Hokaglish (; poj= Saⁿ-lām-chham-ōe; Tâi-lô: sann-lām-tsham-uē; ), formally known as Philippine Hybrid Hokkien, is a spoken language formed from Language contact primarily from Philippine Hokkien, Tagalog language and Philippine English,
Usage
Typically used amongst some Chinese Filipinos, who are also typically fluent in
Taglish and some level of fluency of Philippine Hokkien, Hokaglish is used in various corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, and religious institutions especially in
Metro Manila or wherever there are Chinese Filipinos across the
Philippines.
Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form of
code-switching or
code-mixing is popular especially among the younger generations of Chinese Filipinos, such as
Generation X and
millennials.
Usually older generation who typically have Philippine Hokkien as their first language, such as those of the Silent Generation, Baby Boomer, and some Generation X, typically use Hokkien Chinese sentence structure as the base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger generations who have Tagalog language and/or English as their first language, such as Generation X, millennials, and some and Generation Z use the Filipino/Tagalog language sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense with Taglish using Tagalog grammar and syntax, tends to Code-mixing via conjugating the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.
Etymology
The term
Hokaglish is a portmanteau or blend of
Hokkien and
Taglish, itself a blend of
Tagalog language and
English language. It was first recorded in 2016.
[Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 22. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam]
Classification
Earlier thought to be a creole,
it may actually be a
mixed language similar to
Light Warlpiri or
Gurindji Kriol. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of the Philippine Englishes.
See also
