Saxifraga is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 473 species of holarctic , known as saxifrages[Roger Spencer, ed. Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia. UNSW Press, 2002. p. 81. ] The Latin word saxifraga means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin saxum]] ("rock" or "stone") + frangere]] ("to break"). It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi (known as kidney or bladder stones), rather than breaking rocks apart.
Description
Most saxifrages are small perennial, Biennial plant (e.g., S. adscendens) or Annual plant (e.g., S. tridactylites) herbaceous plants whose basal or cauline leaf grow close to the ground, often in a rosette. The leaves typically have a more or less incised margin; they may be succulent, needle-like and/or hairy, reducing evaporation.
The inflorescence or single flower clusters rise above the main plant body on naked stalks. The small actinomorphic hermaphrodite flowers have five and and are usually white, but red to yellow in some species. Stamens, usually ten, rarely eight, insert at the junction of the floral tube and ovary wall, with filaments subulate or clavate. As in other primitive , some of the five or ten may appear petal-like. It lives in tundral ecosystems.
Taxonomy
A genus of about 473 species.[ The former monotypic genus Saxifragella has been submersed within Saxifraga, the largest genus in Saxifragaceae, as Saxifraga bicuspidata. Also, the genus Saxifragopsis (strawberry saxifrage) was previously included in Saxifraga.]
Subdivision
Based on morphological criteria, up to 15 sections were recognised. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies reduced this to 13 sections with 9 subsections. The former sections Micranthes and Merkianae are more closely related to the Boykinia and Heuchera clades. Modern floras separate these groups as the genus Micranthes.[ Flora of China]
The thirteen sections (with subsections) are:
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Irregulares
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Saxifragella
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Pseudocymbalaria
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Bronchiales
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Ciliatae
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Cymbalaria
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Cotylea
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Gymnopera
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Mesogyne
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Trachyphyllum
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Ligulatae
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Porphyrion
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Squarrosae
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Mutatae
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Oppositifoliae
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Florulentae
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Kabschia
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Saxifraga
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Tridactylites
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Androsaceae
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Arachnoideae
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Saxifraga
Selected species
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Saxifraga adscendens – ascending saxifrage
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Saxifraga aizoides – Yellow mountain saxifrage,
[Umberto Quattrocchi. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms. Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, 1999. p.2395-2396. ] yellow saxifrage
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Saxifraga aizoon – Aizoon rockfoil
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Saxifraga algisii
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Saxifraga anadyrensis
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Saxifraga androsacea
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Saxifraga aquatica
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Saxifraga arachnoidea
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Saxifraga × arendsii – mossy saxifrage, mossy rockfoil
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Saxifraga aspera L. – rough saxifrage,
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Saxifraga bicuspidata
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Saxifraga biflora
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Saxifraga bronchialis L. – matte saxifrage
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Saxifraga bryoides L. – mossy saxifrage
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Saxifraga burseriana L. – AGM
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Saxifraga caesia – blue green saxifrage
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Saxifraga callosa Sm. – limestone saxifrage
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Saxifraga canaliculata
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Saxifraga carpatica
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Saxifraga cernua – drooping saxifrage, nodding saxifrage, bulblet saxifrage
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Saxifraga cervicornis
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Saxifraga cespitosa – tufted saxifrage
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Saxifraga ciliata
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Saxifraga cochlearis – spoon-leaved saxifrage
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Saxifraga columnaris Schmalh.
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Saxifraga corsica
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Saxifraga consanguinea W.W.Sm.
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Saxifraga cotyledon L. – great alpine rockfoil, greater evergreen saxifrage
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Saxifraga crustata Vest. – crusted-leaved saxifraga, silver saxifrage, encrusted saxifrage
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Saxifraga cuneifolia – shield-leaved saxifrage,
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Saxifraga cymbalaria – celandine saxifrage
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Saxifraga decipiens
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Saxifraga dinnikii Schmalh.
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Saxifraga eschscholtzii – cushion saxifrage
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Saxifraga exarata – furrowed saxifrage
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Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. ex Sternb. – whiplash saxifrage, spider saxifrage, "spider plant"
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Saxifraga florulenta
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Saxifraga forbesei
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Saxifraga fortunei Hook.f. – fortune saxifrage
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Saxifraga × geum – Robertsoniana saxifrage ( S. hirsuta x S. umbrosa)
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Saxifraga globulifera – Gibraltar saxifrage
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Saxifraga granulata L. – meadow saxifrage,
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Saxifraga grisebachii - Engleria saxifrage
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Saxifraga groenlandica
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Saxifraga hederacea
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Saxifraga hirculus L. – yellow marsh saxifrage, marsh saxifrage, "bog saxifrage"
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Saxifraga hirsuta – kidney saxifrage
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Saxifraga hyperborea – pygmy saxifrage
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Saxifraga hypnoides – mossy saxifrage,
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Saxifraga juniperifolia
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Saxifraga korshinskii Kom.
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Saxifraga lactea Turcz.
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Saxifraga longifolia – Pyrenean saxifrage
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Saxifraga maderensis – Madeira saxifrage,
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Saxifraga mertensiana – Mertens' saxifrage
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Saxifraga montana
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Saxifraga moschata – musky saxifrage, mossy saxifrage
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Saxifraga moschata ssp. basaltica
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Saxifraga muscoides
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Saxifraga mutata
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Saxifraga nathorstii (Dusén) Hayek – East Greenland saxifrage
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Saxifraga nipponica
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Saxifraga oppositifolia – purple saxifrage,
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Saxifraga osloensis Knaben – Oslo saxifrage, a natural hybrid species
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Saxifraga paniculata – lifelong saxifrage,
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Saxifraga paradoxa Sternb. – Fragile saxifraga
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Saxifraga petraea
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Saxifraga platysepala (= S. flagellaris auct. non Willd.) – broadsepal saxifrage
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Saxifraga porophylla
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Saxifraga redofskii – many-flower saxifrage
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Saxifraga rivularis – alpine brook saxifrage, brook saxifrage, highland saxifrage
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Saxifraga rosacea – Irish saxifrage
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Saxifraga rotundifolia L. – round-leaved saxifrage
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Saxifraga roylei
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Saxifraga rudolphiana
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Saxifraga rufopilosa – redhair saxifrage
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Saxifraga sancta
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Saxifraga serpyllifolia – thymeleaf saxifrage
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Saxifraga sibirica – Siberian saxifrage
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Saxifraga spathularis – Saint Patrick's cabbage
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Saxifraga squarrosa – Dolomites saxifrage
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Saxifraga stolonifera – creeping saxifrage, strawberry saxifrage, creeping rockfoil, strawberry begonia, strawberry geranium,
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Saxifraga stolonifera f. aptera (Makino) H.Hara – hoshizaki-yukinoshita (Japanese)
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Saxifraga stolonifera 'Cuscutiformis' ( Saxifraga cuscutiformis Lodd.) – Dodder-like saxifrage
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Saxifraga subverticillata
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Saxifraga svalbardensis
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Saxifraga taygetea
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Saxifraga taylorii – Taylor's saxifrage
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Saxifraga tenella
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Saxifraga tombeanensis
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Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb. – prickly saxifrage
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Saxifraga tridactylites – rue-leaved saxifrage, "nailwort"
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Saxifraga trifurcata
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Saxifraga × urbium – London pride ( S. spathularis × S. umbrosa)
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Saxifraga umbrosa – Pyrenean saxifrage
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Saxifraga vandelli
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Saxifraga wahlenbergii
Formerly placed here
Plants formerly placed in Saxifraga are mainly but not exclusively Saxifragaceae. They include:
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Astilboides tabularis, as S. tabularis
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Bergenia crassifolia, as S. cordifolia, S. crassifolia
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Bergenia pacumbis, as S. ligulata, S. pacumbis
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Bergenia purpurascens, as S. delavayi, S. purpurascens
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Boykinia jamesii, as S. jamesii
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Boykinia occidentalis (Coastal Brookfoam), as S. elata
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Boykinia richardsonii (Richardson's Brookfoam), as S. richardsonii
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Darmera peltata (Indian Rhubarb), as S. peltata
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Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, as S. pyrolifolia
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Luetkea pectinata (Partridgefoot), as S. pectinata
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Micranthes, including:
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Micranthes integrifolia (wholeleaf saxifrage)
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Micranthes howellii (Howell's saxifrage),
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Micranthes stellaris (Starry saxifrage),
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Mukdenia rossii (Mukdenia), as S. rossii
Other "saxifragous" plants
Several plant genera have names referring to saxifrages, although they might not be close relatives of Saxifraga. They include:
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Golden-saxifrages, Chrysosplenium
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Burnet-saxifrages, Pimpinella
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Pepper-saxifrage, Silaum silaus. The name "silaum" comes from the Latin word sil, which means yellow ochre. This refers to the sulphurous yellow colour of the flowers.
[ Reader's Digest Nature Lover's Library Wild Flowers of Britain, page 192, published 1988]
Some plants refer to Saxifraga in their generic names or specific epithets, either because they are also "rock-breaking" or because they resemble members of the saxifrage genus:
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Campanula saxifraga
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Celmisia saxifraga (Benth.) W.M.Curtis
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Cineraria saxifraga DC.
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Dryopteris saxifraga
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Petrorhagia saxifraga – Tunicflower
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Pimpinella saxifraga – Burnet saxifrage
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Ptychotis saxifraga
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Saxifragella
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Saxifragodes
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Saxifragopsis Small
Ecology
Saxifrages are typical inhabitants of Arctic–alpine , and are hardly ever found outside the temperateness parts of the Northern Hemisphere; most members of this genus are found in subarctic climates. A good number of species grow in glacial habitats, such as S. biflora which can be found some above sea level in the Alps, or the East Greenland saxifrage ( S. nathorstii). The genus is also abundant in the Eastern and Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Though the archetypal saxifrage is a small plant cushion plant high up on a mountain, many species do not occur in such a habitat and are larger (though still rather delicate) plants found on wet .
Various Saxifraga species are used as food plants by the of some Lepidoptera, such as the Phoebus Apollo ( Parnassius phoebus).
Charles Darwin – erroneously believing Saxifraga to be allied to the sundew family (Droseraceae) – suspected the sticky-leaved round-leaved saxifrage ( S. rotundifolia), rue-leaved saxifrage ( S. tridactylites) and Pyrenean saxifrage ( S. umbrosa) to be protocarnivorous plants, and conducted some experiments whose results supported his observations,
Cultivation
[[File:Saxifraga urumoffii, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland, GB, IMG 3765 edit.jpg|thumb|
Saxifraga urumoffii at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.]]
Numerous species and cultivars of saxifrage are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, valued particularly as groundcover or as in and alpine gardens. Many require alkaline or neutral soil to thrive.
S. × urbium (London pride), a hybrid between Pyrenean saxifrage ( S. umbrosa) and St. Patrick's cabbage ( S. spathularis), is commonly grown as an ornamental plant.
Award of Garden Merit
The following species and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
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'Angelina Johnson' ( fortunei)
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'Blackberry and Apple Pie' ( fortunei)
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S. callosa (limestone saxifrage)
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'Conwy Snow' ( fortunei)
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'Coolock Kate'
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'Cumulus'
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S. fortunei
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'Gregor Mendel' (× apiculata)
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'Lagraveana' ( paniculata)
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'Lutea'
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'Minor'
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'Moe' ( fortunei)
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'Monarch'
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'Mount Nachi' ( fortunei)
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'Peach Melba'
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'Reginald Farrer' (Silver Farreri Group)
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'Rokujo' ( fortunei)
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'Rosea'
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'Shiranami' ( fortunei)
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'Slack's Ruby Southside' (Southside Seedling Group)
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'Snowflake' (Silver Farreri Group)
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'Southside Star' (Southside Seedling Group)
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S. stolonifera (strawberry saxifrage)
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'Sue Drew' ( fortunei)
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='Toujya' ( fortunei)
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'Theoden'
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'Tumbling Waters'
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S. × urbium (London pride)
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'Venetia' ( paniculata)
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'Whitehill'
Uses
The leaves of some saxifrage species, such as creeping saxifrage ( S. stolonifera) and S. pensylvanica,[ Official Flower of Nunavut, Nunavut, Canada]
Species are also used in traditional medicine, such as creeping saxifrage in East Asia
Two species—purple saxifrage and creeping saxifrage—are popular . They are official flowers for:
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Nunavut, Canada - purple saxifrage
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County Londonderry, Northern Ireland - purple saxifrage
[ County flowers in Britain www.plantlife.org.uk]
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Tsukuba, Japan - creeping saxifrage, "hoshizaki" form ( S. stolonifera Curtis f. aptera)
Bibliography
- Books
- Articles
- Websites
- Floras
External links
