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Rohillas are a community of heritage,

(2026). 9781136927492, Routledge. .
(1995). 9789004101098, BRILL. .
(2026). 9780195476002, Oxford University Press. .
historically found in , a region in the state of , India. It forms the largest community in India, and has given its name to the Rohilkhand region. The Rohilla military chiefs settled in this region of in the 1720s, the first of whom was Ali Mohammed Khan. Impeaching for Imperialism, MALICK GHACHEM, Boston Review, February 20, 2020

The Rohillas are found all over Uttar Pradesh, but are more concentrated in the Rohilkhand regions of Bareilly and Moradabad divisions. After the 1947 Partition of India, many of the Rohillas migrated to , Pakistan as a part of the Muhajir community.

Demographics
Origin
The Indian term "Rohilla" originated from Roh, meaning the hilly country, where Rohilla was used as a fairly broad notion of the people from Roh.
(2026). 9781482839388, Partridge. .
Later Roh referred to a geographical term which corresponded with, in its limited sense, the territory stretching from and in the north to in the south, and from () in the east to and in the west,
(1995). 9789004101098, BRILL. .
which corresponded with the homeland of the Pashtuns. The or primarily migrations towards Northern India could be traced to their expulsion from due to the invasions, who were subsequently resettled in , where they were again dispelled by the and forced to settle in , where they assimilated the native and Dehqan population, who were collectively termed Yusufzais to the outside. A further migration continued towards Northern India, where typically inhabitants in the valley without land and those seeking trade opportunities quitted the country of Roh and migrated to India.
(1995). 9789004101098, BRILL. .
The immigration of Pashtuns from the Peshawar valley was further exacerbated with the collapse of Mughal authority and the invasion of .
(2026). 9780195476002, Oxford University Press. .

This community over generations had become culturally closer to the region between Katehr and Awadh.

(2026). 9788170462132, Seagull Books. .
In the 1700s, the decentralization of Mughal power allowed for the rise of Rohilla power in , with the rise of Ali Muhammad Khan's territories, in the context of the rise of other elements such as the , and the . This region, called by the Hindus, and - by the Muslims, was already known as one of the most troublesome regions for its turbulence and rebelliousness under the Katehriya Rajputs, especially since the . In this respect the Rohillas were following their footsteps.
(1994). 9780195630688, Oxford University Press. .
(1995). 9789004101098, BRILL. .
As Ali Muhammad occupied Katehar, and had invited a large number of people from Roh, it was during his lifetime that the land of Katehr was named Rohilkhand which means the land of the Rohillas.
(2026). 9788187763338, Islamic Wonders Bureau. .
(1998). 9788121508308, the University of Michigan. .
The settlers from Roh consisted primarily of Pashtuns of the Yousafzai tribe, as well as the , , Muhammadzai and tribes who were inhabitants of the Peshawar valley and the from . A majority of Rohillas migrated from Pashtunistan to North India between the 17th and 18th century.

.

(2026). 9781136927508, Taylor & Francis. .
(2026). 9788170462132, Seagull Books. .
Finally, a large number of newer arrivals from the Northwest swelled their ranks, who were termed "Vilayati". All were collectively termed Rohillas, thus the Rohillas were in the process of developing a real or fictive kinship based on newly forged marriage alliances, consisting of Indian Pathan families, converted Hindus and new arrivals from the Northwest.
(1988). 9780521310543, Cambridge University Press. .

History
Early history
The founder of the state of Rohilkhand was Ali Muhammad Khan who was a Jat boy of age of eight when he was adopted by Daud Khan Barech. The first immigrant to the Katehr region was Shah Alam Khan, who had settled in Katehr in 1673 and had brought along a band of his tribe, the . His son Daud Khan gained a number of villages in the Katehr region by working for the Mughals and various Rajput Zamindars. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from various Pashtun tribes as mercenaries had immigrated to the region. Daud Khan adopted two Hindus, converted them to Islam, and provided them a proper religious education. These were Ali Muhammad Khan and Fath Khan-i-Saman. They were trained as mercenaries, and the former was put at the head of his following, which included both Pashtuns and various Hindustanis.
(1995). 9789004101098, BRILL. .

Establishment of the Rohilla state
The rise of the Rohilla state owed mainly to Ali Muhammed Khan, who succeeded Daud Khan's jagirs in 1721.Gupta, Hari Ram (1999) 1980. History of the Sikhs. Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire (1764–1803) (2nd rev. ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 11. . . "The real founder of the Rohilla power was Ali Muhammad, from whom sprang the present line of the Nawabs of Rampur." The Rohillas being a mixture of old pedigree Indian Pathan families, Indian converts and new adventurers from the northwest, were in the process of developing a real or fictive kinship based on newly forged marriage alliances.
(1988). 9780521310543, Cambridge University Press. .
Ali Muhammad Khan distinguished himself by helping in suppressing the rebellion of the Indian Muslim tribe, who controlled the upper under the , and who had under their chief Saifudddin Barha put the Mughal governor Marhamat Khan and all of his followers to death. As a reward Ali Muhammad Khan was given the title of Nawab by Muhammad Shah in 1737. He became so powerful that he refused to send tax revenues to the central government. Ali Muhammad Khan defeated Despat, the Banjara chief who held Philbit. In 1744, Ali Muhammad Khan tried to invade Kumaon with a well-prepared army that was 10,000 men strong. In late 1743, he tried to capture Almora, after which the king Kalyan Chand fled and sought the protection of the Raja of Garhwal, who forgave his previous mutual animosity and offered military support. As Ali Muhammad Khan burnt down the temple of , the Rohillas were faced by a combined Garhwal and Kumaon army which defeated Ali Muhammad Khan at the battle of Kairarau, forcing the rohilla to sue for peace.
(2026). 9788173871344, Indus. .
, the Nawab of Oudh, was the title of notables during the Mughal era in India, who helped the central authority govern different statelets within the South Asia. During the colonial, new nawabs were created because of various given to the pro-British Indian elite. warned the Mughal emperor Mohammad Shah (1702–1748) was a Mughal emperor of Mughal empire between 1719 and 1748 of the growing power of the Rohillas. This caused Mohammed Shah to send an expedition against him as a result of which he surrendered to imperial forces. He was taken to Delhi as a prisoner, but was later pardoned and appointed governor of . Most of his soldiers had already settled in the region during 's invasion of northern India in 1739, increasing the Rohilla population in the area to 100,000. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla , this part of region came to be known as Rohilkhand. The conversion of Hindus to Islam further resulted in its rapid growth. As Ali Muhammad Khan returned to Rohilkhand, was made the capital of this newly formed Rohilkhand state. When Ali Muhammad Khan died, leaving six sons. However, two of his elder sons were in at the time of his death while the other four were too young to assume the leadership of Rohilkhand. As a result, power transferred to other Rohilla Sardars, where Sadullah Khan was made the nominal head of the state. Faizullah Khan retained , Dundi Khan gained and Bisauli, Fath Khan-i-Saman was placed in charge of and Usehat, Mulla Sardar Bakhshi gained Kot and Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech gained Salempur or . In 1755, Qutb Shah Rohilla, who was not a Rohilla by caste, but came to be known as a Rohilla as a preceptor and fighter of the Indian Rohillas, raised the standard of rebellion in Saharanpur against the Wazir Imad-ul-Mulk, who had taken his jagirs and given them to the Marathas. Mian Qutb Shah defeated the Mughal army at Karnal, and plundered the adjoining towns until he conquered the town of . When he was completely defeated in his attempt to enter the Jalandhar Doab, he was forced to abandon all his territory.
(1990). 9788185151342, University of California. .
The Marathas invaded Rohilkhand, and as the chiefs could offer no effective resistance, they fled to the Terai, whence they sought the aid of of Awadh. Shuja-ud-Daulah came to their aid, and their combined forces in November 1759 drove the Marathas across the Ganges, after inflicting severe losses upon them. Qutb Khan Rohilla defeated and beheaded the Maratha general Dattaji at Burari Ghat.

Following the Battle of Panipat in 1761
In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) one of the Rohilla Sardars, , allied himself with Ahmad Shah Abdali against the . He not only provided 40,000 Rohilla troops but also 70 guns to the allied. He also convinced , the Nawab of Oudh, to join Ahmad Shah Abdali's forces against the Marathas. In this battle, the Marathas were defeated and as a consequence the Rohilla increased in power.

The Marathas invaded Rohilkhand to retaliate against the Rohillas' participation in the war. The Marathas under the leadership of the Maratha ruler entered the of Najib-ud-Daula which was held by his son after the sardar's death. Zabita Khan initially resisted the attack with Sayyid Khan and Saadat Khan behaving with gallantry, but was eventually defeated with the death of Saadat Khan by the Marathas and was forced to flee to the camp of and his country was ravaged by Marathas. Shah Alam II held the captured the family of Zabita Khan and Maratha ruler looted his fort and desecrated the grave of .The Great Maratha Mahadji Scindia by N. G. Rathod p.8-9 With the fleeing of the Rohillas, the rest of the country was burnt, with the exception of the city of Amroha, which was defended by some thousands of tribes. The Rohillas who could offer no resistance fled to the Terai whence the remaining Sardar Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech sought assistance in an agreement formed with the Nawab of , Shuja-ud-Daula, by which the Rohillas agreed to pay four million rupees in return for military help against the Marathas. Hafiz Rehmat, abhoring unnecessary violence unlike the outlook of his fellow Rohillas such as Ali Muhammad and Najib Khan, prided himself on his role as a political mediator and sought the alliance with Awadh to keep the Marathas out of Rohilkhand. He bound himself to pay on behalf of the Rohillas. However, after he refused to pay, attacked the Rohillas.

Afterwards, the Rohillas were attacked by the neighbouring kingdom of Oudh led by the Nawab and his principal sardars, Basant Ali Khan, Mahbub Ali Khan, and Sayyid Ali Khan.

(2026). 9781136927508, Routledge. .
The Nawab also received assistance from an East India Company force under the command of Colonel Alexander Champion. Hafiz Rehmat was joined by the Indian Pathans of Farrukhabad in the Doab and the Rajput yeomanry. This conflict is known as the . When Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech was killed, in April 1774, Rohilla resistance crumbled, and Rohilkhand was annexed by the kingdom of Oudh. Shuja-ud-Daulah spread his troops to murder, plunder and commit every on the peasantry. The Rohillas under , Ahmad Khan Bakhshi, Ahmad Khan-i-Saman, the son of Fath Khan-i-saman retired to the hills at Lal Dang and started a guerrilla war to avenge their defeat. ' role in the conflict was publicized during his impeachment.

From 1774 to 1799, the region was administered by Khwaja Almas Khan, a Muslim eunuch convert from , Punjab, as representative of the (Kingdom of Oudh) rulers.

(1988). 9780521310543, CUP Archive. .
(2018). 9781642498820, Notion Press. .
This period was particularly tough for the Rohillas, as Almas Khan made every effort to violently extract wealth from the inhabitants.
(1996). 9780822939276, University of Pittsburgh Press. .
Almas Khan carved out a principality and possessed a considerable army like the Nawab.
(2026). 9781351363563, Routledge. .
In 1799, the British East India Company annexed the territory, and started to pay a pension to the family of Hafiz Rahmat Khan. The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela by Iqbal Hussain Oxford India

Establishment of Rampur State
While most of Rohilkhand was annexed, the Rohilla State of Rampur was established by Nawab on 7 October 1774 in the presence of Colonel Alexander Champion, and remained a compliant state under British protection thereafter. The first stone of the new Fort at Rampur was laid in 1775 by Nawab Faizullah Khan. The first Nawab proposed to rename the city Faizabad, but many other places were known by that name so its name was changed to Mustafabad. Faizullah Khan suppressed a rebellion of Hurmat Khan, the son of Hafiz Rehmat, and sent a force of horse under Muhammad Umar Khan help the British defeat the Sikh attacks in Bijnor.

The Qissa-o-Ahwal-i-Rohilla written by Rustam Ali in 1776 provides an example of the refined Urdu prose of the Muslim Rohilla elite in Rohilkhand and Katehr.

(2026). 9788173047862, the University of Michigan. .

Nawab Faizullah Khan ruled for 20 years. He was a patron of education and began the collection of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Hindustani manuscripts which are now housed in the Rampur Raza Library. After his death his son Muhammad Ali Khan took over. He was assassinated by Rohilla elders after reigning for 24 days, and Muhammad Ali Khan's brother, Ghulam Muhammad Khan, was proclaimed Nawab. The East India Company took exception to this, and after a reign of just 3 months and 22 days, Ghulam Muhammad Khan was besieged and defeated by East India Company forces. The East India Company supported Muhammad Ali Khan's son, Ahmad Ali Khan, to be the new Nawab. He ruled for 44 years. He did not have any sons, so Muhammad Saeed Khan, son of Ghulam Muhammad Khan, took over as the new Nawab after his death. He established Courts and improved the economic conditions of farmers. His son Muhammad Yusuf Ali Khan took over after his death and his son, Kalb Ali Khan, became the new Nawab after his death in 1865.

Between 1774 and 1857
They were generally settled in villages, in many of which they own and cultivate the soil, and in some of which they formed large brotherhoods, approaching those of Jats and Rajputs, with a similar constitution. Evidence from 1857 suggests that the survival of degrees of Pathan-derived lineage based identity in villagers of the old Rohilkhand districts. These identities were marked as much by signs of assimilation and transformation as any continuity.
(2026). 9781136927508, Routledge. .

Between 1857 and 1947
The period between the revolt of 1857 and the independence of India in 1947 was a period of stability for the Rohilla community. In 1858, the British colonial government issued a general pardon to all those who had taken part in the Indian Rebellion and restored many lands. Some of the tribes were punished for aiding the rebels. Some tribes had to migrate to Delhi and , while others migrated to . Conditions improved after some years and migration from the North West Frontier Province and recommenced, adding to the Rohilla population. During this period, the Rohillas were also effected by the reformist movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, with many taking to modern education. The founder of the sect of , Ahmad Raza Khan, was also born among the Rohillas and the city of became an important centre of Islamic learning in Northern India.

While a majority of Rohillas remained landowners and cultivators, a significant minority took to western education, and entered professions such as law and medicine. They also began to take an interest in the political debates during the last decade of the 19th Century. Some of them joined the newly formed Indian National Congress, while others were attracted to . This period also saw a wholesale adoption of North Indian Muslim culture, with becoming the native language of the Rohilla. In fact the term of Rohilla was slowly replaced with the term "Pathan", which was a new self-identification. However a sense of distinct identity remained strong, with the Rohillas residing in distinct quarters of cities, such as, Kakar Tola, Pani Tola and in Bareilly, which was home to the descendants of Hafiz Rahmat Khan. There was intermarriages with neighbouring Muslim communities such as the Shaikh, and . Thus at the dawn of independence, the Rohilla were losing their distinct community status. The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela by Iqbal Hussain

Present circumstances
The independence of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 had a profound effect on the Rohilla community. During the partition of India in 1947, some Rohillas moved to Pakistan.

In India
The Rohilla, part of the Pathan community, form one of the ethnic groups of Uttar Pradesh and are found throughout the state, with settlements in the cities of Rampur, , and in Rohilkhand, being the densest in Rampur, the seat of the Royal House of Rampur. The Rohillas are known for their rich cuisine.

In Pakistan
In Pakistan, the Rohillas and other -speaking Pathans have now assimilated into the larger Urdu speaking community. There is no sense of corporate identity among the descendants of Rohilla Pathans in Pakistan with high degree of intermarriage with other Muslims. They mainly live in , Hyderabad, , Dera Ismail Khan, , Rangpur, Haripur, and other urban areas of . A People of Migrants: Ethnicity, State and Religion in Karachi by Oskar Verkaik

Rohillas

See also
  • Pathans of Uttar Pradesh
  • Pathans of Punjab
  • Pathans of Sindh
  • Pathans of Gujarat

Notes
: , , , , , ,
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