The pomerium or pomoerium was a religious boundary around the city of Rome and cities controlled by Rome. In legal terms, Rome existed only within its pomerium; everything beyond it was simply territory ( Ager Romanus) belonging to Rome.
Etymology
The term
pōmērium is a
classical Latin contraction of the
Latin phrase
post moerium (). The Roman historian
Livy writes in his
Ab Urbe Condita that, although the etymology implies a meaning referring to a single side of the wall, the
pomerium was originally an area of ground on both sides of city walls. He states that it was an Etruscan tradition to consecrate this area by
and that it was technically unlawful to inhabit or to farm the area of the
pomerium, which in part had the purpose of preventing buildings from being erected close to the wall (although he writes that, in his time, houses were in fact built against the wall on the line).
[Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, I.44] Other writers suggest a derivation from prō moerium, "against the wall".
Location and extensions
Tradition maintained that the
pomerium was the original line ritually ploughed by
Romulus around the walls of the
Roma Quadrata and that it was expanded by
Servius Tullius. The legendary date of its demarcation, 21 April, continued to be celebrated as the anniversary of the city's founding.
[ Pomerium, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.]
The pomerium did not follow the line of the Servian walls, and remained unchanged until the Roman dictator Sulla, in a demonstration of his absolute power, expanded it in 80 BC. Several white marker stones (known as "Cippus") commissioned by Claudius have been found in situ and several have been found away from their original location. These stones mark the boundaries and relative dimensions of the pomerium extension by Claudius. This extension is recorded in Tacitus and outlined by Aulus Gellius.[Tacitus, Annales, XII, 24; Noctes Atticae, XIII, 14, 7.] The latest pomerial stone from the reign of Claudius was discovered on 17 June 2021 in the vicinity of the Mausoleum of Augustus.[ "Rare stone discovered outlining ancient Rome's city limits"]
The pomerium was not a walled area, but rather a legally and religiously defined one marked by cippi. It encompassed neither the entire metropolitan area nor even all the Seven Hills (the Palatine Hill was within the pomerium, but the Capitoline Hill and Aventine Hill Hills were not). The Curia Hostilia and the well of the Comitium in the Forum Romanum, two extremely important locations in the government of the city-state and its empire, were located within the pomerium, while the Temple of Bellona was beyond the pomerium.
Associated restrictions
Pomerium represented a sacred boundary. According to
Livy, violating the
pomerium was akin to stretching the human body too far.
-
The Magistratus who held imperium did not have full power inside the pomerium. They could have a citizen beaten, but not sentenced to death. This was symbolised by removing the axes from the fasces carried by the magistrate's .
-
It was forbidden to bury the dead inside the pomerium. During his life, Julius Caesar received in advance the right to a tomb inside the pomerium, but his ashes were actually placed in his family tomb.
[ Epitome de Caesaribus 13.11; Eutropius .] which was within the pomerium.[
]
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Provincial promagistrates and generals were forbidden from entering the pomerium, and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it (as it was the superlative form of the ban on armies entering Italy). Ceremonies of Roman triumph, in which an army would march through the city in celebration of a victory, were an exception to this rule, although a general could only enter the city on the very day of his triumph, and would be required to wait outside the pomerium with his troops until that moment.
[ Under the Republic, soldiers similarly lost their status when entering the pomerium, becoming citizens. The Comitia Centuriata, one of the Roman assemblies, consisting of (voting units, but originally military formations within the legions), was required to meet on the Campus Martius outside the pomerium. Similarly to the triumph, the Roman ovation also allowed a general to cross the pomerium without losing rank, but generally he could not bring his soldiers and had to enter on foot rather than on a chariot led by white horses.
]
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The Theatre of Pompey, where Julius Caesar was murdered, was outside the pomerium and included a chamber where the Senate could meet allowing the attendance of any senators who were forbidden to cross the pomerium and thus would not have been able to meet in the Curia Hostilia.
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Weapons were prohibited inside the pomerium. were allowed in only in civilian dress (toga), and were then called collectively cohors togata. But it was possible to sneak in daggers (the proverbial weapon for political violence; see ). Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.
See also
Bibliography
External links
