Rayadillo () is a blue-and-white striped cotton or flannel material that was used to make the military uniforms worn by Spanish Empire from the later 19th century until the early 20th century. It was commonly worn by soldiers posted in overseas Spanish tropical colonies, Spanish Morocco and Spanish Guinea,
Use
Introduced in 1850 as
uniforme de campania for Spanish infantry garrisoning the enclave of
Melilla on the coast of Morocco,
rayadillo was both more serviceable and less conspicuous for hot weather wear than the blue serge coats and red trousers worn in Spain itself.
It became popular after being worn during the Spanish–American War, and was later adopted by the
Philippine Army.
It also served as the summer uniform of the regular army in Spain until replaced by khaki drill in 1914.
Appearance
The term
rayadillo is
Spanish language, which translates to "striped material". In the mid-19th century, this material was referred to as being of
hilo listado azul, or "blue striped thread". It was known as
dril azul rayado or "blue striped drill" by the end of the century. Early examples of the fabric seemed to have had light blue stripes which were widely separated, while surviving examples of uniform jackets and trousers from the 1890s have thinner stripes of a darker blue, known during that period as
mil rayas – literally, "a thousand stripes". Seen from a distance,
rayadillo looked either very light blue or blue-gray.
The garments were known to some
British people commentators as "pyjamas", due to a fancied resemblance to striped sleeping garments.
Philippines
The Revolutionary Army of the First Philippine Republic under
Emilio Aguinaldo also employed the same fabric in their military uniforms during the later years of the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War.
Along with , which were also first worn by the Spanish in Southeast Asia, the rayadillo uniform became strongly associated with New Imperialism and was a symbol of colonial rule.
In more recent times, rayadillo patterns have made a reappearance in the world of clothing and tailoring in general, and have been popularised in everyday garments, specially in trousers, also known as mil rayas.
Rayadillo military uniforms
Military uniforms made out of the
rayadillo material were of a number of patterns:
Spanish Empire
Guerrera
The
guerrera, or campaign jacket worn with the
rayadillo uniform was made of deep blue
flannel and had two breast pockets with flaps. It was fastened by a single row of seven metal buttons. The jacket was patterned on the
tunic officially prescribed for general wear by the infantry of the Spanish Peninsular Army on August 18, 1886.
The
guerrera was worn by Spanish troops stationed in the
Philippines,
Cuba and
Puerto Rico. The Philippine-issue
rayadillo patterned
guerrera was distinguishable from those issued in Cuba and Puerto Rico by a
Mandarin collar and concealed button fly front. A single hook and eye is found at the bottom of the collar opening. This uniform was issued in 1891 until 1898.
Guayabera
The
guayabera was patterned on a traditional Cuban work jacket. The tunic features
down the front and center back and four large cargo
on the skirt. It may or may not have a concealed button fly front. Bone is the preferred material for buttons; those on the shoulder strap and pockets are sometimes covered in
rayadillo fabric. A thin white cotton lining is found in the interior shoulder area. Evidence culled from period photographs indicate these uniforms being issued about 1896 until 1898.
Philippine Republic
The Filipino
mambisa military tunic was instituted by what would eventually become the Philippine Republic during the Tejeros Convention.
It had two broad bands of matching fabric spanning the frontal area from the shoulders down to the hem. These concealed horizontal breast pockets which had vertical pocket flaps with buttons of either
brass or covered with
rayadillo fabric. The brass buttons were either unadorned or decorated with a "mythological sun" motif. Officers' tunics had slits in the skirt's side that allowed a
hand gun holster and a sword to be attached to a belt worn under the tunic.
officers wore blue pants with two white stripes down the sides, while
Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes.
The artist Juan Luna is credited with this design.
Later use
The rayadillo clothing continued to be worn extensively by the
Spanish Army into the early 20th century. It was worn on active service in
Morocco[page 371 "Illustrated London News" September 11, 1909] until 1911, when
khaki drill was adopted. By now an essentially white uniform with fine blue stripes, it comprised the summer dress (
de verano) for all branches of the Peninsular (mainland Spain) Army until 1914.
Jose M. Bueno (1983). 848607102X, BPR Publishers. 848607102X
In the Philippines, Mambisa-style 'rayadillo' uniforms were worn mostly by Veterans of the Philippine Revolution and of the Philippine–American War during the American period till the early years of the Republic as part of their heritage. Meanwhile, rayadillo-inspired uniforms are used by the Armed Forces of the Philippines as part of their ceremonial uniforms during national occasions, most notably Philippine Independence day. In particular the Philippine Army's Escort and Security Battalion uses it as the primary full dress uniform (in tandem with the modern full dress), with other ranks wearing straw hats and officers the pith helmet. In 2005, Gen. Cardozo M. Luna, Commandant of the Philippine Military Academy ordered the revival of the rayadillo material in the ' dress uniform, discarding the United States Military Academy-inspired dress uniform long used in the PMA.
Historical reenactors all around the world still use the uniform in order to portray units that served in the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico.
See also
External links
