Salmo is a genus of ray-finned fish from the subfamily Salmoninae of family Salmonidae, and is part of the tribe Salmonini along with the sister genera Salvelinus and Salvethymus. Almost all Salmo species are native only in the Old World (including most of Europe, coastal North Africa and part of West Asia around the Black Sea), the only exception being the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar), which is also naturally found across the North Atlantic in eastern North America.
The number of distinct species and subspecies in Salmo is a debated issue. The Atlantic salmon and brown trout ( Salmo trutta) are widespread species and have been introduced worldwide as pisciculture food fish or recreational game fish, while most of the other Salmo species are narrowly distributed forms endemism to single drainage basin.
The name Salmo derives from the Latin salmō, meaning salmon. The vast majority of the Salmo species are actually trout, except the Atlantic salmon, which along with six Pacific species from the genus Oncorhynchus (also from the subfamily Salmoninae, but of a different tribe) constitute the only seven officially recognized species of salmon.
Only two fossil species are known: † Salmo immigratus Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1891 from the Miocene of Croatia, and † Salmo derzhavini Vladimirov, 1946 from the late Pliocene of Armenia. S. immigratus was initially dated to the Late Miocene, though more recent analyses suggest that it may date to the Middle Miocene, or the regional Sarmatian stage. S. immigratus appears to be a basal member of the genus, while S. derzhavini represents the earliest known occurrence of the brown trout species complex.
Species
The species currently listed in this genus are:
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Salmo abanticus Enrico Tortonese, 1954 (Lake Abant trout)
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Salmo akairos Bo Delling & Doadrio, 2005 (Lake Ifni trout)
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Salmo aphelios Maurice Kottelat, 1997 (summer trout)
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Salmo balcanicus (Stanko Karaman, 1927) (Struga trout)
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Salmo baliki Davut Turan, İsmail Aksu, Münevver Oral, Kaya, Bayçelebi, 2021
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Salmo carpio Carl Linnaeus, 1758 (Lake Garda trout)
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Caspian trout Kessler, 1877 (Caspian trout)
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Salmo cenerinus Nardo, 1847
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Salmo cettii Rafinesque, 1810 (Mediterranean trout)
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Salmo chilo Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Semih Engin, 2012
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Salmo ciscaucasicus Dorofeeva, 1967 (Terek trout)
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Salmo coruhensis Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Semih Engin, 2010 (Çoruh river trout)
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Salmo derzhavini Vladimirov, 1946 (fossil; Late Pliocene)
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Salmo dentex (Heckel, 1851) (Zubatak trout)
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Salmo euphrataeus Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Semih Engin, 2014 (Euphrates trout)
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Salmo ezenami Lev Berg, 1948 (Kezenoi-am trout)
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Salmo farioides Stanko Karaman, 1938 (Balkan brook trout)
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Salmo ferox Jardine, 1835 (Ferox trout)
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Salmo fibreni Sergio Zerunian & Gandolfi, 1990 (Fibreno trout)
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Salmo immigratus Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1891 (fossil; Middle Miocene)
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Salmo ischchan (Sevan trout)
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S. i. ischchan Kessler, 1877 (winter bakhtak)
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S. i. aestivalis Fortunatov, 1926 (summer bakhtak)
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S. i. gegarkuni Kessler, 1877 (gegharkuni)
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S. i. danilewskii Gulelmi, 1888 (bojak)
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Salmo kottelati Davut Turan, Doğan, Kaya, & Kanyılmaz, 2014 (Alakir trout)
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Salmo labecula Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Semih Engin, 2012
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Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814 (Black Sea trout)
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Salmo letnica (S. L. Karaman, 1924) (Pestani trout)
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Salmo lourosensis Bo Delling, 2011 (Louros trout)
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Salmo lumi G. D. Poljakov, Filipi, Kosma Basho & Hysenaj, 1958 (Lumi trout)
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Salmo macedonicus (S. L. Karaman, 1924) (Macedonian trout)
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Salmo macrostigma (A. H. A. Duméril, 1858) (Maghreb trout)
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Salmo marmoratus Georges Cuvier, 1829 (marble trout)
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Salmo montenigrinus (S. L. Karaman, 1933) (Montenegro trout)
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Salmo multipunctatus Doadrio, Silvia Perea & Ahmed Yahyaoui, 2015 (Draa trout)
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Salmo munzuricus Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Kaya, 2017
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Salmo nigripinnis Günther, 1866 (Sonaghen trout)
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Salmo obtusirostris (Heckel, 1851)
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S. o. krkensis (S. L. Karaman, 1927) (Krka softmouth trout)
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S. o. obtusirostris Heckel, 1851 (softmouth trout)
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S. o. oxyrhynchus (Steindachner, 1882) (Neretva softmouth trout)
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S. o. salonitana (S. L. Karaman, 1927) (Jadro softmouth trout)
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S. o. zetenzis (Hadžišče, 1961) (Zeta softmouth trout)
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Salmo ohridanus Steindachner, 1892 (Ohrid trout)
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Salmo okumusi Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Semih Engin, 2014 (Western Euphrates trout)
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Salmo opimus Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Semih Engin, 2012
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Salmo pallaryi Pellegrin, 1924 (Sidi Ali trout)
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Salmo pelagonicus S. L. Karaman, 1938 (Pelagonian trout)
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Salmo pellegrini Franz Werner, 1931 (Tensift trout)
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Salmo peristericus S. L. Karaman, 1938 (Prespa trout)
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Salmo platycephalus Behnke, 1968 (flathead trout)
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Salmo rhodanensis Fowler, 1974 (Rhône trout)
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Salmo rizeensis Davut Turan, Maurice Kottelat & Semih Engin, 2010 (Rize River trout)
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Salmo salar Carl Linnaeus, 1758 (Atlantic salmon)
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Salmo schiefermuelleri Bloch, 1784 (Austrian Lakes trout)
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Salmo stomachicus Günther, 1866 (Gillaroo trout)
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Salmo taleri (S. L. Karaman, 1933) (Zeta trout)
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Salmo tigridis Davut Turan, Kottelat & Bektaş, 2011 (Upper Tigris trout)
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Salmo trutta Carl Linnaeus, 1758
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Salmo viridis Doadrio, Silvia Perea & Ahmed Yahyaoui, 2015 (green trout)
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Salmo visovacensis Taler, 1950
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Salmo zrmanjaensis Karaman, 1938
