland, and
Austria, while the agricultural ministers of
France and
Bulgaria abstained from voting.
After a licence was issued on 2 March 2010, BASF announced its intention to ask for approval of more varieties of genetically modified potatoes, such as the "Fortuna" potato.
Further reading
External links
