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Moravia ( ; ) is a historical region in the east of the and one of three historical , with and .

The medieval and early modern Margraviate of Moravia was a of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 1348 to 1918, an of the Holy Roman Empire from 1004 to 1806, a crown land of the from 1804 to 1867, and a part of from 1867 to 1918. Moravia was one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia founded in 1918. In 1928 it was merged with , and then dissolved in 1948 during the abolition of the land system following the communist coup d'état.

Its area of 22,623.41 km2 is home to about 3.0 million of the Czech Republic's 10.9 million inhabitants. The people are historically named , a subgroup of , the other group being called . The land takes its name from the Morava river, which runs from its north to south, being its principal watercourse. Moravia's largest city and historical capital is . Before being sacked by the during the Thirty Years' War, served as the Moravian capital, and it is still the seat of the Archdiocese of Olomouc. Until the expulsions after 1945, significant parts of Moravia were German speaking.

Toponymy
The region and former margraviate of Moravia, Morava, in Czech, is named after its principal river Morava.

The German name for Moravia is Mähren, from the river's German name March. This could have a different etymology, as march is a term used in the Medieval times for an outlying territory, a border or a frontier (cf. English ). In Latin, the name Moravia was used.

Geography
Moravia occupies most of the eastern part of the . Moravian territory is naturally strongly determined, in fact, as the Morava , with strong effect of mountains in the west ( de facto main ) and partly in the east, where all the rivers rise.

Moravia occupies an exceptional position in Central Europe. All the in the west and east of this part of Europe run west–east, and therefore form a kind of filter, making north–south or south–north movement more difficult. Only Moravia with the depression of the westernmost Outer Subcarpathia, wide, between the and the Outer Western Carpathians (gripping the meridian at a constant angle of 30°), provides a comfortable connection between the and Polish regions, and this area is thus of great importance in terms of the possible migration routes of large mammals – both as regards periodically recurring seasonal migrations triggered by climatic oscillations in the , when permanent started.

Moravia borders in the west, in the southwest, in the southeast, for a short distance in the north, and in the northeast. Its natural boundary is formed by the mountains in the north, the Carpathians in the east and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in the west (the border runs from Králický Sněžník in the north, over Suchý vrch, across the Upper Svratka Highlands and Javořice Highlands to a near in the south). The river meanders along the border with , and the tripoint of Moravia, Austria and is at the of the Thaya and Morava rivers. The northeast border with Silesia runs partly along the Moravice, and rivers. Between 1782 and 1850, Moravia (also thus known as Moravia-Silesia) also included a small portion of the former province of – the . (When Frederick the Great annexed most of ancient Silesia (the land of upper and middle Oder river) to , Silesia's southernmost part remained with the .)

Today Moravia includes the South Moravian and Zlín regions, the vast majority of the , the southeastern half of the Vysočina Region and parts of the Moravian-Silesian, and South Bohemian regions.

Geologically, Moravia covers an area between the and the Carpathians (from northwest to southeast), and between the basin and the North European Plain (from south to northeast). Its core geomorphological features are three wide valleys, namely the Dyje-Svratka Valley ( Dyjsko-svratecký úval), the Upper Morava Valley ( Hornomoravský úval) and the Lower Morava Valley ( Dolnomoravský úval). The first two form the westernmost part of the Outer Subcarpathia; the last is the northernmost part of the . The valleys surround the low range of Central Moravian Carpathians. The highest mountains of Moravia are situated on its northern border in Hrubý Jeseník; the highest peak is Praděd (1491 m). Second highest is the of Králický Sněžník (1424 m) the third are the Moravian-Silesian Beskids at the extreme east, with Smrk (1278 m), and then south from here Javorníky (1072). The White Carpathians along the southeastern border rise up to 970 m at Velká Javořina. The Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the west reach 837 m at Javořice.

The river system of Moravia is very cohesive, as the region's border closely follows the watershed of the Morava river, and thus almost the entire area is drained exclusively by a single stream. Easily the Morava's biggest tributaries are Thaya (Dyje) from the right (or west) and Bečva (east). The Morava and the Thaya meet at the southernmost and lowest (148 m) point of Moravia. Small peripheral parts of Moravia belong to the catchment areas of , Váh and especially (the northeast). The watershed line running along Moravia's border from west to north and east is part of the European Watershed. For centuries, there have been plans to build a waterway across Moravia to join the Danube and Oder river systems, using the natural route through the .

(2025). 9789004119581, Brill.

History
Pre-history
Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus, , dates back more than 600,000 years in the area of Stránská skála.

Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans had settled in the region by the period. The Předmostí archeological (Cro-Magnon) site in Moravia is dated to between 27,000 and 24,000 years old. Caves in were used by . Venus of Dolní Věstonice, the oldest ceramic figure in the world, Jonathan Jones: Carl Andre on notoriety and a 26,000-year-old portrait – the week in art. The Guardian 25 January 2013 was found in the excavation of Dolní Věstonice by . Oldest homes were made of mammoth bone. The Times 29.8.2005 In November 2024 a new discovery was made on the outskirts of Brno, where bones of at least three mammoths were found along with other animals and human stone tools dating back 15,000 years.

Bronze Age
During the Bronze Age, people of various cultures settled in Moravia. Notably the culture which emerged from the tradition of the Corded Ware culture and was spread in western Slovakia (hence the name, derived from Slovak river Nitra), eastern Moravia and southern Poland. The largest burial site (400 graves) of Nitra culture in Moravia was discovered in Holešov in 1960's. The most recent discovery unearthed 2 settlements and two burial grounds (with total 130 graves) near , one of them of the Nitra culture dating between the years 2100-1800 BC and was published in October 2024. This discovery adds up to other Bronze Age discoveries such as a sword found near the city of Přerov, the sword was called ‘the Excalibur of the Late Bronze Age’.

Roman era
Around 60 BC, the people withdrew from the region and were succeeded by the . Some of the events of the took place in Moravia in AD 169–180. After the war exposed the weakness of , half of the (16 out of 33) were stationed along the . In response to increasing numbers of settlers in frontier regions like Pannonia, , Rome established two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, and , including today's Moravia and western Slovakia.

In the 2nd century AD, a Roman fortress stood on the vineyards hill known as and (""), situated above the former village Mušov and above today's beach resort at Pasohlávky. During the reign of the Emperor , the 10th Legion was assigned to control the Germanic tribes who had been defeated in the Marcomannic Wars.

(2009). 9788400088545, Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. .
In 1927, the archeologist Gnirs, with the support of president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, began research on the site, located 80 km from and 22 km to the south of Brno. The researchers found remnants of two masonry buildings, a and a balneum ("bath"), including a . The discovery of bricks with the stamp of the Legio X Gemina and coins from the period of the emperors , and facilitated dating of the locality.

Ancient Moravia
A variety of Germanic and major tribes crossed through Moravia during the before Slavs established themselves in the 6th century AD. At the end of the 8th century, the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, Záhorie in south-western Slovakia and parts of . In 833 AD, this became the state of Florin Kurta. The history and archaeology of Great Moravia: an introduction. in: "Early Medieval Europe", 2009 volume 17 (3) with the conquest of the Principality of Nitra (present-day Slovakia). Their first king was Mojmír I (ruled 830–846). Louis the German invaded Moravia and replaced Mojmír I with his nephew Rastiz who became St. Rastislav.Reuter, Timothy. (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, London: Longman, page 82 St. Rastislav (846–870) tried to emancipate his land from the Carolingian influence, so he sent envoys to Rome to get missionaries to come. When Rome refused he turned to to the . The result was the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius who translated into Slavonic, which had lately been elevated by the Pope to the same level as Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop, the first archbishop in Slavic world, but after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to flee. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in the 890s under . At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day and , the western part of present (), as well as in present-day Germany and and the upper basin in southern . After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler Arnulf of Carinthia, and the Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by invading Magyars in 907.
(2025). 9783774937307, Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
(2025). 9780865164260, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.

Union with Bohemia
Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, Otto's ally Boleslaus I, the Přemyslid ruler of , took control over Moravia. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until 1019,The exact dating of the conquest of Moravia by Bohemian dukes is uncertain. Czech and some Slovak historiographers suggest the year 1019, while Polish, German and other Slovak historians suggest 1029, during the rule of Boleslaus' son, Mieszko II Lambert. when the Přemyslid prince Bretislaus recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1034, Bretislaus became the ruler of Bohemia. In 1055, he decreed that Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited together by , although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts (quarters) of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son.

Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from , or , with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Dukes of Olomouc often acted as the "right hand" of Prague dukes and kings, while Dukes of Brno and especially those of Znojmo were much more insubordinate. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in 1182, when Emperor Frederick I elevated Conrad II Otto of Znojmo to the status of a ,There are no primary testimonies about creating a margraviate (march) as distinct political unit immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1186, Conrad Otto was forced to obey the supreme rule of Bohemian duke Frederick. Three years later, Conrad Otto succeeded to Frederick as Duke of Bohemia and subsequently canceled his margrave title. Nevertheless, the margrave title was restored in 1197 when Vladislaus III of Bohemia resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother Ottokar by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting Moravia as a vassal land of Bohemian (i.e., Prague) rulers. Vladislaus gradually established this land as , slightly administratively different from Bohemia. After the Battle of Legnica, the carried their raids into Moravia.

The main line of the Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310 John of Luxembourg became Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia. In 1333, he made his son Charles the next Margrave of Moravia (later in 1346, Charles also became the King of Bohemia). In 1349, Charles gave Moravia to his younger brother John Henry who ruled in the margraviate until his death in 1375, after him Moravia was ruled by his oldest son Jobst of Moravia who was in 1410 elected the Holy Roman King but died in 1411 (he is buried with his father in the Church of St. Thomas in Brno – the Moravian capital from which they both ruled). Moravia and Bohemia remained within the Luxembourg dynasty of Holy Roman kings and emperors (except during the ), until inherited by Albert II of Habsburg in 1437.

After his death followed the until 1453; land (as the rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the ( landfrýdy). The rule of young Ladislaus the Posthumous subsisted only less than five years and subsequently (1458) the Hussite George of Poděbrady was elected as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, Pope Paul II excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. about 15% of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian followed and in 1469 Matthias Corvinus conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling Bohemian nobility) as the king of Bohemia.

The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when Vladislaus Jagiellon, king of Bohemia, also became king of Hungary, some attachment to Moravian "freedoms" and resistance to government by Prague continued until the end of independence in 1620. In 1526, Vladislaus' son Louis died in battle and the Habsburg Ferdinand I was elected as his successor.

Bohemia 1138–1254.jpg|Bohemia and Moravia in the 12th century Brno - Kostel sv. Tomáše, místodžitelský palác a alegorická postava spravedlnosti.jpg|Church of St. Thomas in Brno, mausoleum of Moravian branch House of Luxembourg, rulers of Moravia; and the old governor's palace, a former Augustinian abbey Trebic podklasteri bazilika velka apsida.jpg|12th century Romanesque St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč Moravská orlice.jpg|The Moravian banner of arms, which first appeared in the medieval era

Habsburg rule (1526–1918)
After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526, Ferdinand I of Austria was elected King of Bohemia and thus ruler of the Crown of Bohemia (including Moravia). The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and the Protestant Moravian nobility (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia, Evan Rail (23 September 2011). The Castles of Moravia. NYT 23.9.2011 like Bohemia, was a Habsburg possession until the end of World War I. In 1573 the University of Olomouc was established; this was the first university in Moravia. The establishment of a special papal seminary, Collegium Nordicum, made the University a centre of the Catholic Reformation and effort to revive Catholicism in Central and Northern Europe. The second largest group of students were from .

Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As the only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own , zemský sněm ( Landtag in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe, the , was established in 17th-century Moravia.

From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently subjected to raids by the and its vassals (especially the and Transylvania). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed. Lánové rejstříky (1656–1711)

In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under Frederick the Great, and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later, the Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was besieged by Prussians again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the Battle of Domstadtl. In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric. In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with into Moravia-Silesia, with Brno as its capital. Moravia became a separate crown land of Austria again in 1849, and then became part of Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2,622,000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%.Hans Chmelar: Höhepunkte der österreichischen Auswanderung. Die Auswanderung aus den im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreichen und Ländern in den Jahren 1905–1914. (= Studien zur Geschichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. Band 14) Kommission für die Geschichte der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1974, , p. 109.

Growth of Habsburg territories.jpg|Habsburg Empire : growth of the Habsburg territories and Verwaltungsgliederung der Markgrafschaft Mähren 1893.svg|Administrative division of Moravia as crown land of Austria in 1893

20th century
Following the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Moravia became part of . As one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia, it had restricted autonomy. In 1928 Moravia ceased to exist as a territorial unity and was merged with into the Moravian-Silesian Land (yet with the natural dominance of Moravia). By the (1938), the southwestern and northern peripheries of Moravia, which had a German-speaking majority, were annexed by , and during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1939–1945), the remnant of Moravia was an administrative unit within the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

During World War II, the Germans operated multiple forced labour camps in the region, including several subcamps of the prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs, a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in for mostly prisoners, and a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Bílá Voda for Jewish women. The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, and Oflag VIII-H, for French, British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in the region.

(2025). 9780253060891, Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was expelled to Germany and in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The Moravian-Silesian Land was restored with Moravia as part of it and towns and villages that were left by the former German inhabitants, were re-settled by Czechs, and reemigrants. In 1949 the territorial division of Czechoslovakia was radically changed, as the Moravian-Silesian Land was abolished and Lands were replaced by " kraje" (regions), whose borders substantially differ from the historical Bohemian-Moravian border, so Moravia politically ceased to exist after more than 1100 years (833–1949) of its history. Although another administrative reform in 1960 implemented (among others) the North Moravian and the South Moravian regions ( Severomoravský and Jihomoravský kraj), with capitals in Ostrava and Brno respectively, their joint area was only roughly alike the historical state and, chiefly, there was no land or federal autonomy, unlike Slovakia.

After the fall of the and the whole , the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia into and in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to the Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the or movement in Moravia is completely marginal.

The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the Czech Roman Catholic Administration, as the Ecclesiastical Province of Moravia corresponds with the former Moravian-Silesian Land. The popular perception of the Bohemian-Moravian border's location is distorted by the memory of the 1960 regions (whose boundaries are still partly in use).

JanCerny.jpg|Jan Černý, president of Moravia in 1922–1926, later also Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia Map of Moravia.jpg|A general map of Moravia in the 1920s First Czechoslovak Republic.SVG|In 1928, Moravia was merged into Moravia-Silesia, one of four lands of Czechoslovakia, together with Bohemia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus.

Economy
An area in , around Hodonín and Břeclav, is part of the . Petroleum and are found there in abundance. The main economic centres of Moravia are , , Zlín, and lying directly on the Moravian–Silesian border. As well as agriculture in general, Moravia is noted for its ; it contains 94% of the Czech Republic's and is at the centre of the . Wallachia has at least a 400-year-old tradition of making.

The Czech automotive industry also played a significant role in Moravia's economy in the 20th century; the factories of in Prostějov and Tatra in Kopřivnice produced many automobiles.

Moravia is also the centre of the Czech firearm industry, as the vast majority of Czech firearms manufacturers (e.g. , , Czech Small Arms, , , ) are found in Moravia. Almost all the well-known Czech sporting, self-defence, military, and hunting firearms are made in Moravia. rifle scopes are of Moravian origin. The was conceived here, as were the assault rifles the CZ-805 BREN and Sa vz. 58, and the handguns CZ 75 and (also known as the "Micro ").

The Zlín Region hosts several aircraft manufacturers, namely (also known as Aircraft Industries, a.s.), (formerly known under the name Otrokovice), Evektor-Aerotechnik, and Czech Sport Aircraft. Sport aircraft are also manufactured in by Jihlavan Airplanes/.

Aircraft production in the region started in the 1930s; after a period of low production post-1989, there have been signs of recovery post-2010, and production is expected to grow from 2013 onwards.

Companies with operations in Brno include , which maintains one of its headquarters there and continues to use the brand , as well as (Client Innovation Centre), AT&T, and (Global Design Center). Other significant companies include , (Czech headquarters), and an office of Zebra Technologies.

In recent years, Brno's economy has seen growth in the quaternary sector, focusing on science, research, and education. Notable projects include AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures, and Technologies) and CETOCOEN (Center for Research on Toxic Substances in the Environment).

Tatra 77.jpg|The Tatra 77 (1934) Sportovní vůz Supersport.gif|WIKOV Supersport (1931) Michael Thonet 14.jpg|Thonet No. 14 chair M 290.002 Slovenská strela, Žleby zastávka – Žleby 02.jpg|The speed train Tatra M 290.0 Slovenská strela 1936 Zlin XIII OK-TBZ (8190833921).jpg|Zlín XIII aircraft on display at the National Technical Museum in Prague Zetor 25A.jpg|Zetor 25A tractor Electron microscope Mamut at the Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Science in Brno (4).jpg|Electron microscope Brno File:LET L-410NG OK-NGA ILA Berlin 2016 09.jpg|Aeroplane L 410 NG by File:Rifle scope.jpg|Precise rifle scope by MeOpta File:CZ BREN 2.jpg|The (modern) BREN gun M 2 11 File:Czech Raildays 2012, Evo2 (01).jpg|The modern EVO 2 tram File:Czech Raildays 2012, ČD Bfhpvee295, 80-30 020-9 (03).jpg|Diesel railway coach class Bfhpvee295

Machinery industry
The machinery industry has been the most important industrial sector in the region, especially in , for many decades. The main centres of machinery production are Brno (, , První brněnská strojírna, ), (ČKD Blansko, Metra), Kuřim (TOS Kuřim), (Minerva, ) and Břeclav (Otis Elevator Company). A number of other, smaller machinery and machine parts factories, companies, and workshops are spread over Moravia.

Electrical industry
The beginnings of the electrical industry in Moravia date back to 1918. The biggest centres of electrical production are Brno (, , ), Drásov, Frenštát pod Radhoštěm, and (currently Siemens).

Cities and towns
Cities
  • (401,000 inhabitants) former land capital and nowadays capital of South Moravian Region; industrial, judicial, educational and research centre; railway and motorway junction
  • (285,000; central part, Moravská Ostrava, lies historically in Moravia, most of the outskirts are in ), capital of Moravian-Silesian Region, centre of heavy industry
  • (102,000), capital of , medieval land capital, seat of Roman Catholic archbishop, cultural centre of Hanakia and Central Moravia
  • Zlín (74,000), capital of Zlín Region, modern city developed after World War I by the company
  • (54,000; mostly in Moravia, northwestern periphery lies in Bohemia), capital of Vysočina Region, centre of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands
  • Frýdek-Místek (54,000), twin-city lying directly on the old Moravian-Silesian border (the western part, Místek, is Moravian), in the industrial area around Ostrava
  • Prostějov (44,000), former centre of clothing and fashion industry, birthplace of
  • Přerov (42,000), important railway hub and archeological site (Předmostí)

Towns
  • Třebíč (35,000), located in the Highlands, with exceptionally preserved Jewish quarter
  • (34,000), historical and cultural centre of southwestern Moravia
  • Kroměříž (28,000), historical town in southern Hanakia
  • Vsetín (25,000), centre of the Moravian Wallachia
  • Šumperk (25,000), centre of the north of Moravia, at the foot of Hrubý Jeseník
  • Uherské Hradiště (25,000), cultural centre of the Moravian Slovakia
  • Břeclav (25,000), important railway hub in the very south of Moravia
  • Hodonín (24,000), another town in the Moravian Slovakia, the birthplace of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
  • Nový Jičín (23,000), historical town with hatting industry
  • Valašské Meziříčí (23,000), centre of chemical industry in Moravian Wallachia
  • Kopřivnice (22,000), centre of automotive industry (Tatra), south from Ostrava
  • Žďár nad Sázavou (21,000), industrial town in the Highlands, near the border with Bohemia
  • Vyškov (20,000), local centre at a motorway junction halfway between Brno and Olomouc
  • (20,000), industrial town north from Brno, at the foot of the

People
The Moravians are generally a Slavic ethnic group who speak various (generally more archaic) dialects of . Before the expulsion of from Moravia the Moravian German minority also referred to themselves as "Moravians" ( Mährer). Those expelled and their descendants continue to identify as Moravian. Bill Lehane: ČSÚ (Czech statistical office) plays down census disputes – Campaign want to include Moravian language in count (Moravian identity). The Prague Post 9.3.2011 20 Some Moravians assert that Moravian is a language distinct from ; however, their position is not widely supported by academics and the public. O spisovné moravštině a jiných "malých" jazycích (Naše řeč 5, ročník 83/2000) Some Moravians identify as an ethnically distinct group; the majority consider themselves to be ethnically Czech. In the census of 1991 (the first census in history in which respondents were allowed to claim Moravian nationality), 1,362,000 (13.2%) of the Czech population identified as being of Moravian nationality (or ethnicity). In some parts of Moravia (mostly in the centre and south), majority of the population identified as Moravians, rather than Czechs. In the census of 2001, the number of Moravians had decreased to 380,000 (3.7% of the country's population).
(2005). 9781853598135, Multilingual Matters. .
In the census of 2011, this number rose to 522,474 (4.9% of the Czech population).
(2013). 9781137308771, Palgrave Macmillan. .
(2013). 9781433077272, Int'l Business Publications. .

Moravia historically had a large minority of , some of whom had arrived as early as the 13th century at the behest of the Přemyslid dynasty. Germans continued to come to Moravia in waves, culminating in the 18th century. They lived in the main city centres and in the countryside along the border with Austria (stretching up to Brno) and along the border with Silesia at Jeseníky, and also in two , around Jihlava and around Moravská Třebová. After the World War II, the Czechoslovak government almost fully expelled them in retaliation for their support of 's invasion and dismemberment of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939) and subsequent German war crimes (1938–1945) towards the Czech, Moravian, and Jewish populations.

Moravians
Notable people from Moravia include:

  • (1450–1516), architect, sculptor and woodcarver
  • Jan Ámos Komenský (Comenius) (1592–1670), educator and theologian, last bishop of Unity of the Brethren
  • Georg Joseph Camellus (1661–1706), missionary to the , pharmacist and botanist
  • (1717–1807) missionary to the , "Apostle to the Indians"
  • (1749–1820), ophthalmologist and physiologist
  • František Palacký (1798–1876), historian and politician, "The Father of the "
  • (1822–1884), founder of
  • (1838–1916), physicist and philosopher
  • Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937), philosopher and politician, first president of Czechoslovakia
  • Leoš Janáček (1854–1928), composer
  • (1856–1939), founder of
  • (1859–1938), philosopher
  • (1860–1939), painter
  • Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková (1868–1915), women's rights activist
  • (1870–1933), architect, pioneer of functionalism
  • (1870–1950), Austrian statesman, co-founder of Friends of Nature movement
  • Tomáš Baťa (1876–1932), entrepreneur, founder of company
  • Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), economist and political scientist
  • (1887–1982), soprano singer
  • Hans Krebs (1888–1947), Nazi SS Brigadeführer executed for treason
  • Ludvík Svoboda (1895–1979), general of I Czechoslovak Army Corps, seventh president of Czechoslovakia
  • (1896–1953), first Czechoslovak president
  • Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957), composer
  • (1905–1955), physicist, participant in Manhattan Project
  • Kurt Gödel (1906–1978), theoretical mathematician
  • (1908–1974), entrepreneur, saviour of almost 1,200 Jews during the WWII
  • Jan Kubiš (1913–1942), paratrooper who assassinated Nazi R. Heydrich
  • (1914–1997), writer
  • Thomas J. Bata (1914–2008), entrepreneur, son of Tomáš Baťa and former head of the Bata shoe company
  • Emil Zátopek (1922–2000), long-distance runner, multiple Olympic gold medalist
  • (1926–2002), filmmaker, pioneer of the British movement
  • (1929–2023), writer
  • Václav Nedomanský (born 1944), player
  • (1944–1994), poet and protest singer-songwriter
  • (1949–2021), truck race driver, multiple winner of the
  • (1949–2022), socialite and business magnate, former wife of
  • (born 1959), player
  • Petr Nečas (born 1964), politician, Czech Prime Minister 2010–2013
  • Paulina Porizkova (born 1965), model, actress, writer
  • Jana Novotná (1968–2017), tennis player
  • Jiří Šlégr (born 1971), player, member of the Triple Gold Club
  • (born 1971), politician, Czech Prime Minister 2014–2017
  • Magdalena Kožená (born 1973), mezzo-soprano
  • Markéta Irglová (born 1988), singer-songwriter, winner
  • Petra Kvitová (born 1990), tennis player
  • (born 1993),
  • Barbora Krejčíková (born 1996), tennis player

Ethnographic regions
Moravia can be divided on dialectal and lore basis into several ethnographic regions of comparable significance. In this sense, it is more heterogenous than Bohemia. Significant parts of Moravia, usually those formerly inhabited by the German speakers, are dialectally indifferent, as they have been resettled by people from various Czech (and Slovak) regions.

The principal cultural regions of Moravia are:

  • Hanakia ( Haná) in the central and northern part
  • ( Lašsko) in the northeastern tip
  • Highlands ( Horácko) in the west
  • Moravian Slovakia ( Slovácko) in the southeast
  • Moravian Wallachia ( Valašsko) in the east

Places of interest
World Heritage Sites
  • Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž
  • Historic Centre of Telč
  • Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
  • Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč
  • Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape
  • Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora
  • Tugendhat Villa in Brno

Other

See also
  • Extreme points of Moravia
  • Flag of Moravia
  • German South Moravia
  • Moravian traditional music

Notes
Further reading
  • The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ... (1877), volume 15. London, Charles Knight. Moravia. pp. 397–398.
  • The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2003). Chicago, New Delhi, Paris, Seoul, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo. Volume 8. p. 309. Moravia. .
  • Filip, Jan (1964). The Great Moravia exhibition. ČSAV (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences).
  • Galuška, Luděk, Mitáček Jiří, Novotná, Lea (eds.) (2010) Treausures of Moravia: story of historical land. Brno, . .
  • National Geographic Society. Wonders of the Ancient World; National Geographic Atlas of Archaeology, , consultant, Nat'l Geogr. Soc., (multiple staff authors), (Nat'l Geogr., R. H. Donnelley & Sons, Willard, OH), 1994, 1999, Reg or Deluxe Ed., 304 pp. Deluxe ed. photo (p. 248): "Venus, Dolni Věstonice, 24,000 B.C." In section titled: "The Potter's Art", pp. 246–253.
  • Dekan, Jan (1981). : The Great Moravian Empire, Its Art and Time, Minneapolis: Control Data Arts. .
  • Hugh, Agnew (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown.Hoower Press, Stanford. .
  • (2025). 9788086023519, Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
    OS LG 2023-08-18.
  • Róna-Tas, András (1999) Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History translated by Nicholas Bodoczky, Central European University Press, Budapest, .
  • Wihoda, Martin (2015), Vladislaus Henry: The Formation of Moravian Identity. .
  • Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996) A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival St. Martin's Press, New York, .
  • Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio edited by Gy. Moravcsik, translated by R. J. H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Edition, Washington, D.C. (1993)
  • Hlobil, Ivo, Daniel, Ladislav (2000), The last flowers of the middle ages: from the gothic to the renaissance in Moravia and Silesia. Olomouc/Brno, Moravian Galery, Muzeum umění Olomouc
  • David, Jiří (2009). "Moravian estatism and provincial councils in the second half of the 17th century". Folia historica Bohemica. 1 24: 111–165. .
  • Svoboda, Jiří A. (1999), Hunters between East and West: the paleolithic of Moravia. New York: Plenum Press, .
  • Absolon, Karel (1949), The diluvial anthropomorphic statuettes and drawings, especially the so-called Venus statuettes, discovered in Moravia New York, Salmony 1949. .
  • Musil, Rudolf (1971), G. Mendel's Discovery and the Development of Agricultural and Natural Sciences in Moravia. Brno, .
  • Šimsa, Martin (2009), Open-Air Museum of Rural Architecture in South-East Moravia. Strážnice, National Institute of Folk Culture. .
  • Miller, Michael R. (2010), The Jews of Moravia in the Age of Emancipation, Cover of Rabbis and Revolution edition. Stanford University Press. .
  • Bata, Thomas J. (1990), Bata: Shoemaker to the World. Stoddart Publishers Canada. .
  • Knox, Brian (1962), Bohemia and Moravia: An Architectural Companion. Faber & Faber.

External links

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