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The umiak, umialak, umiaq, umiac, oomiac, oomiak, ongiuk, or anyak Dall, p. 563 is a type of open skin , used by the and , and was originally found in all coastal areas from to .

(2006). 9780882406527, Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co.. .
First used in times, it has traditionally been used in summer, for moving people and possessions to seasonal hunting grounds, and for hunting and . Umiaks at the Canadian Museum of Civilization Although the umiak was usually propelled by oars (women) or paddles (men), sails—sometimes made from seal —were also used, and, in the 20th century, . Adney & Chappelle p.190 Adney & Chappelle p.179 Because the umiak has no keel, the sails cannot be used for tacking.


Size and construction
Like the , the traditional umiak was made from a or frame pegged and lashed together, sometimes with antlers or ivory, over which walrus or skins are stretched.
(2025). 9780816059706, Infobase Publishing. .
Oil, usually from seals, would be used to coat and waterproof the seams. Umiak Construction, Museum of Civilization website A large umiak, , would require that about seven skins be sewn together, stretched over the frame and allowed to dry. Modern versions are essentially identical, with the exception of the use of metal bolts and screws.

The open umiak is significantly larger than the enclosed kayak, which was built to carry one or two men while hunting. Normally , the umiak could be anywhere from long and wide. Umiak at the Canadian Encyclopedia Examples of Umiaks, Museum of Civilization website , a Norwegian-Danish Lutheran missionary to Greenland in 1721, stated that he had seen umiaks long.

Although an umiak could carry up to 15 passengers, its light weight and lack of a keel allows it to be carried over the or to the open water by a few people. The Women's Boat at athropolis.com

(2025). 9788763512619, Museum Tusculanum Press. .
A modern company which trains people to hand make umiaks says that a boat weighs about compared to for a modern vessel. The Umiak at Skinboat School


Modern usage
Although the usage of the umiak and the kayak has died out in most areas of the it is still very much a part of life in the Yupik and whaling villages of Alaska. The boat must be hauled on a sled pulled by over very rough trails cut through the ice ridges to locations where there are open leads in the ice pack, where it is used to catch whales.

The skin cover on an umiak will last for two or three years, as does an boat used in the same way; however, replacing the skin on an umiak is much easier than repairing an aluminum boat. Additionally, the is sensitive to the metallic noise from aluminum boats, and tend to move away under the ice, to avoid them.

In Utqiaġvik, Alaska, the process for replacing the skin of an umiak begins when the ice moves away from the shores of the in July. At their first summer access to the ocean, whaling crews hunt for oogruk, the bearded seal, for suitable skins. The skins are packed into seal oil and allowed to ferment while they are stored until March. At that time the skins are scraped free of hair, sewn together with a waterproof stitch, and then stretched over the wooden frame and tied into place using the sinew from .

With a new skin on the frame, the umiak is placed out in the wind and cold, to dry. In May when the bowhead whales migrate eastward past , umiak skin boats are hauled on sleds pulled by snowmobiles out onto the ice.


Name
Although it is sometimes called a "woman's boat",
(1983). 9780520048409, University of California Press. .
modern Inuit dictionaries such as Uqauhingita Numiktittitdjutingit by , the English Dictionary, and Asuilaak Living Dictionary translate umiak as boat, traditional skin boat, or any type of boat.
(1983). 9780969159704
Asuilaak Inuktitut Living Dictionary

In the Eastern Arctic, where the umiak was rarely used for hunting, it was used mainly as summer transport for women and children, while men travelled by kayak, and thus was known as a "woman's boat".


See also


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