Product Code Database
Example Keywords: energy -stitch $75
barcode-scavenger
   » » Wiki: Langkasuka
Tag Wiki 'Langkasuka'.
Tag

Langkasuka was an ancient MalayGinsburg, N. S. (1958).  Malaya, by Norton Ginsburg and Chester F. Roberts, Jr., with the collabora. (n.p.): (n.p.). – via Google Books Armed Separatism in Southeast Asia. (1984). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. – via Google BooksRand, N. (2015).  Conflict: Journeys through war and terror in southeast Asia. Ireland: Maverick House Publishers. Proceedings of The 6th MAC 2016. (2016). (n.p.): MAC Prague consulting. – via Google Books Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in the (in modern-day ).

(2016). 9788088085058, MAC Prague consulting. .
Langkasuka flourished from the 2nd century to the 15th century as the oldest kingdom in the Malay Peninsula, believed to have been established by descendants of Ashoka the Great. The name is in origin; it is thought to be a combination of langkha for "resplendent land" J. Dodiya, Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa, Sarup & Sons, 2001, p. 166-181- for "bliss" Https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=sukha&dir=se< /ref> The kingdom, along with Old Kedah, is among the earliest kingdoms founded on the Malay Peninsula. The exact location of the kingdom is of some debate, but archaeological discoveries at near Pattani, Thailand suggest a probable location. The kingdom is proposed to have been established in the 1st century, perhaps between 80 and 100 AD.
(1995). 9783447036085, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. .

According to the legend given in the Kedah Annals, the kingdom was founded and named by Merong Mahawangsa. Another proposal suggests that the name may have been derived from langkha and , the Hindu warrior king who eventually became a pacifist after embracing the ideals espoused in Buddhism, and that the early Indian colonizers of the Malayic Isthmus named the kingdom Langkasuka in his honour. Chinese historical sources provided some information on the kingdom and recorded a king Bhagadatta who sent envoys to the Chinese court.


Historical records
The earliest and most detailed description of the kingdom comes from the Chinese (502–557) record , which refers to the kingdom of "Lang-ya-xiu" (, : ). The record mentions that the kingdom was founded over 400 years earlier, which made its founding likely in the 2nd century AD. According to Liangshu, "Lang-ya-xiu" or Langkasuka was 30 days' journey from east to west, and 20 from north to south, 24,000 li in distance from . It mentions that ( ) and were abundant in the kingdom, and its capital was described as being surrounded by walls to form a city with double gates, towers and pavilions. Both men and women in Langkasuka wore with their torsos bare and their hair loose, although the king and senior officials covered their shoulders with cloth and wore gold earrings and belts of gold cord. Women of high status wrapped themselves in cloth and wore jeweled girdles.
(2025). 9781576077702, ABC-CLIO. .
It gives further information on some of its kings and also relates a story on a succession:

This king then ruled for more than 20 years. He was succeeded by his son, King Bhagadatta, who sent the first ambassadorial mission to China in 515.

(2025). 9789004119734, Brill. .
(1968). 9780824803681, University of Hawaii Press.
Further emissaries were sent in 523, 531, and 568.
(2016). 9781317279044, Routledge. .

The transcription of the kingdom's name in Chinese records changed over time. In the late seventh century, the Buddhist monk Yi Jing mentioned encountering three Chinese monks who lived in a place named Lang-jia-shu (郎伽戍).

A work Zhu fan zhi (published in 1225) gives a description of the country of Ling-ya-si-jia (凌牙斯加). It mentions that its people cut their hair and wrapped themselves in a piece of cloth, its products included elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, types of wood and camphor, and their merchants traded in wine, rice, silk and porcelain. It also says that the country paid tribute to a country named , which is usually interpreted to be .

(2013). 9789971696351, NUS Press. .
Original text: 凌牙斯國,自單馬令風帆六晝夜可到,亦有陸程。地主纏縵跣足;國人剪發,亦纏縵。地產象牙、犀角、速暫番、生香、腦子。番商興販,用酒、米、荷池、纈絹、甆器等為貨;各先以此等物准金銀,然後打博。如酒一墱,准銀一兩、准金二錢;米二墱准銀一兩,十墱准金一兩之類。歲貢三佛齊國。

Langkasuka was known as "Long-ya-xi-jiao" (龍牙犀角) in Daoyi Zhilüe from the (1279–1368); Original text: 峯頂內平而外聳,民環居之,如蟻附坡。厥田下等。氣候半熱。俗厚。男女椎髻,齒白,繫麻逸布。俗以結親為重。親戚之長者一日不見面,必携酒持物以問勞之。為長夜之飮,不見其醉。民煮海為鹽,釀秫為酒。有酋長。地產沈香,冠於諸番。次鶴頂、降眞、蜜糖、黃熟香頭。貿易之貸,用土印布、八都刺布、靑白花碗之屬。 and "Lang-xi-jia" (狼西加) during the (1368–1644), as marked in Admiral 's Mao Kun map. Daoyi Zhilüe mentions that the natives of Langkasuka made salt from seawater and ferment rice wine, and produced , , honey and gharuwood. The people wore cotton from the and printed cloth from India and local sources.

(2013). 9789971695743, NUS Press. .

"Langkasuka" was mentioned in the text Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, and it was referred to as "Lengkasuka" in the Javanese poem .

(2025). 9780300204377, Yale University Press. .
sources name "Ilangasoka" as one of Rajendra Chola's conquests in his expedition against the empire. It was described as a kingdom that was "undaunted in fierce battles". Thai sources made no reference to Langkasuka, but Pattani was identified as one of the twelve under the influence of Nakhon Si Thammarat in Thai chronicles.


Outline of Langkasuka's history
A brief outline of the history of Langkasuka can be determined from the limited historical records available. The kingdom is thought to have been founded some time early in the 2nd century AD. It then underwent a period of decline due to the expansion of Funan in the early 3rd century. In the 6th century it experienced a resurgence and began to send emissaries to China. King Bhagadatta first established relations with China in 515 AD, with further emissaries sent in 523, 531 and 568. By the 8th century it had probably come under the control of the rising empire. In 1025 it was attacked by the armies of King Rajendra Chola I in his campaign against Srivijaya. In the 12th century, Langkasuka was a tributary to Srivijaya. The kingdom declined and how it ended is unclear with several theories being put up.

The Pasai Annals mentioned that Langkasuka was destroyed around 1370. Some believed that Langkasuka remained under the control and influence of the until the 14th century when it was conquered by the . Langkasuka was probably conquered by as it ceased to exist by the 15th-century. Several historians contest this and believe that Langkasuka survived up to the 1470s. The areas of the kingdom that were not under the direct rule of Pattani is thought to have embraced Islam along with Kedah in 1474.


Location
Chinese and Arab sources placed the ancient kingdom on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The New Book of Tang mentions that Langkasuka bordered Pan Pan, and a map in the military treatise locates it south of near the . A 15th century Arab text similarly places the kingdom between Kelantan and Songkla. The only contradictory information comes from a later Malay text Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa which placed it on the west coast as the predecessor of modern Kedah, although its sovereign had some association with Pattani.
(2025). 9789004119734, Brill. .
Chinese, Arab and Indian sources all considered Kedah and Langkasuka to be separate geographical entities. The Javanese poem Nagarakretagama placed it north of Saiburi, however it appears to imply that it was originally located on the west coast but was transferred later to the east.

In 1961, taking account of the various sources, the geographer and historian Paul Wheatley concluded that Langkasuka should be located near the modern town of Pattani. French archaeologist and historian Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h concurred, and proposed the former estuary of the Pattani River near Yarang as the likely location of Langkasuka. He also suggested that whole area between Pattani, Saiburi and Yala may have been part of Langkasuka.

(2013). 9789971696351, NUS Press. .
Modern archaeological explorations have uncovered ruins near Yarang, a village fifteen kilometers south of Pattani, which may be of the city described in Liangshu.
(2025). 9789004119734, Brill. .
The city was located inland 10 miles from the coast and connected to the rivers leading to the sea via canals.
(2025). 9780759102798, Altamira Press. .
Silting of the waterways may have led to its decline.


Archaeology
Several archaeological expeditions were conducted in the 1960s to locate Langkasuka following Paul Wheatley's suggestion of its likely location. In 1963, led a Cambridge expedition to locate Langkasuka and , the details of this expedition are described in The Naga King's Daughter.

An archaeological investigation of the Yarang area began in 1989 by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand. The majority of the ruins were clustered in the vicinity of a hamlet called Ban Wat, and may have formed the nucleus of the city. Others were scattered further to the North at Ban Jalæ, and a couple more at Ban Prawæ. The excavations found various Buddhist structures and objects including votive tablets and sculptures, indicating a strong Buddhist presence in the kingdom. Objects related to Hindu worship were also found.

Many Chinese and Arab coins made of bronze have been found in the region, an indication of the commercial activity of the kingdom. Two silver coins have also been found.

(2025). 9789004119734, Brill. .


Popular culture
  • (or The Fanged King), a 1968 Malaysian film directed by Jamil Sulong with input from Malaysia's Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman.
  • Queen of Pattani or Queens of Langkasuka, a 2008 Thai movie directed by loosely based on a south Pattani myth.
  • (also known by its local title Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa), a 2011 Malaysian film directed by Yusry Abdul Halim. The film is loosely based on the origins of Merong Mahawangsa, said to be the first King of Langkasuka.


See also


External links

Page 1 of 1
1
Page 1 of 1
1

Account

Social:
Pages:  ..   .. 
Items:  .. 

Navigation

General: Atom Feed Atom Feed  .. 
Help:  ..   .. 
Category:  ..   .. 
Media:  ..   .. 
Posts:  ..   ..   .. 

Statistics

Page:  .. 
Summary:  .. 
1 Tags
10/10 Page Rank
5 Page Refs
2s Time