Termez ( ) is the capital of Surxondaryo Region in southern Uzbekistan. Administratively, it is a district-level city.
Etymology
Some link the name of the city to the Greek word Θέρμος (
thermos), meaning "hot", and date the
toponym to the rule of Alexander the Great.
[E. M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow, 1998), p. 415] Others suggest that it came from
Sanskrit तर्मतो (
tarmato), meaning "on the river bank".
[Sh. Kamaliddinov, Istoricheskaya geografiya Sogda i Toharistana. 1996. ]
History
Ancient times
.]]One of Central Asia's oldest towns, Old Termez, located a few kilometers west of the modern city along the
Amu Darya river, was established sometime before the 3rd century BC.
[Rtveladze, E. V. (1994). Kampir-tepe: Structures, written documents, and coins. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 8, 141–154.] The city may have been known to the
Achaemenids (the 10th century
Shahnameh purports its existence during the
mythological Zoroastrian Kayanian dynasty).
In 329 BC Alexander the Great conquered the surrounding region, known as Sogdia. Most recent scholarship argues that Termez is the site of Alexandria on the Oxus,[Edvard Rtveladze. Кампыртепа – Александрия Оксианская: город-крепость на берегу Окса в эллинистическое и постэллинистическое время (конец IV в. до н.э.- I в. до н.э.) Kampyrtepa. Материалы тохаристанской экспедиции Х. Ахеологические исследования Кампыртепа Materials, Tashkent : San’at, 2017, 148 p.] though some identify this site with Ai-Khanoum. After a period of Seleucid rule, Termez became part of the breakaway Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. The Ionian Greek language persisted in the area through the Tokharistan period, being phased out of administrative use during the time of the Kushan Empire, in favor of the Bactrian language.[Falk, Harry (2001). "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣāṇas". Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII. pp. 121–136.]
It was during this period that Termez, named Ta-li-mi (迭里迷) in Chinese sources, became an important center of Mahāsāṃghika Buddhism.[Esparraguera, J. M. G., Gil, E. A., Ferreras, V. M., & Pidaev, S. R. (2015). The Buddhist occupation of Tchingiz Tepe (Termez, Uzbekistan) in the Kushan period through the ceramic contexts. Archaeological Research in Asia, 3, 19–33. ][
] Termez was incorporated into the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century AD, and elements of Zoroastrian-Buddhist religious syncretism appear in the archaeological record, with Buddhist Monastery containing fire temple,
During the 7th century Termez played host to the Buddhist monk and traveler Xuanzang, who reported:
In the three decades that followed, as the Umayyads conquered the Persians, Termez found itself across the river from the caliphate.
Islamic Golden Age
[[File:Jalal al-Din Rumi, Showing His Love for His Young Disciple Hussam al-Din Chelebi.jpg|right|thumb|Termez is the setting of some of the stories in [[Rumi]]'s [[Masnavi]].]]
In 676 the city was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate.
It again rose to religious significance during the Abbasid and Samanid Empires, producing notable scholars such as the renowned hadith scholar al-Tirmidhi and Sufi master and theologian al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi.
Termez passed through the hands of the Ghaznavid, Seljuk Empire, Karakhanid, and Khorezmshah kingdoms from the 11th to 13th centuries.
In 1220 after a two-day siege, the city was destroyed by the troops of Genghis Khan. According to one account, "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their the usual custom, then they were all slain."[ See also Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. V, Ch. 4, "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans" (John Andrew Boyle), p.312 (1968) ("the whole population, men and women, were driven out on to the plain, and divided amongst the soldiers, by whom they were then put to death, each soldier being responsible for the execution of a fixed number of persons").]
Ibn Battuta found the city reconstructed in the early 14th century:
The restored Termez soon came under the rule of Tamerlane's Timurid Empire with the backing of the Tirmidh Sayyids, a local religious aristocracy claiming descent from Muhammad through Sayyid Ali Akbar.
By the second half of the 18th century the city was again abandoned, and the ruins of the reconstituted Termez laid outside the nearby villages of Salavat and Pattakesar (Pattagissar).
In the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union
In 1887, the
Russian Empire began to operate a brown water navy on the Amu Darya River.
In December 1894, the Amu Darya Fleet was joined by the 31st Amu Darya Border Brigade. In the coming years troop levels were increased, as the 4th Orenburg Cossack Regiment, the 13th Turkestan Special Battalion, and the 2nd Orenburg Cossack Battery were relocated to the area.
The Emirate of Bukhara acquiesced to increasing demands from the Tsarist government for more lands, until on January 27, 1900, over nine thousand acres were donated to Russia, and the Russian military began a program of Russian people resettlement to the area.
In the immediate aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Pattakesar became a part of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, and then the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1928, as part of the Soviet Union, Pattakesar was renamed and took the city's ancient name of Termez. In 1929, the village became a town.
During the years of Soviet rule, as Termez became a hub of Russian military activity, many industries were developed, and a pedagogical institute and a theatre were opened. Termez saw a significant increase in industrial development during World War II, as the Soviet Union replaced industrial centers in the western regions that had been disrupted by Nazi attacks.
For many years after the Second World War the 108th Motor Rifle Division, the former 360th Rifle Division, was based in the town. During the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989), Termez became an increasingly important military post, with over 100,000 Soviet Military stationed there.
21st century Afghan conflicts and aftermath
In 2001,
Germany began operating a base in Termez. The
airbase was the main support base for
Bundeswehr and Dutch forces operating with the ISAF for transiting goods into Afghanistan. It was closed in 2015.
Following the 2021 Taliban offensive and resultant Fall of Kabul, the Biden administration reached out to Uzbekistan, as well as Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, to ask if they might temporarily accommodate up to 9,000 Afghans who might face reprisals for working with U.S. military forces.
In August 2021, Russia and Uzbekistan held joint military exercises outside of Termez.
Transportation
The river
Amu Darya divides the two countries of Uzbekistan and
Afghanistan and the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge crosses the river to
Hairatan in Afghanistan. Termez is also served by
Termez Airport, with flights to
Tashkent and
Moscow. Termez is connected with
Uzbek Railways to other cities of the country and
Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan. The Tashkent–Termez (no. 379) and Termez–Tashkent (no. 380) trains run every day.
–
Kanibadam (no. 367) and Kanibadam-Dushanbe (No: 368) trains also pass through Termez.
Plans exist to connect Termez to Peshawar by rail, as a part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, and China's larger Belt and Road Initiative.
There is public transportation in the city, represented by and . There are also public and private taxi services. Termez river port (Termiz daryo bandargohi) is located in the south-eastern part of the city.
The city has an international airport "Termez Airport", which has regular air connections with Tashkent, with some other major cities of Uzbekistan, as well as with some Russian cities, including Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
Termez is the main southern gateway of Uzbekistan. 12 km east of Termez, the Amu Darya is crossed by the pedestrian, highway and railroad cross-border bridge Hairatan (also known as the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge), which is the only border crossing between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Every day, people, , and pass over the bridge in both directions.
The city is one of the main Rail transport hubs of southern Uzbekistan. It is from Termez that the international freight railroad leading to the Afghan city of Mazar-i-Sharif begins.
In fact, the railroad goes all the way to Mazar-i-Sharif International Airport, 8 km east of that city. The distance between Termez and Mazar-i-Sharif is about 80 km by road or
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Demographics
The estimated population of Termez in 2021 was 182,800.
and
Tajiks are the largest ethnic groups. An undetermined number of
Lyuli live in Termez.
A 2014 World Bank report found that the population of Termez grew by 50% in the period between 1990 and 2014. Using satellite data, Termez was classified as a "Type 3" city, having a "Growing Population & Declining Economic Activity."
Education
In 1992 the Pedagogical Institute was upgraded to Termez State University. Termez is also served by the Termez Branch of Tashkent Medical Academy, Termez Technical University, and the Termez Branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University.
There are 26 secondary schools in Termez, six of which offer instruction in the Russian language. A presidential school opened in 2021.
Climate
Termez has a cool arid climate (Köppen
BWk) bordering upon a hot arid climate (
BWh) with long, sweltering summers and short, cool winters.
Entertainment and culture
Sports
Termez hosts the
Surkhon Termez football club, which plays in
Alpamysh Stadium.
Termez also has a kurash training facility, and a hippodrome where Buzkashi is played.
Various are often held here. At the end of May 2022, Termez now hosted the Uzbekistan kurash championship among juniors born in 2007–2008.
Historical and archaeological sites
-
Termez Archaeological Museum opened in 2002 to commemorate the 2,500th anniversary of Termez.
- Much of the museum's collection focuses on Termez's Buddhism history, in particular the Graeco-Bactrian and Kushan Empire eras. There are scale models of archeological sites including Kampir Tepe, Fayaz Tepe, and Khalchayan; and magnificent wall paintings and sculptures, as well as coins, ceramics, and even ancient chess sets.
-
Kyr Kyz (The 40 Girls Fortress) takes its name from a Central Asian legend about a princess and her 40 companions who defended their land against invaders.
-
The Al Hakim At-Termizi architectural complex dates from the 10th to 15th centuries. It is centred on the mud brick mausoleum of Al Hakim At-Termizi, a Sufism saint, jurist, and writer who died in Termez in 859. The site was expanded and improved at the instigation of Timur's son, Shah Rukh, in the 15th century.
-
The Sultan Saodat architectural ensemble developed in stages between the 10th and 17th centuries. It was the family necropolis of the Termez , a politically and religiously influential local dynasty which claimed descent from Ali. There are approximately 120 graves in the complex, as well as a number of religious buildings. The mortar holding the mud bricks together is an unusual mixture of clay, egg yolk, camels’ blood, and milk. There are pre-Islamic decorative symbols on some of the buildings, including a Zoroastrianism star motif which represents infinity and fertility.
-
The Kokil Dara Khanagha was built by Abdullah Khan II of Bukhara in the 16th century. The building was created as a resting place for itinerant Sufism and other holy men. It has cultural links with various buildings in Afghanistan, including the styling of the vaulted ceiling. There is no central courtyard as this order of Sufis didn't whirl, but instead focused on quiet, solitary meditation.
-
Kara Tepe is a rock cut Buddhist temple complex founded in the 2nd century AD on the hills outside Termez. It is right on the Uzbek–Afghan border, and so a permit is required to visit.
-
Fayaz Tepe is a Buddhist monastery, most of which dates from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The main stupa (which is now encased in a protective dome) could be much older.
-
The Zurmala Stupa is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Uzbekistan, dating from the 1st to 2nd centuries AD. Its brick structure is 16m high and is the only remaining part of a vast Buddhist stupa which would have been originally clad in stone and richly decorated.
-
Kampir Tepe was a substantial city built on the Amu Darya river by Alexander the Great. Known as Alexandria on the Oxus, the city had an important harbour with a lighthouse, as well as a citadel, temples, and a gateway that is a replica of one found in Pamphylia in Turkey. The site is still being excavated by archeologists but is open to the public.
-
Termizi Memorial Complex, Hakim Termezi Mausoleum, is a historical site in Termez (9th-15th centuries).
File:Termez Archaeological Museum, Termez, Uzbekistan.jpg|Greco-Buddhist Airtam Frieze showing musicians, in the style of Gandhara.
File:Termez Archaeological Museum, Termez, Uzbekistan - 44911865104.jpg|The Buddha and attendants (original in the State Museum of History of Uzbekistan, Tashkent).
File:Capital with a figure showing features of Buddha and Heracles 100-200 CE Old Termez Archaeological Museum.jpg|Capital with Classical Garland bearers, 100-200 CE.
File:Saka warrior Termez Achaeological Museum.jpg|Saka warrior from the site of Khalchayan. Art of the Yuezhi.
File:Old Termez Elephant among Lotus Flowers Architectural Element 2nd-3rd cent CE.jpg|Elephant among Lotus Flowers, Old Termez, 2nd–3rd cent CE.
Notable people
-
Its most famous native son is Al-Tirmidhi, born in its suburb Bugh and buried 60 kilometers north of Termez, on the outskirts of Sherobod, Uzbekistan. He is one of the six canonical hadith collectors of Sunni Islam. He is locally known as Abu Isa at Termezi.
-
Hakim-at-Termizi, one of the famous Sufi theologians, is buried in old Termez which is in the suburbs of modern Termez. He is also known as Termez Ota (a patron saint of Termez).
-
Sayyid Ali Akbar was an saint, the son of the eleventh Twelver Shia Imam, Hasan al-Askari and the brother of the twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. Sayyid Ali Akbar is Sultan Saadat (Sodot) who died in Termiz. His burial place is located in the main mausoleum Sultan Saodat memorial complex in Termez.
-
Adib Sabir, 12th-century Persian poet
-
Said Baraka was from old Termez. He was a philosopher, war strategist and religious nobleman, and Timur's teacher.
-
Ali Termezi known as "Pir Baba" was a Sayyid born in Termez, (1502–1583 CE). His mausoleum is in a village named Pir Baba after him in Buner District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
-
Valery Khalilov (1952–2016) was born in Termez. He was a Russian general and a composer.
-
Serhii Prokazin (1975–2023), Ukrainian military pilot, posthumously awarded with the title Hero of Ukraine
See also
-
List of cities in Uzbekistan
-
List of cities founded by Alexander the Great
Notes
External links
