The Pellendones, also designated Pelendones Celtiberorum[Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, III, 26.] and Cerindones,[Livy, Periochae, 91.] were an ancient pre-Roman Celtic people living on the Iberian Peninsula. From the early 4th century Anno Domini they inhabited the region near the source of the river Duero[Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, III, 26.] in what today is north-central Spain, an area comprising the north of Soria, the southeast of Burgos and the southwest of La Rioja provinces.
Origins
Possibly of mixed
Illyrians and
Celts origin, the Pellendones migrated to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th Century BC.
[Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, III, 29.][Strabo, Geographica, III, 4, 12.] Their original native name might have been
*Kellendones,
[Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland (2004), p. 37.] and is possible that they were related to the Gallic
Belendi or
Pelendi of the middle
Sigmatis (today's Leyre) river valley (approximately today's Belin-Béliet territory) in
Gallia (
Gaul).
[Albertos Firmat, "La antroponimia prerromana de la Península Ibérica" (1976), pp. 57-86.] They spoke a 'Q-Celtic' language.
Culture
A predominantly stock-raising people that practiced
transhumance in the grazing lowlands of the
Ebro valley, the Pellendones are attributed to the
Iron Age "
Culture of the Soria hillforts" (
Cultura de los castros sorianos) that flourished between the 6th and 4th centuries BC in the north of present-day Soria province.
Their capital was Visontium (Vinuesa – Soria), and are credited as being the original founders of Numantia (Muela de Garray – Soria)[Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, III, 26.] and Savia (Soria?).[Ptolemy, Geographiké Hyphegésis, II, 6, 53; 55.] They also controlled the towns of Aregrada/ Arekorata (Muro de Ágreda – Sória; Celtiberian mints: Areicoraticos/ Arecorataz), Arenetum (Arnedo, near Inestrillas – La Rioja), Quelia/ Quelium (Quel, near Arnedo – La Rioja; Celtiberian mint: Cueliocos) and Contrebia Leukade (Aguillar del Rio Alhama – La Rioja), although the location of Viscintium, Lutia (Cantalucia?), Olibia and Varia remains either incertain or unknown.
History
Closely related with both the
Arevaci – to whom they were a dependant tribe, though regarded as a separated people
[Livy, Periochae, 18.] – and the
Vettones, they threw off the Arevacian yoke possibly with
Roman Republic help in the late 2nd century BC,
[Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland (2004), pp. 37-38.] receiving the town of Numantia and respective lands when the Romans partitioned the territory of the defeated Arevaci amongst their neighbours.
[Appian, Iberiké, 99.][Motoza, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados (1998, revised edition 2007), pp. 194-195.][Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland (2004), p. 34.] However, they lost these lands to the
Uraci after supporting the ill-fated early 1st Century BC anti-Roman uprisings in
Celtiberia (the 4th
Celtiberian War).
[Motoza, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados (1998, revised edition 2007), pp. 194-195.] Later during the
, they sided with Quintus Sertorius and provided auxiliary troops to his army.
[Livy, Periochae, 91.][Appian, Romaikon Empúlion, 1, 112.] It remains unclear what role the Pellendones played during the period of unrest that rocked northern Celtiberia in 50-25 BC and in the subsequent
Cantabrian Wars between 29-13 BC.
Romanization
In the late 1st Century BC, the Pellendones were aggregated to the new Hispania Terraconensis province created by Emperor
Augustus, who founded on the site of
Arekorata the Roman colony of
Augustobriga (Muro de Ágreda) in their territory.
[Ptolemy, Geographiké Hyphegésis, II, 6, 53; 55.]
See also
Notes
Bibliography
-
Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
-
Francisco Burillo Mozota, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
-
-
M.ª de Lourdes Albertos Firmat, "La antroponimia prerromana de la Península Ibérica", in Actas del I Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Prerromanas de la Peninsula Iberica, Salamanca, pp. 57-86. (1976)
Further reading
-
Juan Pedro Benito Batanero, Carlos Tabernero Galán, Alberto Sanz Aragonés & Ramón Guillén López, Pelendones – castros célticos en la serranía norte de Soria: guía arqueológica, Asopiva y Proynerso, Soria (2006)
External links
