Trier ( ,[
]
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> "Trier" (US) and [
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> "Trèves" (US) and ]
Founded by the Ancient Romans in the late 1st century BC as Augusta Treverorum ("The City of Augustus among the Treveri"), Trier is considered Germany's oldest city.
With an approximate population of 110,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after Mainz, Ludwigshafen, and Koblenz.
The University of Trier, the administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD ( Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five "central places" of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the union of cities, it is central to the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux (Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia.
History
The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early
Neolithic period. Since the last
Christianization centuries, members of the
tribe of the
Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier.
[See: Heinen, pp. 1–12.] The city of Trier derives its name from the later Latin locative
in Trēverīs for earlier
Augusta Treverorum. According to the Archbishops of Trier, in the
Gesta Treverorum, the founder of the city of the Trevians is
Trebeta. German historian Johannes Aventinus also credited
Trebeta with building settlements at
Metz,
Mainz,
Basel,
Strasbourg,
Speyer and Worms.
The historical record describes the Roman Empire subduing the Treveri in the and establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC.
The Franks seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of Eastern Francia, which developed into the Holy Roman Empire. Relics of Saint Matthias brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of Trier was recognized as an electorate of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The University of Trier was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residence to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the was definitively established.
In the years from 1581 to 1593, the Trier witch trials were held. It was one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials, the Würzburg witch trial, and the Bamberg witch trials, perhaps even the largest one in European history. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself. The exact number of people executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese has never been established; a total of 1,000 has been suggested but not confirmed.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French-Habsburg rivalry brought war to Trier. Habsburg Spain and France fought over the city during the Thirty Years' War. The bishop was imprisoned by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor for his support for France between 1635 and 1645. In later wars between the Empire and France, French troops occupied the city during the Nine Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession, and the War of the Polish Succession. After conquering Trier again in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, France annexed the city and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl Marx, the German philosopher and one of the founders of Marxism, was born in the city in 1818.
As part of the Prussian Rhineland, Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire in 1871.
The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938 Kristallnacht and later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. Multiple have been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and exiled during the Shoah.[List of Stolperstein in Trier (in German).]
In June 1940 during World War II over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at Operation Dynamo and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps. Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944. The city became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university, dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974 after undergoing substantial and long-lasting renovations. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984. On 1 December 2020, 5 people were killed by an allegedly drunk driver during a vehicle-ramming attack.[ Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone. BBC News. Retrieved 2021-01-04.] The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier was heavily damaged and flooded during the 16 July 2021 floods of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg.
File:Augusta Treverorum.jpg|Augusta Treverorum in the 4th century
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|Porta Nigra
File:Trier Stadtmodell.JPG|Scale model of Trier around 1800
File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|Cathedral of Trier
File:Trier Kurfuerstliches Palais BW 1.JPG|Electoral Palace
File:Trier, 07-12-2023 (actm.) 24.jpg|Römerbrücke over the Moselle. (Detail to the north side)
Geography
Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and
vineyard-covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateau in the south and the
Eifel in the north. The border with the
Luxembourg is some away.
Neighbouring municipalities
Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the Trier-Saarburg district
Schweich, Kenn and Longuich (all part of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße), Mertesdorf, Kasel, Waldrach, Morscheid, Korlingen and Gusterath (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Hockweiler, Franzenheim (both part of the Trier-Land), Konz and Wasserliesch (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Konz), Igel, Trierweiler, Aach, Newel, Kordel, Zemmer (all in the Trier-Land).
Organization of city districts
The Trier urban area is divided into
19 city districts. For each district there is an
Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an
Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets.
The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009):
|
|
| 11 | Mitte/Gartenfeld | 2.978 | 11,954 |
| 12 | Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin) | 3.769 | 13,405 |
| 13 | Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St. Mattheis) | 1.722 | 9,123 |
| 21 | Ehrang/Quint | 26.134 | 9,195 |
| 22 | Pfalzel | 2.350 | 3,514 |
| 23 | Biewer | 5.186 | 1,949 |
| 24 | Ruwer/Eitelsbach | 9.167 | 3,091 |
| 31 | West/Pallien | 8.488 | 7,005 |
| 32 | Euren (Herresthal) | 13.189 | 4,207 |
| 33 | Zewen (Oberkirch) | 7.496 | 3,634 |
| 41 | Olewig | 3.100 | 3,135 |
| 42 | Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz) | 5.825 | 8,708 |
| 43 | Tarforst | 4.184 | 6,605 |
| 44 | Filsch | 1.601 | 761 |
| 45 | Irsch | 4.082 | 2,351 |
| 46 | Kernscheid | 3.768 | 958 |
| 51 | Feyen/Weismark | 5.095 | 5,689 |
| 52 | Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus) | 2.036 | 6,672 |
| 53 | Mariahof (St. Michael) | 7.040 | 3,120 |
| | Totals | 117.210 | 105,076 |
Climate
Trier has an oceanic climate (Köppen:
Cfb), but with greater extremes than the marine versions of
northern Germany. Summers are warm except in unusual heat waves and winters are recurrently cold, but not harsh. Precipitation is high despite not being on the coast.
As a result of the European heat wave in 2003, the highest temperature recorded was 39 °C on 8 August of that year. On 25 July 2019, a record-breaking temperature of 40.6 °C was recorded.
The lowest recorded temperature was −19.3 °C on February 2, 1956.
Demography
| +Largest groups of foreign residents |
|
| 688 |
| 675 |
| 573 |
| 476 |
| 444 |
|
Culture
Trier has a municipal theatre,
Theater Trier, for musical theatre, plays and dance.
Main sights
Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include:
-
the Porta Nigra, the best-preserved Roman city gate north of the Alps;
-
the huge Aula Palatina, a basilica in the original Roman sense, was the long throne hall of Roman emperor Constantine; it is today used as a Protestantism church; adjacent is the Electoral Palace, Trier;
-
the Roman Trier Amphitheater;
-
the 2nd century AD Roman bridge ( Römerbrücke) across the Moselle, the oldest bridge north of the Alps still crossed by traffic;
-
ruins of three Roman baths, among them the largest Roman baths north of the Alps; including the Barbara Baths, the Trier Imperial Baths, and the Forum Baths, Trier;
-
Trier Cathedral ( or Dom St Peter), a Catholic church that dates back to Roman times; its Romanesque west façade with an extra apse and four towers is imposing and has been copied repeatedly; the Cathedral is home to the Holy Tunic, one of a number of garments claimed to be the robe Jesus was wearing when he died, as well as many other relics and reliquaries in the Cathedral Treasury;
-
the Liebfrauenkirche (German for Church of Our Lady), which is one of the most important early Gothic churches in Germany, in some ways comparable to the architectural tradition of the French Gothic cathedrals;
-
St Matthias' Abbey ( Abtei St Matthias), still a functioning monastery whose medieval church harbours what is held to be the only tomb of an Twelve Apostles located north of the Alps;
-
St Gangolf's church is the city's 'own' church near the main market square (as opposed to the Cathedral, the bishop's church); largely Gothic;
-
Saint Paulinus' Church, one of the most important Baroque churches in Rhineland-Palatinate and designed in part by the architect Balthasar Neumann;
-
two old treadwheel cranes, one being the Gothic "Old Crane" ( Alte Krahnen) or "Trier Moselle Crane" ( Trierer Moselkrahn) from 1413, and the other the 1774 Baroque crane called the "(Old) Customs Crane" ( (Alter) Zollkran) or "Younger Moselle Crane" ( Jüngerer Moselkran) (see List of historical harbour cranes).
Museums
-
Rheinisches Landesmuseum (an important archaeological museum for the Roman period; also some early Christian and Romanesque sculpture)
-
Domschatzkammer (Treasury of Trier Cathedral; with the Egbert Shrine, the reliquary of the Holy Nail, the cup of Saint Helena and other reliquaries, liturgical objects, ivories, manuscripts, etc., many from the Middle Ages)
-
Museum am Dom, formerly Bischöfliches Dom- und Diözesanmuseum (Museum of the Diocese of Trier; religious art, also some Roman artefacts)
-
Stadtmuseum Simeonstift (history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a scale model of the medieval city)
-
Karl Marx House; a museum exhibiting Marx's personal history, volumes of poetry, original letters, and photographs with personal dedications. There is also a collection of rare first editions and international editions of his works, as well as exhibits on the development of socialism in the 19th century
-
Toy Museum of Trier
-
Ethnological and open-air museum Roscheider Hof, a museum in the neighbouring town of Konz, right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet
-
Fell Exhibition Slate Mine; site in the municipality of Fell, from Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail.
-
Memorial sculpture (2012) by Clas Steinmann to the deportation of Sinti and Romani people in Trier.
Annual events
-
Since 1980 the Altstadtfest has been celebrated in the centre of Trier on the last weekend of June, followed by the Zurlaubener Heimatfest on the banks of the River Mosel two weeks later.
-
Until 2014 Trier was home to Germany's largest Roman festival, Brot und Spiele (German language for Bread and Games – a translation of the famous Latin phrase panem et circenses from the satires of Juvenal).
-
Trier has been the base for the German round of the World Rally Championship since 2002, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
-
Trier holds a Christmas street festival every year called the Trier Christmas Market on the Hauptmarkt (Main Market Square) and the Domfreihof in front of the Cathedral of Trier.
-
The Olewiger Weinfest is an annual wine festival held in the village of Olewig, just outside Trier. The festival takes place over three days, typically in August, and features a wide variety of activities, including wine tastings, live music and food stalls.
Education
Trier is home to the University of Trier, founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has the Trier University of Applied Sciences. The Academy of European Law (ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40
Kindergärten,
25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as the
Humboldt Gymnasium Trier,
Max Planck Gymnasium,
Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium,
Angela Merici Gymnasium,
Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium and the
Nelson-Mandela Realschule Plus,
Kurfürst-Balduin Realschule Plus,
Realschule Plus Ehrang.
Transport
Trier station has direct
Deutsche Bahn connections to many cities in the region. The nearest cities by
train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways A 1, A 48 and A 64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are in
Findel Airport (0:40 h by car),
Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle is an important waterway and is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2024.
Sports
Major sports clubs in Trier include:
International relations
Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with
Luxembourg City, Saarbrücken and
Metz (neighbouring countries:
Luxembourg and
France).
Twin towns – sister cities
Trier is
Sister city with:
-
Gloucester, England, UK (1957)
-
Metz, France (1957)
-
Ascoli Piceno, Italy (1958)
-
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands (1968)
-
Pula, Croatia (1971)
-
Weimar, Germany (1987)
-
Fort Worth, United States (1987)
-
Nagaoka, Japan (2006)
-
Xiamen, China (2010)
-
Izium, Ukraine (2024)
Namesakes
-
New Trier Township, Illinois, US, originally settled by people from Trier.
-
New Trier, Minnesota, US, settled by people from Trier about 1856.
-
New Trier High School, an Illinois school named after Trier.
Notable people
-
Hans am Ende (1864–1918), painter
-
Ambrose (c. 340–397), saint
-
Apronia of Toul (6th century), nun and saint
-
Athanasius of Alexandria (296/298–373), saint (in exile ca. 335)
-
Ausonius (c. 310–395), Roman consul and poet
-
Martin Bambauer (born 1970), church musician
-
Reinhold Bartel (1926–1996), operatic tenor
-
Wolf Graf von Baudissin (1907–1993), general, military planner and peace researcher
-
August Beer (1825–1863), scientist
-
Constantius Chlorus (c. 250–306), Roman emperor
-
Ernst Ulrich Deuker (born 1954), musician
-
Eucharius (died c. 250), first bishop of Trier
-
Frank Findeiß (born 1971), poet
-
Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), General and French statesman, as commander of a battalion of Chasseurs during the French occupation of Rhineland
-
Franz Grundheber (1937–2025), baritone
-
Helena (c. 250–330), saint, mother of Constantine the Great (residence in Trier by tradition)
-
Reinhard Heß (1904–1998), painter and glass painter
-
Ernst Huberty (1927–2023), sports reporter
-
Eric Jelen (born 1965), tennis player
-
Ludwig Kaas (1881–1952), Catholic priest and politician (Zentrum)
-
Anja Kaesmacher (born 1974), operatic soprano
-
Ursula Krechel (born 1947), writer and poet
-
Gitta Lind (1925–1974), singer
-
Xavier Bout de Marnhac (born 1951), French general, former commander of Kosovo Force
-
Heinrich Marx (1777–1838), lawyer, father of Karl Marx
-
Henriette Marx (1788–1863), mother of Karl Marx
-
Jenny Marx (1814–1881), revolutionary, drama critic
-
Karl Marx (1818–1883), social philosopher and revolutionary
-
Maximian (c. 250–310), Roman emperor
-
Georg Meier (chess player) (born 1987), German grandmaster of chess
-
Saint Modesta (died c. 680), founder and Abbess of the monastery of Oeren
-
Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890–1991), theologian
-
Kaspar Olevianus (1536–1587), theologian
-
Paulinus (died 358), bishop of Trier
-
Johann Anton Ramboux (1790–1866), painter
-
Udo Samel (born 1953), Actor
-
Frederick A. Schroeder (1833–1899), American politician, mayor of Brooklyn
-
Otmar Seul (born 1943), lawyer, professor
-
Günther Steines (1928–1982), athlete
-
Peter Thullen (1907–1996), German-Ecuadorian mathematician
-
Valentinian I (321–375), Roman emperor
-
Valerius (died 320), second bishop of Trier
-
François Weigel (born 1964), French pianist, composer and conductor
-
Ludwig von Westphalen (1770 –1842), father-in-law of Karl Marx
-
Helga Zepp-LaRouche (born 1948), journalist and politician
-
Robert Zimmer (born 1953), philosopher and essayist
See also
-
New Trier Township, llinois
Further reading
-
Heinz Monz (2000): Trierer Biographisches Lexikon. Koblenz: Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz. 539 pp. .
External links
