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Maitreya () or Metteyya (), is a who is regarded as the future of this world in all schools of , prophesied to become Maitreya Buddha or Metteyya Buddha.Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, p. 218. In some , such as the and the , he is also referred to as Ajitā (Invincible, Unconquerable). In he is known as the "Lord of Love" or the "Noble Loving One" ( Pakpa Jampa). The root of his name is the Sanskrit word maitrī (Pali: metta; meaning friendliness, loving-kindness). The name Maitreya is also related to the Indo-Iranian name .Jayarava, Visible Mantra: Visualising & Writing Buddhist Mantras, pp. 142-43. 2011 In , Maitreya is prophesied to be the king of , which is also the birthplace of the .

(1996). 9780835607506, Quest Books. .

In all branches of Buddhism, Maitreya is viewed as the direct successor of . As the fifth and final Buddha of the current kalpa (eon), Maitreya's teachings will be focused around re-establishing the Buddha's on Earth. According to scriptures, Maitreya's teachings will be similar to those of Gautama (Śākyamuni).Horner (1975), The minor anthologies of the Pali canon, p. 97. Regarding Metteyya, Bv XXVII, 19: "I Gautama at the present time am the Self-Awakened One, and there will be Metteyya...." The arrival of Maitreya is prophesied to occur during an era of decline when the teachings of Gautama Buddha have been disregarded or obliviated.

Despite many religious figures and spiritual leaders claiming to be Maitreya throughout history, diverse Buddhist sects insist that these are false claims, while underscoring that Maitreya has yet to appear as a on the grounds that the Buddha's teachings have not been disregarded. Traditional Buddhists believe that Maitreya currently resides in heaven. However, Maitreya is not inaccessible, and various Buddhists throughout history have also claimed to have been visited by Maitreya, to have had visions of him, and to have received teachings by him. As such, Mahayana Buddhists traditionally consider Maitreya to be the founder of the tradition through his revelation of various scriptures like the Mahāyānasūtrālamkārakā, and the Madhyāntavibhāga.Ruegg, D.S. La Theorie du Tathagatagarbha et du Gotra. Paris: Ecole d'Extreme Orient, 1969, p. 35.Brunnholzl, Karl , When the Clouds Part: The Uttaratantra and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra, Shambhala Publications, 2015, p. 81.Ford, James L. (2006). Jokei and Buddhist Devotion in Early Medieval Japan. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 69-71.


Sources
The name Maitreya is derived from the Sanskrit word "friendship", which is in turn derived from the noun , signifying "friend". The Pali form Metteyya is mentioned in the Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta ( 26) of the Pāli Canon, and also in chapter 28 of the . Maitreya's prophecy also appears in other texts like the Māhavastu, Lalitavistara, the -vinaya and the .

Due to their similar names, some modern scholars like , Lamotte and Levi have speculated that inspiration for Maitreya may have come from ancient Indo-Iranian deities like and the future savior figure of the .David Alan Scott (1990). "The Iranian Face of Buddhism. " East and West, 40(1-4), 43–77. doi:10.2307/29756924 However, David Alan Scott points out numerous differences in their artistic portrayals (even in the same geographic region) and discrepancies which make this direct link unlikely. He specifically points out the very ancient Buddhist roots of Maitreya in the earliest Buddhist texts. Scott does point out that both deities are personifications of the virtue of , so they do have that in common ( maitrī).


Mahayana sutras
There are many which describe and discuss the bodhisattva Maitreya. He appears as a supporting character in several important Mahāyāna sūtras such as the , Vimalakirti Sutra, the Golden Light, the King of Samadhis Sutra, and the Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines.

In the meanwhile, Maitreya has an entire chapter in which he preaches the Dharma to the pilgrim in one hundred and twenty one verses.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 69. Cambridge University Press, 1988. Then Sudhana is allowed to enter Maitreya's palace (Vairocanakutalamkara-garbha), where he has a grand vision of the entirety of Maitreya's bodhisattva career.

In addition, there are also several Mahāyāna sūtras which focus specifically on Maitreya, his teachings and future activity. Some key Maitreya sutras in the Chinese canon are the following:

  • Sutra on the Descending Birth of Maitreya (T.453:421a:421a–423c), translated by Dharmarakṣa (230?–316);
  • Sutra on the Descending Birth of Maitreya (T.454:423c– 425c), translated by Kumārajīva (344–413);
  • Sutra on Maitreya Becoming Buddha (T.456:428b–434b), translated by Kumārajīva (344–413);
  • The Great Vehicle Sūtra Called "Petitioned by Noble Maitreya" (ārya maitriya paripṛhccha nāma mahāyāna sūtra), translated by
  • Sutra on Maitreya's Descending Birth and Becoming Buddha (T.455:426a–428b), translated by (635– 713);
  • Sutra on the Time of Maitreya's Arrival (T.457:434b–435a), translator unknown
  • Sutra on the Visualization of Maitreya Bodhisattva's Ascending Birth in Tuṣita Heaven (T.452:418b–420c), translated by Juqu Jing- sheng (?–464)

The Tibetan Buddhist canon meanwhile contains the following Maitreya sutras:


Other literature
Maitreya also appears in other literary works. The Maitreyasamitināṭaka was an extensive Buddhist play in pre-Islamic Central Asia (c. 8th century). 古代维吾尔语说唱文学《弥勒会见记》 The Maitreyavyakarana (a poem in form) in Central Asia and the Anagatavamsa of also mention him.


Archeology and art
In the Greco-Buddhist art of , in the first centuries CE in northern India, Maitreya was the most popular figure to be represented along with . Numerous sculptures of Maitreya have been found in Greater from the period (30–375 CE). He also appears in Mathura to a lesser extent.Behrendt, Kurt; Brancaccio, Pia. Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, pp. 17-20. UBC Press, Nov 1, 2011. Maitreya is already depicted at before the Kushan period. But art depicting him becomes much more numerous during the Kushan era, when his cult seems to have grown in popularity.

In 4th- to 6th-century China, Buddhist artisans saw Shakyamuni and Maitreya as interchangeable, which indicates that the iconography of the two figures were not fully established at an early date.Angela Falco Howard et al., Chinese Sculpture, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 228

An example is the stone sculpture found in the Qingzhou cache dedicated to Maitreya in 529 CE as recorded in the inscription (currently in the Qingzhou Museum, ). The religious belief of Maitreya apparently developed around the same time as that of Amitābha, as early as the 3rd century CE.


Artistic depictions
Maitreya is often depicted standing or sitting on a throne. He is often represented as a northern Indian nobleman or prince with a full head of hair, fine flowing robes and jewels. Gandharan style images present him with a distinctive long hair loop folded at the top of the head.Behrendt, Kurt; Brancaccio, Pia. Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts, pp. 30-31, 152. UBC Press, Nov 1, 2011.

Maitreya is often depicted carrying a vase or bottle ( ), an element which goes back to the Gandharan sculptures and which he shares with depictions of the deity (along with the hair loop).Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, p. 220. Because of this, some scholars argue that the water bottle and hair loop are symbols of his brahminical origins, and indeed, some stories depict Maitreya as being born to a Human family during his last life. Maitreya is also often shown in a heaven realm, indicating his current location (Tushita).

In Indian symbolism, the pot symbolizes immortality (), fertility, life and wealth.

(1993). 9789074597074, Binkey Kok Publications. .
p.52
(2025). 9781402700330, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.. .
p.225
In Buddhism, the similar pūrṇa- (full bottle) also symbolizes "auspicious abundance", wisdom, health, longevity, wealth, prosperity, and the Buddha's infinite quality of teaching the Dharma.
(2025). 9789516093775, Vapriikki.
In Tibetan Buddhism, it is termed a (wisdom urn, ritual vase).


Buddhist Maitreya beliefs

Types of Maitreya myths
According to , there are four main types of the Maitreya myth which we find throughout the history of Buddhism. The typology is based around when and how a devotee expected to encounter the figure of Maitreya:Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. pp. 25-26. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

  1. Here/now: In this version, a devotee expected to meet Maitreya on earth, during their present lifetime.
  2. Here/later: A devotee expected to meet Maitreya on earth at some point after their death, during a future lifetime, perhaps when Maitreya attains Buddhahood and founds a new community. This is the most common and standard myth in which Maitreya's enlightenment is a future event devotees hope to be present for.
  3. There/now: In visionary forms of the Maitreya myth, devotees attempted to encounter Maitreya in a vision of his court in Tushita heaven, or to literally travel there by some means (e.g. the story of encounter).
  4. There/later: A common wish among Maitreya devotees was to be reborn in Maitreya's Tushita palace or "inner court", which is his current .


Future coming of Maitreya
In all Buddhist traditions, Maitreya is prophesied to be the next Buddha who will arise in this world. He will attain Buddhahood far in the future (5,670,000,000 years from now).Ritzinger, Justin. Anarchy in the Pure Land: Reinventing the Cult of Maitreya in Modern Chinese Buddhism, p. 13. Oxford University Press, 2017.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 30. Cambridge University Press, 1988. Since attaining enlightenment is thought to be much more likely while studying under a living Buddha, many Buddhists have hoped to meet Maitreya and train under him. As Buddhist studies scholar Alan Spongberg writes, Maitreya "came to represent a hope for the future, a time when all human beings could once again enjoy the spiritual and physical environment most favorable to enlightenment and the release from worldly suffering".Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. pp. 1-2. Cambridge University Press, 1988. The Maitreya legend has provided a positive view of the future for all Buddhist cultures, who have adapted and expressed the prophetic myth in different ways.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 2. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

According to Buddhist tradition, each kalpa (a cosmic period lasting millions of years) has several Buddhas. The previous kalpa was the vyuhakalpa (glorious aeon), and the present kalpa is called the bhadrakalpa (auspicious aeon).

(2025). 9780691157863, Princeton University Press. .
The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity ( saptatathāgata) are seven Buddhas which bridge the last kalpa and the present kalpa, they begin with Vipassī and end (so far) with (Shakyamuni). Maitreya is thus the eighth Buddha in this line.
(2025). 9780691157863, Princeton University Press. .

According to traditional Buddhist sources Maitreya's advent is not imminent and instead will happen millions of years in the future. In spite of this, Buddhist believers can hope to accumulate good karma so that when the time comes, they will be reborn to meet the future Buddha Maitreya and reach enlightenment under him.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 26. Cambridge University Press, 1988. Scriptures which describe the future coming of Maitreya also describe the paradise like conditions of the world during Maitreya's time. His coming is said to usher in a "golden age" of religion and civilization. Buddhist scriptures do not exhort believers to work to bring about this golden age (what Nattier calls "active "). This might be due to the Buddhist view of the cyclical nature of time and history.

The cyclical nature of history is thus part of the Maitreya myth. Buddhists believe that there will come a time of Dharma decline in which social order and morality will decline and the human lifespan will also decline. There will be war, sickness and famine.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 27. Cambridge University Press, 1988. The Buddha's Dharma will then be lost. After some time, the world will begin to improve again, and human lifespans will begin to increase. It is at the peak of this rise in goodness in the far future that Maitreya will arrive. As such, in the traditional Buddhist view, first there will be a period of decline, followed by a period of moral and social betterment. It is only then that Maitreya is expected to come. To be able to take part in this golden age, Buddhist devotees hoped to make enough good merit (through good deeds like giving and compassionate acts) which would condition their future rebirth.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 28. Cambridge University Press, 1988., Tokyo National Museum, Important Cultural Property of ]]One mention of the prophecy in the states that gods, men and other beings:

Thus, many Buddhists throughout history have sought to develop the necessary merit to meet Maitreya on Earth during the life of his final Buddhahood.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 17. Cambridge University Press, 1988. This includes many Buddhists. One famous Theravadin who expressed this wish was the Sinhalese king .

In Mahayana Buddhism, Buddhas preside over , such as . Once Maitreya becomes a Buddha, he will rule over the pure land, an earthly paradise sometimes associated with the city of (also known as Benares) in , India, and in other descriptions, the kingdom of .

(2025). 9788179360125, Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. .


Foretold biography
Various Buddhist sources give details about Maitreya's birth, family and country. According to the Cakkavatti Sutta: The Wheel-turning Emperor ( 26), Maitreya Buddha will be born in a time when humans will live to an age of eighty thousand years, in the city of Ketumatī, whose king will be the Cakkavattī (wheel-turning emperor) Sankha. Sankha will live in the palace where once dwelt King Mahāpanadā, but later he will give the palace away and will himself become a follower of Maitreya Buddha.Vipassana.info, Pali Proper Names Dictionary: Metteyya

Maitreya will be born to the chief priest of Sankha, Brahmayu, and his wife Brahmavati. In some sources his family name is Maitreya and his first name is Ajita.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 74. Cambridge University Press, 1988. Maitreya will live as a householder, have a son, and then renounce the world and achieve Buddhahood like Shakyamuni. In some accounts, Maitreya will meet Mahakasyapa, who has been in samadhi on top of mount Kukkutapada since the passing of Shakyamuni. According to some accounts, Mahakasyapa will then hand Shayamuni's robe to Maitreya.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. pp. 74-75. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Buddhist texts from several traditions say that beings in Maitreya's time will be much bigger than during the time of Sakyamuni. To these gigantic beings, Buddha's robe barely covers two fingers and a modern human appears insect sized.

(2025). 9780691117645, Princeton University Press. .
Some sources state that Maitreya will be 88 (132 feet, 40 meters) tall and will live for 88,000 years. Like Maṅgala Buddha, his rays will make people hard to distinguish between day and night. His teachings will preserve for the next 180,000 years. According to the commentary of Anāgatavamsa, his teaching will last for 360,000 years.
(2025). 9788880010951, The Fragile Palm Leaves Foundation and The Lumbini International Research Institute. .


In Tushita heaven
Buddhists believe that Maitreya is currently a spiritually advanced (a being who is practicing the path towards full ) in heaven where he will remain until it is the right time for him to descend to earth to attain Buddhahood.

Maitreya currently resides in a palace at the center of (Pāli: Tusita). Gautama Buddha also lived here before he was born into the world as all bodhisattvas live in the Heaven before they descend to the human realm to become Buddhas. Though the concept of the bodhisattva is different in Theravada and Buddhism, both traditions of Buddhism share a belief in Maitreya bodhisattva as the current regent of the Buddha's Dharma in Tusita.

Many Buddhists throughout history have cultivated merit through good deeds in order to be reborn in Tusita and meet Maitreya bodhisattva there in their next life. This may be combined with the wish to descend back down to earth as part of Maitreya's future entourage. Mahayana Buddhists such as Dao'an, , Yjing, and other masters of East Asian Yogacara, have expressed devotion for Maitreya and have sought to be reborn in his , the palace at the center of Tuṣita.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 11, 29. Cambridge University Press, 1988. One Theravada example is the legend of the monk Malaya-Mahadeva, who is said to have traveled to Tushita and met Maitreya according to the 11th century Rasavāhinī.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 72. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Modern figures like , and  have also expressed the wish to meet Maitreya in Tushita.


Revelations and manifestations
Maitreya is also believed by Buddhists to manifest "emanation bodies" (nirmanakayas) on earth in order to aid living beings and teach the Dharma.Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, pp. 219-220. Chinese Buddhists consider the rotund monk as an emanation of Maitreya in China. Buddhist yogis and scholars, like Dao'an, have also sought to receive visions, teachings, or guidance from Maitreya in this present life.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 29. Cambridge University Press, 1988. Various stories are recorded of individuals ascending to meet Maitreya (through meditation and ) or of Maitreya descending to meet them here on earth.

The most famous of these revelations in Buddhism are five scriptures Maitreya is traditionally said to have revealed to the 4th century Indian Buddhist master . These texts are important in the tradition and are considered to be part of the third turning within the Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma. They teach the "consciousness-only" idealist philosophy of Yogacara Buddhism.

Buddhist tradition associates (c. 4th century), one of the founders of the school, with the bodhisattva Maitreya. According to traditional accounts, after twelve years of retreat and meditation, Asanga encountered a dying dog and treated his wounds by removing the maggots from the wounds to a piece of Asanga's own flesh. It was only after his act of love and compassion that Asanga had a vision of Maitreya, who turned out to be that very dying dog. Maitreya then took Asanga to the celestial realm of and transmitted to him several Buddhist scriptures (the so called "five dharmas of Maitreya").Westerhoff, Jan. The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 152-153.

The Chinese and Tibetan traditions disagree on which scriptures are included in the "Five Dharmas of Maitreya". In the Tibetan tradition, the five texts are: Mahāyānasūtrālamkārakārikā, ("The Adornment of Mahayana sutras"), Dharmadharmatāvibhāga ("Distinguishing Phenomena and Pure Being"), Madhyāntavibhāgakārikā ("Distinguishing the Middle and the Extremes"), Abhisamayalankara ( "Ornament for clear realization"), and the Ratnagotravibhaga (Exposition of the Jeweled lineage).Hookham, S. K. (1991). The Buddha within: Tathagatagarbha doctrine according to the Shentong interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga. SUNY Press. . Source; 3 (accessed: Tuesday May 5, 2009), p.325.

The Chinese tradition meanwhile maintains that the five revealed scriptures are: the Yogācārabhūmi, *Yogavibhāga now , Mahāyānasūtrālamkārakā, Madhyāntavibhāga and the Vajracchedikākāvyākhyā.


Mantras and dharanis
Mahayana sources contain various and of Maitreya.

His common name mantra (as taught in ) is:Hastings, James et al. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 4, Scribner, 1912, p. 491.

oṃ maitreya svāhā

Another Maitreya mantra taught in the Tibetan tradition is:Lama Yeshe. Universal Love: The Yoga Method of Buddha Maitreya, p. 108. Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. 2008.

oṃ āḥ maitrī sarva siddhi hūṃ
Two other mantras from the Chinese canon (in a text translated by Kūkai) include: 呉音から西洋古典語へ : 第1部 印欧語文献とし ての弘法大師請来密教経典, p. 51.

Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ aparājite jayanti svāhā

Namaḥ samanta-buddhānāṃ ajitaṃjaya sarva-sattva-āśaya-anugata svāhā


Dharanis
A popular dharani taught in Tibetan Buddhism is the Incantation of Noble Maitreya's Promise (Ārya-maitri-pratijñā-nāma-dhāraṇī):Lama Yeshe. Universal Love: The Yoga Method of Buddha Maitreya, pp. 127-128. Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. 2008.

Namo ratnatrayāya namo bhagavate śākyamunaye tathāgatāyārhate samyaksaṃbuddhāya.

Tadyathā: oṃ ajite ajite aparājite ajitañjaya hara hara maitri avalokite kara kara mahāsamayasiddhe bhara bhara mahābodhimaṇḍabīje smara smara asmākaṃ samaya bodhi bodhi mahābodhi svāhā

oṃ mohi mohi mahāmohi svāhā

oṃ muni muni smara svāhā

English translation:
Homage Homage to the Three Jewels. Homage to the Lord Shakyamuni, Tathagata, Arhat, Completely Perfect Buddha.

As follows: Root Om Invincible, Invincible, Unconquered Conquer the Unconquered, take, take it, You Who Look Down with Friendliness, act, act, Bring, bring the fulfillment of your great pledge, Shake the seat of great awakening, Remember, remember your pledge for us, Awakening, awakening, great awakening, svaha.

Heart Om fascinating, fascinating, greatly fascinating, svaha.

Close Om sage, sage, remember, svaha.

Another version of the dharani can be found in Toh 890 of the alongside the benefits of reciting it:

Homage to the Three Jewels.

Homage to Maitreya the Victorious One.

namo ratna trayāya namo bhagavate śākyamunaye tathāgatāya arhate samyaksaṃ­buddhāya tadyathā oṃ ajite ajite aparājite ajitaṃ jaya hara hara maitri avalokite kara kara mahā­samayasiddhe bhara bhara mahābodhimaṇḍabīje smara smara asmakaṃ samaya bodhi bodhi mahābodhi svāhā

This was the root mantra.

oṃ mohi mohi mahāmohi svāhā

This was the heart mantra.

oṃ muni muni smara svāhā

This was the auxiliary heart mantra.

“Once I have fully awakened to unsurpassed and perfectly complete enlightenment, I will be certain to search out any being who simply hears, recites, chants, correctly contemplates, or meditates on this dhāraṇī and offer them a prophecy for unsurpassed and perfectly complete enlightenment. Even if this dhāraṇī is recited into the ear of a deer or bird from the animal realm, they will also receive a prophecy for unsurpassed and perfectly complete enlightenment. Whoever merely hears this will never go to the lower realms, nor will they be stained by the dirt of the lower realms. They will not be reborn in a mother’s womb. They will become a universal monarch for a thousand divine eons. They will inhabit the path of the ten virtuous actions. Whichever material enjoyments they wish for and seek will appear for them. I, a blessed one, will never forget that being. Having reached the seat of awakening, I will absolutely provide them, no matter who they are, a prophecy for unsurpassed and perfectly complete enlightenment.”

The Chinese canon contains the following:

namo ratna-trayāya, nama āryāvalokiteśvarāya bodhi-sattvāya mahāsatvāya mahākāruṇikāya tad-yathā, oṃ, maitre maitre maitra-manasi maitra-sambhave maitra-udbhave mahāsamaye svāhā


Maitreya in East Asia

Maitreya devotion
Maitreya devotion (Chinese: 彌勒信仰) has been a part of East Asian Buddhism since the time of Dao'an (312–85), who is known to have founded a Maitreya devotionalism in China. Maitreya devotion was popular during the (386–534). During the Sui Dynasty, three separate people declared themselves to be incarnations of Maitreya, attempting to bolster their authority, lead insurrections, and overthrow the Sui Dynasty (each attempted overthrow was ultimately unsuccessful).Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 31. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Devotional practices to Maitreya were an important part of the East Asian Yogacara school. A key element of Maitreya devotion in East Asia is the intention to be reborn in Maitreya's Inner Court of Heaven (兜率內院). Some Buddhist scriptures have noted that Maitreya is currently teaching at the Inner Court of Tushita, and some East Asian masters who were Maitreya devotees, such as (7th century), , , and Yijing, had the intention of being reborn there after their death.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. pp. xi, 11, 94-95. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Xuanzang was a famous devotee of Maitreya who vowed to be reborn in his Tushita palace so that he could "serve upon the Kind Lord", and to eventually "descend with him to perform the deeds of the Buddhas, until we attain unsurpassed bodhi".Kai Sheng. A History of Chinese Buddhist Faith and Life, p. 249-250. BRILL, 2020. Xuanzang also taught a devotional verse (gatha) and taught everyone to recite it, the gatha is:Kai Sheng. A History of Chinese Buddhist Faith and Life, p. 250. BRILL, 2020.

Namo Maitreya Tathagata, the Perfectly Awakened One! May all living beings swiftly be in the presence of your kind visage. Namo the inner community abiding with Maitreya Tathagata! After I shed this life, may I be reborn among them.
The work of the Silla monk (617–686), especially his commentary on the Maitreya sutras, is an important source for East Asian Maitreya devotion.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. pp. 96-97. Cambridge University Press, 1988. According to this work, Maitreya devotion consists of a visualization meditation in which one visualizes the majestic adornments of Tushita heaven and "the superiority of receiving rebirth there as a bodhisattva."Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 98. Cambridge University Press, 1988. According to Spongberg, "this means that one is to visualize oneself, personally present, amidst all of the splendors of Tusita Heaven, splendors that certainly include, but are not limited to, Maitreya."Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 101. Cambridge University Press, 1988. The practice further includes hearing the name of Maitreya (a kind of mindfulness of the Buddha), "respectfully trusting in the virtues manifested by this name", repenting past bad deeds, and other ritual acts like taking care of stupas, offering incense, flowers, etc. According to Wonhyo, this practice results in being reborn in Tushita to personally receive teachings from Maitreya so that one cannot relapse from Buddhahood.

A famous episode during Xuanzang's travels illustrates his devotion to Maitreya. While sailing on the , he was overtaken by who were going to sacrifice him to . After asking for a moment of silence to meditate, Xuanzang meditated on Maitreya, praying he would be reborn in with him and focusing his thoughts on the bodhisattva. Xuanzang then had a vision of Maitreya seated on his glittering throne in Tushita surrounded by many devas. Then a storm came and the pirates, terrified, threw themselves at Xuanzang's feet.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p. 11. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Modern Chinese Buddhist monks, such as , have also been known to have dreamt of going to the Inner Court of Tushita. The modern Chinese reformer 太虛 (1890–1947), one of the key founders of Humanistic Buddhism, was also a devotee of Maitreya. He is known to have promoted devotional practices and liturgies focused on Maitreya and was even said to have propagated the "Maitreya School" ( Cizong 慈宗).Ritzinger, Justin. Anarchy in the Pure Land: Reinventing the Cult of Maitreya in Modern Chinese Buddhism, p. 1. Oxford University Press, 2017.

Maitreya devotion is most widely practice in , but it may also be found in other Chinese religions, like .

Maitreya devotion was also popular in and in Japanese Buddhism. Maitreya Devotion (彌勒信仰), Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (Muller et al.)


Maitreya teachings and millenarianism
Throughout Chinese history, the Buddhist prophecy of Maitreya and the doctrine of the age of social decline (: 末法; : Mò Fǎ; "the Degenerate Age of Dharma") was adopted and wielded by numerous religious, social and political groups. Some of these groups operated as secret societies, like the White Lotus Society. Many of these groups held beliefs about the immanent arrival of Maitreya. Not all of these groups were orthodox Buddhists, and some combined Chinese folk religion, Buddhism and beliefs. Nattier points out that there was a pre-existent Taoist belief in a messianic savior figure (Li Hong). Some of these millenarian groups held antiestablishment views and even led rebellions against the Chinese state at various points of socio-political crisis.Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, p. 219.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. p.31. Cambridge University Press, 1988.

During the Sui Dynasty, there were three different rebellions led by three separate leaders who claimed to be Maitreya, one in 610 at the capital (Chang'an) and two in 613 (one led by magician named Song Zixian and another by a monk named Xiang Haiming). During the Tang dynasty, another Maitreyan rebellion was led by a certain Wang Huaigu. Notable Maitreyan Rebellions, FYSM068—Collective Violence and Traumatic Memory in Asia. 16 October 2005. Retrieved 29 November 2006. During the Song, led a revolt of Buddhists expecting Maitreya (1047); they took over the city of Beizhou in before they were crushed. Song Dynasty Renaissance 960–1279 , SAN-BECK. Retrieved 29 November 2006. The government declared Maitreya Sects to be "heresies and unsanctioned religions". Tens of thousands of Maitreya Sect followers were killed. Is Qigong Political? A new look at Falun Gong QI: The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness. Retrieved 29 November 2006.

The saw the Red Turban Rebellion (aka The First White Lotus Rebellion c. 1351–1368) led by , leader of the White Lotus Society, and Army Commander Liu Futong rebelled against the Mongols.

A Second White Lotus Rebellion broke out in 1796 among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates from and as a protest against heavy taxes imposed by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion , The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. May 2001. Retrieved 29 November 2006. The White Lotus Society influenced the development of the 19th century "Society of Harmonious Fists" which led the in 1899.


Japanese Buddhism
Maitreya is a central figure for the Japanese Yogacara school (Hossō-shū) who considers Maitreya to be the founder of the tradition. Maitreya (Jp. Miroku) devotion was extensively promoted during the (1185–1333) by Hossō-shū scholars like Jōkei (1155–1213)., Fukui, Japan.]]

The monk and religious founder of the Shingon sect Kukai is believed by Shingon adherents to currently be in a state of meditation on Mount Koya. He awaits the coming of Maitreya. Following his example, later Shingon meditators attempted to self-mummify (known as ) through ascetic practices to also wait for the coming of Maitreya.

In Nichiren Buddhism, Maitreya is seen as a steward and protector of the bodhisattvas who teach the Lotus Sutra, a view promoted by the sutra itself. According to , all beings can be "Maitreya", since the true meaning of this name "designates the Votaries of the Lotus Sutra" who compassionately uphold the teaching of this sutra.The Record of Orally Transmitted Teachings p 143.Translated by Burton Watson


Non-Buddhist views

Chinese salvationist religions
Beginning with the White Lotus Society (whose roots go back to the 12th century), Maitreya has been an important part of many Chinese Salvanionist Religious sects. In many of these sects, Maitreya is seen as a "primordial one" and a heavenly religious leader who will come to change the world radically. The most common myth is that Maitreya is a savior sent by Eternal Venerable Mother ( , i.e. Queen Mother of the West) to show people the way to their true home, the heaven of the Eternal Mother, where all beings are originally from.Sponberg, Alan; Hardacre, Helen (eds.). Maitreya, the Future Buddha. pp. 110-112. Cambridge University Press, 1988. According to some of these sectarian salvation religions, Maitreya's arrival is immanent and he will usher the final age in which all beings will be reunited with the Eternal Mother, an event called the "recovery of original wholeness" (shou-yuan).

One modern example of such a sect is (Eternal Way), a 19th century salvationist religion. In Yiguandao, Maitreya is a key figure, a great savior, patriach and teacher sent by the Eternal Venerable Mother. Yiguandao claims that during the end times, Maitreya will incarnate on Earth to save humanity, known among believers as Mile Zushi (: 彌勒祖師; lit. 'Grand Patriach Mile').Lu, Yunfeng (2008), The Transformation of Yiguan Dao in Taiwan Adapting to a Changing Religious Economy, p. 23. Lexington Books, ISBN 9780739117194 Maitreya appears as a similar figure in another popular salvation religion, (: 先天道; : Xiāntiān Dào; lit. 'Way of Former Heaven').


Theosophy and New Age
In , Maitreya (or Lord Maitreya) has multiple aspects signifying not just the future Buddha, but similar concepts from other religious or spiritual traditions.
(2025). 9781602063334, Cosimo Classics. .
As it did with practically every major religious, philosophical, and cultural tradition, modern Theosophy was syncretic. Theosophy did not identify as a religion, but as a science or way of knowing, even while it ascribed and significance to many Buddhist concepts. According to Theosophical writings, the kingdom above the human kingdom, is composed of a group of highly enlightened beings or "Masters of Wisdom". These Masters make up a spiritual hierarchy (the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom), of which Maitreya holds the highest rank, that of the "Office of the World Teacher"; as such, he is called "the Christ."
For modern Theosophy, Maitreya is an advanced enlightened being and a high-ranking member of secret spiritual hierarchy, the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom. These masters guide the spiritual evolution of humanity and Maitreya is said to hold the "Office of the World Teacher". As such, Maitreya is in charge of teaching and guiding humanity. As writes, Maitreya has "the duty of watching over the spiritual destinies of mankind; of guiding, blessing, maintaining the various religions of the world, founded in outline by Himself."Besant, Annie. Initiation, The Perfecting of Man (1923), p. 110.

Maitreya may occasionally incarnate in the world to guide humanity directly. Some Theosophists, like C. W. Leadbeater, held that Maitreya previously reincarnated as .Leadbeater, C.W. The Inner Life, 1917, pp. 9-10. In the early 20th century, leading Theosophists became convinced that a return of Maitreya as a "World Teacher" was imminent. At this time, a boy, Jiddu Krishnamurti, was thought to be destined as the "vehicle" for Maitreya; however, in his early 30s, Krishnamurti, himself, declined to serve in this role.

(1975). 9780374182229, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. .
Biography of Jiddu Krishnamurti, the presumed "vehicle" of the Maitreya in the 20th century, describes the events in some detail.

The Theosophical Maitreya gave rise to further Western conceptions of Maitreya as a future world teacher who would usher in a new age for humanity's spiritual evolution. The related Ascended Master Teachings also contains teachings about Maitreya. Various views regarding Maitreya can thus be found in contemporary and groups.


Post-theosophical movements
Since the growth of in the late 19th century, diverse religions and spiritual movements have adopted and reinterpreted older Jain, Hindu and Buddhist beliefs about Maitreya. Share International, for example, equates Maitreya with the prophesied figures of multiple religious traditions, claims that Maitreya is already present in the world but is preparing to make an open declaration of his presence in the near future. They claim that he is here to inspire mankind to create a new era based on sharing and justice. Share International.

In the beginning of the 1930s, the Ascended Master Teachings placed Maitreya in the "Office of World Teacher" until 1956, when he was described as moving on to the "Office of Planetary Buddha" and "Cosmic Christ" in their concept of a Spiritual Hierarchy.

In 1911, Rudolf Steiner claimed "Roughly three thousand years after our time the world will experience the Maitreya Buddha incarnation, which will be the last incarnation of Jeshu ben Pandira. This Bodhisattva, who will come as Maitreya Buddha, will also come in a physical body in our century in his reincarnation in the flesh—but not as Buddha—and he will make it his task to give humanity all the true concepts about the Christ Event." Steiner was careful to distinguish Jeshu ben Pandira as somebody entirely distinct from Jesus of Nazareth, as Maitreya was said to be entirely distinct from Jesus (but in moment-to-moment relationship with him the last three years of his life).


Ahmadiyya
The believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908) fulfilled expectations regarding the Maitreya Buddha.. The founder has given the whole account about the truth of forthcoming of Jesus Christ and his travel via Tibet and the transformation of word "Masiha" to "Metteyya" in one of his Prolific writings "Jesus in India" (Maseeh Hindustan Mai).


Baháʼí Faith
Followers of the Baháʼí Faith believe that Bahá'u'lláh is the fulfillment of the prophecy of appearance of Maitreya, the fifth Buddha.
(1995). 9780853983842, George Ronald.
(2025). 9789004139046, Brill. .
Baháʼís believe that the prophecy that Maitreya will usher in a new society of tolerance and love has been fulfilled by Bahá'u'lláh's teachings on world peace.


Maitreya claimants
The following list is just a small selection of those people who claimed or claim to be the incarnation of Maitreya. Many have either used the Maitreya incarnation claim to form a new Buddhist sect, a new religious movement or cult or even a political rebellion.
  • In the 5th century, (傅大士) implied that he was the reincarnation of Maitreya and founded the Maitreya Sect (彌勒教) which was established during the reign of Liang Wudi (梁武帝).
  • In 515, a monk from Jizhou of the named (法庆), proclaimed himself as the "New Buddha", "Mahayana Buddha" quoting Buddhist scriptures that "Maitreya has descended to become a Buddha", and "Maitreya Buddha replaces Sakyamuni Buddha to save the world". Faqing gathered an army to rebel against the rule of the Wei dynasty in the name of Buddhism."
  • Feng Yi (冯宜) and Heyue (贺悦), Hu people from County of the in the 6th century led a rebellion claiming to be Maitreya Buddha against the Northern Wei army on the outskirts of Yuntai city.
  • (宋子贤), a native of in the , who was an expert in magic, and claimed to be able to transform into the form of Buddha and claimed to be an incarnation of Maitreya Buddha and staged a rebellion.
  • In 613 the monk Xiang Haiming (向海明) claimed himself Maitreya and adopted an imperial title. He declared the beginning of new era Baiwu (白烏).
  • In the early years of Tang Dynasty rule (713), Wang Huaigu (王怀古) of Tangbeizhou led a rebellion claiming to be the New Buddha (interpreted as Maitreya Buddha).
  • In 690 , of the Wu Zhou interregnum (690–705), proclaimed herself an incarnation of the future Buddha Maitreya, and made the "holy capital". In 693 she temporarily replaced the compulsory Dao De Jing in the curriculum with her own Rules for Officials. Tang Dynasty Empire 618–906 , SAN-BECK. Retrieved 29 November 2006.
  • , a South Korean warlord and king of the short-lived state of during the 10th century, claimed himself as the living incarnation of Maitreya and ordered his subjects to worship him. His claim was widely rejected by most Buddhist monks and later he was dethroned and killed by his own servants.
  • In 1047, (王則), a farmer in went to to herd sheep for a local landowner, then rebelled claiming to be the ruler of Dongping (东平郡主) with the slogan "The time of Sakyamuni Buddha has passed, Maitreya Buddha takes the place of leading the power of nature."
  • (高昙晟), a monk from Huaizhou in the 7th century gathered nearly 50 monks to assassinate the county magistrate and the general of the city guard using the belief that the era of Maitreya Buddha was coming, and proclaimed himself as the "Mahayana Emperor (大乘皇帝)" and founded Jianyuan falun (建元法轮).
  • Liu Ningjing (刘凝静), a woman from Wannian County, during the claimed that the era of Maitreya would come to the world and rebelled.
  • Du Ke Yong (杜可用), also known as Du Wanyi (杜萬一), the leader of the Jiangxi people's revolution in the early Yuan dynasty, which began with the White Lotus sect, referred to himself as Du Shengren (杜聖人), called by the name of (明王), using the narrative "Maitreya has been born, and Vidyārāja has been born."
    (2025). 9787532583805, 上海古籍出版社.
  • Wang Lun (王倫), a leader of the White Lotus sect in Shandong province, China in the 1770s said that he was the rebirth of Maitreya and destined to become the Emperor of China, he mobilized his followers and marched towards the city of Shouzhang to stage a rebellion in October 1774.
    (1989). 9780300026382, Yale University Press.
  • In 1777, a man named Wang Fulin, announced that he was an incarnation of Maitreya Buddha and his mother was Wusheng Laomu at a Yuan-tun sect meeting he called the Great Dragon Flower meeting with about a thousand disciples to stage an uprising in Hozhou city and Lanzhou province.
  • Bahá'u'lláh (1817–1892), the Prophet-Founder of the Bahá'í Faith, is recognized by Bahá'ís as the promised Maitreya Buddha and Promised One of all religions.
    (2025). 9789004139046, BRILL.
  • Wang Tianzu (王添組), a disciple of Wu Zixiang (10th patriarch of ) claimed to be an incarnation of Maitreya and claimed to foresaw an approaching apocalypze. He had a disciple Liao Ganzhou (廖幹周) who gathered 1500 followers who wore white turbans emblazoned with red crosses and organized a rebellion in province, Jiangxi in the year of November 1803.
  • Xu Hai Wu (徐還無), is believed by Yiguandao followers to be an incarnation of Maitreya along with Yang Hai Xiu (楊還虛) who is believed to be an incarnation of and became the 13th patriarch in Yiguandao's lineage.
  • Lin Qing (林清) claiming to be an reincarnation of Maitreya Buddha together with Li Wencheng (李文成) claiming to be an incarnation of the Vidyārāja jointly carried out the Eight Trigrams Rebellion in 1813.
    (2025). 9781135935627, Routledge.
    His followers considered him to be sent by Wusheng Laomu to overthrow the Qing dynasty which they considered had lost mandate of heaven to rule.
  • Liu Xi Er (劉四兒), the son of Liu Song (劉松) of the White Lotus sect also claimed to be an incarnation of Maitreya Buddha, and had a mission on earth to help Niu Ba (牛八) who was allegedly a descendant of the Ming empire to regain power.
    (1994). 9780804723244, Stanford University Press.
  • (1849–1925), the 17th patriarch of , claimed to be an incarnation of Maitreya.
  • Jiddu Krishnamurti, Indian-origin meditator, writer who frequently give lecture about life is believed to be the vehicle for Maitreya by doctrine.* J. Krishnamurti, Duduk Diam dengan Batin yang Hening, Yayasan Krishnamurti Indonesia, Jakarta, 2006, hal. 133
  • Ram Bahadur Bomjon, a 34-year-old Nepalese ascetic who has been hailed by many as the new Buddha. Publicly labeling himself since 2012 as the "Maitriya" Guru, he and his followers openly claim that he is the awaited Maitreya Buddha. He is a controversial figure who is currently under investigation for rape charges, and separately for the disappearance of four members of his ashram.
  • L. Ron Hubbard, founder of the belief systems and , suggested he was "Metteya" (Maitreya) in the 1955 poem Hymn of Asia. Numerous editors and followers of Hubbard claim that in the book's preface, specific physical characteristics said to be outlined—in unnamed sources—as properties of the coming Maitreya were properties with which Hubbard's appearance supposedly aligned.
  • Samael Aun Weor (1917–1977) – stated in The Aquarian Message that "the Maitreya Buddha Samael is the Kalki Avatar of the New Age." The Kalkian Avatar and Maitreya Buddha, he claimed, are the same "White Rider" of the Book of Revelation.
  • (李洪志), founder of the spiritual movement, whom some followers believe to be Maitreya.
  • American guru and godman was suggested by his devotees to be Maitreya.
    (2025). 9781570971433, Dawn Horse Press.
  • Jose Luis de Jesus Miranda - A Puerto Rican preacher who claimed to be Maitreya and Jesus Christ reincarnated in the early 2000s.
    (2025). 9783319476230, Springer. .
    (2025). 9780195347159, Oxford University Press. .
  • Followers of B.R. Ambedkar in the Dalit Buddhist Movement regard him as a , the Maitreya, although he never claimed it himself.
    (2025). 9780195347159, Oxford University Press. .
    (2025). 9783319476230, Springer. .
  • In , a Japanese new religion, the religion's founder Ōnishi Tama (1916–1969) is referred to as Miroku-sama (みろく様). Miroku (みろく) is the Japanese name for Maitreya, and sama is an honorific suffix.
  • Some modern authors claim the is Maitreya.
    (2025). 9781584201625, SteinerBooks. .
    (1977). 9780895816788, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. .
    (1990). 9780910311175, Huntington House Publishers. .
    (1985). 9780850303483, Aquarian Press. .
  • Some Muslim writers claimed as Maitreya.
    (2015). 9781934271278, Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA. .


Gallery
File:Rituals in Jamchen Lhakhang Monastery.webm|Rituals in Jamchen Lhakhang Monastery Nepal File:MathuraMaitreya.JPG|Maitreya ( on left thigh), art of , second century CE File:Maitreya Komering Srivijaya Front.JPG|A 9th-century art bronze Maitreya from . A adorns his crown. File:TheFutureBuddhaGandhara3rdCentury.jpg|The future Buddha Maitreya, Gandhara, 3rd century CE File:Sitting Maitreya-AO 2910-IMG 8485-black.jpg|Sitting Maitreya (holding ), Gandhara, 3rd century CE File:Nepal Kathmandu Boudhanath 2.jpg|A statue of Maitreya Buddha inside Trikal Maitreya Buddha Vihara (Jamchen Lhakhang Monastery) at , , Nepal File:SeatedMaitreyaKoreaMuseeGuimet.jpg|Seated Maitreya, Korean, 4–5th century CE, File:Maitreya Koryuji.JPG|Seated Maitreya, Japan, Asuka period (538–710) File:Budai Statue flipped.jpg|The monk as an incarnation of Maitreya File:Maitreya and discilples carving in Feilai Feng Caves.jpg|Maitreya and disciples in form, as depicted at the Feilai Feng grottos near in , China File:Bingling Temple 02.jpg|Monumental statue of Maitreya at , China File:伏虎羅漢納納答密答喇尊者.jpg|Statue of the Tiger Subduing , believed to be an incarnation of Maitreya File:Maitreya figurine, Bat Trang kiln, Hanoi, Restored Le dynasty, 17th-18th century AD, crackle glazed ceramic - National Museum of Vietnamese History - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC05441.JPG|Maitreya figurine, Bát Tràng kiln, Hanoi, Revival Lê dynasty, 17th–18th century CE File:National_Museum_of_Cambodia_(12105737664).jpg|Eight-armed male deity (Maitreya). Provenance Vat Ampil Tok, Kg. Chhnang. 10th century. Bronze with dark patina. Green traces on the feet. H. 75 cm. Inv. 2024. National Museum of Cambodia. Phnom Penh. File:Saigon Lai Thieu Ceramic (9997205636).jpg|Maitreya figurine, Lái Thiêu kiln, HCMC, Nguyễn dynasty, 18th–19th century CE File:Tượng Di Lặc trên núi Cấm.jpg|Statue of Maitreya in form surrounded by a on Cấm Mountains, Vietnam Maitreya_Buddha_-_Nubra.jpg|110 ft (35 metre) Maitreya Buddha facing down the Shyok River, Nubra Valley near Beopjusa-TempleStay-Korea_1765.jpg | Golden Maitreya Statue rises just over 100 feet or 55 meters in the center of grounds of the temple , built in 1990


See also
  • Baháʼu'lláh, similar eschatological figure in the Baháʼí Faith
  • , a traditional manifestation of Maitreya
  • Christ, similar eschatological figure in Christianity
  • History of Buddhism in India
    • Dalit Buddhist movement
    • Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
    • Spread of Buddhism
  • Index of Buddhism-related articles
  • Leshan Giant Buddha
  • Lord of Light
  • , similar eschatological and messianic figure in Islam.Kamada, S. (2012). Mahdi and Maitreya (Miroku): Saviors in Islam and Buddhism. Journal of the interdisciplinary study of monotheistic religions: JISMOR, 8, 59-76.Jawad, A. (2008). Maitreya of Gandhāra—An Anticipated Sanguine of Buddhism. Ancient Pakistan, 19, 43-47.Hardacre, H., van Voss, M. H., & Werblowsky, R. J. Z. (1984). Chronicle and Calendar of Events. Numen, 155-158.
  • Maitreya (Benjamin Creme)
  • Maitreya (Mahābhārata)
  • Maitreya (Theosophy)
  • , similar eschatological figure in Christianity and Judaism
  • , similar eschatological figure in Christianity
  • , similar eschatological figure in Zoroastrianism


Notes

Further reading
  • (1975). 086013072X, Pali Text Society. 086013072X
  • Mipham, Jamgon; Maitreya; Shenga, Khenpo; Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. (2013). Distinguishing Phenomena from Their Intrinsic Nature: Maitreya's Dharmadharmatavibhanga with Commentaries by Khenpo Shenga and Ju Mipham. Snow Lion. .
  • Mipham, Jamgon; Maitreya; Dharmachakra Translation Committee, trans. (2021). Middle Beyond Extremes: Maitreya's Madhyantavibhaga with Commentaries by Khenpo Shenga and Ju Mipham. Snow Lion. .


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